Fermentation Pattern Research Articles

EVALUACIÓN DE LOS PATRONES DE FERMENTACIÓN IN VITRO Y PRODUCCIÓN DE METANO DE VAINA DE MEZQUITE (Prosopis spp.

<p><strong>Background.</strong> Mesquite is a shrubby legume that dominates the vegetation of arid regions with multiple benefits in controlling erosive process, improving micrometeorology, and as feed source for livestock species. In addition, mesquite pods contain secondary components that could represent an option to mitigate emissions of enteric methane in ruminants. <strong>Objective.</strong> To evaluate <em>in vitro</em> fermentation patterns and methane production of mesquite pods (<em>Prosopis spp</em>.) in the arid ecoregion of the State of Hidalgo. <strong>Methodology.</strong> Mesquite pod samples were obtained from four municipalities in the arid ecoregion of the state of Hidalgo: Actopan (ACT), Tula de Allende (TUL), San Salvador (SAL) and Zimapán (ZIM). <em>In vitro </em>fermentation of the mesquite pods was carried out during 72 h to 39 °C in a culture medium with ruminal bacteria and mineral solutions. The fractional gas volume (Vf), cumulated gas volume (Va), maximum volume (V), gas production rate (S) and lag time (L) were calculated. The volume of methane was quantified by displacement of a NaOH 2N solution. <strong>Results.</strong> Some chemical composition characteristics of the mesquite pods were different between municipalities. V showed significant differences between localities (p≤0.05), with mesquite pods collected in SAL showing the highest values (163.2 mL g-1 MS). A municipality x time interaction was observed for Vf (p≤0.05) and differences between municipalities were observed. The values of volume partial of CH<sub>4</sub> observed at 24 hours were different between collection sites (p≤0.05), with higher emission values observed in mesquite pods collected in SAL (16.3 mL/g MS) and ACT (17.3 mL/g MS). <strong>Conclusion.</strong> The results of the current study provide evidence of differences of <em>in vitro</em> fermentation patterns and methane emissions from the mesquite pods regarding to origin place. <strong>Implications.</strong> These results should be considered in the design and implementation of future nutritional and greenhouse gas mitigation strategies.</p>

Pre‐incubation conditions determine the fermentation pattern and microbial community structure in fermenters at mild hydrostatic pressure

Fermentation at elevated hydrostatic pressure is a novel strategy targeting product selectivity. However, the role of inoculum history and cross‐resistance, that is, acquired tolerance from incubation under distinctive environmental stress, remains unclear in high‐pressure operation. In our here presented work, we studied fermentation and microbial community responses of halotolerant marine sediment inoculum (MSI) and anaerobic digester inoculum (ADI), pre‐incubated in serum bottles at different temperatures and subsequently exposed to mild hydrostatic pressure (MHP; < 10 MPa) in stainless steel reactors. Results showed that MHP effects on microbial growth, activity, and community structure were strongly temperature‐dependent. At moderate temperature (20°C), biomass yield and fermentation were not limited by MHP; suggesting a cross‐resistance effect from incubation temperature and halotolerance. Low temperatures (10°C) and MHP imposed kinetic and bioenergetic limitations, constraining growth and product formation. Fermentation remained favorable in MSI at 28°C and ADI at 37°C, despite reduced biomass yield resulting from maintenance and decay proportionally increasing with temperature. Microbial community structure was modified by temperature during the enrichment, and slight differences observed after MHP‐exposure did not compromise functionality. Results showed that the relation incubation temperature—halotolerance proved to be a modifier of microbial responses to MHP and could be potentially exploited in fermentations to modulate product/biomass ratio.

Impacts of added roughage on growth performance, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and ruminal pH of feedlot steers fed wheat-based feedlot diets containing 30% modified distillers grains with solubles.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the inclusion rate roughage in wheat-based diets containing modified distillers grains with solubles (MDGS) on feedlot performance (Feedlot Experiment), as well as digestibility, ruminal pH, and ruminal fermentation characteristics (Digestibility Experiment). The feedlot experiment utilized 72 Angus steers (392 ± 46.3 kg initial body weight) which were randomly assigned to 1 of 12 pens, 3 pens per treatment, to evaluate feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. Dietary treatments were 1) control; 10% roughage, 2) 12% roughage, 3) 14% roughage, and 4) 16% roughage. The digestibility experiment used four ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers (393 ± 33.0 kg) in a 4 × 4 Latin Square with either 10%, 12%, 14%, or 16% roughage as in the feedlot experiment. However, dietary roughage source was different between these two experiments and included a combination of grass hay and wheat straw (Feedlot Experiment), and corn silage (Digestibility Experiment). All data were analyzed with the Mixed Procedures of SAS. Feed intake was recorded, with duodenal and fecal output calculated using chromic oxide. Ruminal pH and fermentation were assessed. Growth performance and most carcass characteristics were not affected by increasing roughage (P ≥ 0.11). Marbling tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.10) with increasing roughage inclusion. Increasing dietary roughage content had no effect on organic matter intake (P = 0.60) in the digestibility experiment. Intake, duodenal flow, and digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.16). Ruminal pH increased linearly (P < 0.01) as rate of roughage inclusion increased. Ruminal concentrations of acetate and butyrate increased, and propionate decreased in a linear fashion (P < 0.01) thereby increasing (P < 0.01) acetate and butyrate to propionate ratio with increasing dietary roughage. Our data indicate that increasing roughage inclusion in wheat-based diets including 30% MDGS increased ruminal pH and shifted ruminal fermentation patterns. Additionally, increasing roughage inclusion did not affect feedlot performance in steers fed wheat at 36% to 42% of dietary dry matter in combination with 30% MDGS.

Effect of supplementation of phytogenic feed additives on intake, in vitro fermentation, growth performance and carcass traits in weaned Barbari kids reared under intensive feeding.

Twenty-four weaned male Barbari kids (age 144.67 days; weight 11.99 ± 0.49 kg) were divided equally into three groups (T1, T2, and T3) in order to investigate the effect of supplementation of phytogenic feed additives (herbal mixture) in the complete pelleted feed on growth performance, in vitro rumen fermentation and carcass quality in kids reared under stall-fed condition. Treatment groups were as follows: T1, concentrate mixture (40%) plus arhar (Cajanus cajan) straw (60%) in total mixed ration (TMR) form fed ad libitum; T2, T1 diet in complete feed pellets form fed ad libitum; and T3, T1 diet in complete feed pellets form supplemented with herbal mixture (Tulsi/Haldi/Amla/Arni; ratio 1:1:1:1 on DM basis) at 0.5% in complete feed fed ad libitum. The experimental kids in each group were allowed for feeding for 8 months by following the respective feeding schedule. Rumen fermentation pattern under in vitro system was also studied using the same three diets as substrates. After 240 days of feeding, all goats were slaughtered following standard protocol. Total body weight gain (kg) and average daily gain (ADG, g/day/kid) were 18.57, 22.26, and 23.06 kg, and 79.91, 101.49, and 100.18 g in T1, T2, and T3 treatments, respectively. Pelleting of TMR (T2) and supplementation of herbal mixture in pelleted feed (T3) increased (P < 0.001) average daily weight gain in Barbari kids compared to T1 (TMR). Average dry matter intake (DMI, g/day/kid) during growth trial was greater (P < 0.05) in T3 (1079.17) than T1 (849.76) and T2 (968.76). Feed conversion efficiency was 8.92, 9.48, and 8.68% in T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The difference was statistically non-significant among the treatments. Supplementation of herbal mixture in the complete pelleted substrate had adjunct effect on improvement of TCA-precipitable-N and total VFAs in the incubation medium under in vitro system. Carcass weight (kg) tended to increase in finisher kids under T2 (16.58) and T3 (16.70) than T1 (14.61), but the variation was non-significant. The dressing percentage was similar among three treatments. Similarly, the muscle protein, fat, and cholesterol contents remained unaffected by different dietary treatments. Therefore, it may be concluded that densification of feeds in the form ofcomplete pelleted feed and further supplementation with potential phytogenic feed additives increased total DMI and ADG and tended to enhance meat production potential in finisher Barbari kids without changing the meat chemical composition.

Llama and sheep ruminal fluid digestive capacity by in vitro gas production technique.

The in vitro gas production technique has been used to evaluate forage fermentation kinetics. However, individual and animal species variation can change fermentation patterns due to differences in ruminal environment and microbiota. The aim was to verify whether rumen inoculum (RI) of llama had superior intrinsic digestion capacity and reduced methane (CH4 ) production compared to sheep RI using fescue and paspalum hay as substrates. Dry and organic matter (OM) digestibility produced with llama RI tended to exceed that of sheep (P=0.099 and 0.074, respectively) at 24 h of incubation. However, at 48 h, the sheep RI presented higher substrate digestibility and asymptotic value of gas production than that of llama (P < 0.010). CH4 production showed no differences between RI or substrates (P > 0.050). The NH3 -N and total volatile fatty acid concentrations were greater in the RI of llamas compared to those of sheep (P < 0.050). Acetate and butyrate proportions and acetate-to-propionate ratio were greater in the RI of llamas compared to those of sheep (P < 0.001) at 24 and 48 h. However, propionate proportion was greater in sheep compared with llama (P < 0.001). Llama RI tended to surpass that of sheep in dry and OM digestibility at 24 h of incubation, but sheep RI at 48 h presented a higher digestibility and gas production value than llama RI. No differences between the two species were detected for CH4 production. This study showed that llama RI did not perform better than sheep RI in digesting low-quality forages. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Structural Characterization and In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics of Enzymatically Extracted Black Mulberry Polysaccharides.

In this study, we systematically investigated the structural characterization and in vitro fermentation patterns of crude black mulberry fruit polysaccharides (BMPs), either extracted by water (BMP) or by enzymatic treatment. Different enzymatic treatments were pectinase-extracted (PE)-BMP, pectin lyase-extracted (PL)-BMP, cellulase-extracted (CE)-BMP, and compound enzymes-extracted (M)-BMP (pectinase:pectin lyase:cellulase = 1:1:1). Our results show that enzymatic treatment improved the polysaccharide yield and led to a different chemical composition and structure for the polysaccharides. Change dynamics during the in vitro fermentation indicated that BMPs could indeed be degraded and consumed by human fecal microbiota and that different BMPs showed different degrees of fermentability. In addition, BMPs stimulated the growth of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, inhibited the growth of Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria (except for CE-BMP), and induced the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Furthermore, we found that BMP and PL-BMP exhibited better fermentability and prebiotic potential than the other polysaccharides.

Evaluation of in vitro energy distribution and methanogenic potential of two forages with the addition of condensed tannins

The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of the addition of condensed tannins (CT) in the efficiency of digestion, methanogenic potential and energy distribution between the fermentation products of two forages. An assay was carried out using the in vitro gas production technique in which extracts of Quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) and Lotus corniculatus were evaluated with fermentation patterns of derived products from Ryegrass (RG, Lolium perenne) and a tropical forage, Megathyrsus maximus (MM). Tannins were added to the substrate at a concentration of 30 mg g-1. MM presented higher and delayed gas production (GP), and in vitro dry matter, organic matter and fiber digestibilities (ivDMD, ivOMD and NDFD, respectively) were relatively high but lower than RG. In addition, MM presented higher CH4 production (CH4p) than RG in 24 and 48h. Even though CT of Quebracho induced a decrease in the NDFD, contrary to what was expected, CH4p was greater, although this effect could not be attributed to the presence of CT. The stoichiometric evaluation indicated that while the highest CH4p in Quebracho treatments were associated with acetogenic profiles, CH4p with Lotus did not show any relationship with the volatile fatty acids (VFA) profile, but it did show a relationship with the highest total VFA production and the highest GP.

Effect of dietary isopropanol on the performance and milk quality of dairy cows

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of isopropanol alone or in combination with ethanol on performance, metabolism, and milk quality of dairy cows. Eight crossbred Jersey × Holstein cows (527 ± 98 kg body weight; 152 ± 44 days in milk) were allocated in two 4 × 4 balanced-Latin squares to receive one of four dietary treatments. Four cows were surgically adapted with rumen cannula. Diets contained 450 g/kg concentrates and 550 g/kg corn silage either added with (DM basis) 15 g/kg isopropanol, 15 g/kg ethanol, 15 g/kg isopropanol + 15 g/kg ethanol, or water (control). Immediately before feeding, corn silage was sprayed with alcohols, mixed with concentrates, and fed as total mixed rations twice daily. Dry matter intake, total tract digestibility, ruminal fermentation pattern (pH, volatile fatty acids and NH3), urinary purine derivatives, milk yield, solids composition and oxidative capacity were not affected by treatments. However, gamma-glutamyl transferase activity increased (P < 0.01) in blood of cows supplemented with alcohols, indicating that isopropanol and ethanol were absorbed. Moreover, milk concentration of isopropanol and acetone increased (P < 0.01) in cows receiving isopropanol, but not ethanol. Consequently, milk from cows fed corn silage treated with isopropanol tested false-positive at the ethyl alcohol test in raw milk. In conclusion, dietary isopropanol and ethanol did not impair the performance of dairy cows, but isopropanol was imparted to milk and induced false-positive results at the ethyl alcohol test in raw milk.

Digestibility and palatability of Virginia fanpetals (Sida hermaphrodita R.) silage in sheep.

The aim of the current study is to evaluate Virginia fanpetals silage based on an apparent digestibility and palatability test performed on six adult rams. Alfalfa silage was used as standard forage for comparison. Virginia fanpetals samples were harvested in the bud-formation stage and alfalfa samples were harvested in the late bud stage. Virginia fanpetals silage had a crude protein (CP) content of 176 g kg dry matter (DM), a neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of 378 g kg DM, and a lignin content of 42.8 g kg DM. Virginia fanpetals silage had higher acidity (pH of 4.30) and was characterized by intense lactic acid fermentation compared with alfalfa silage (80 % vs. 51 % of the total acids). The digestibility coefficient of Virginia fanpetals silage was as follows: for DM it was 0.707, for organic matter (OM) it was 0.724, for CP it was 0.861, and for NDF it was 0.609. In comparison with alfalfa silage, Virginia fanpetals silage was characterized by higher apparent digestibility of nutrients, but a significant difference was noted only for CP. The voluntary intake of Virginia fanpetals silage was significantly higher than that of alfalfa silage (1427.4 vs. 954 g DM). The greatest differences in voluntary intake were observed 0–2 and 8–12 h after feeding. Virginia fanpetals silage had a chemical composition similar to that of alfalfa, but it was characterized by a more desirable fermentation pattern and higher digestibility, and it was more willingly consumed by rams. The present findings indicate that Virginia fanpetals silage can be fed to sheep.

Novel NAD-independent Avibacterium paragallinarum: Isolation, characterization and molecular identification in Iran.

BackgroundInfectious coryza (IC) is an invasive upper respiratory disease caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum that affects birds, particularly chickens. The objective of this study is to isolate, characterize and molecularly identify the bacterium A. paragallinarum in poultry birds, as well as to determine its antibiotic sensitivity and resistance.MethodsA total of 10 chickens from four different Iranian farms with typical IC symptoms were used in this study. The nasal swabs were streaked onto chocolate agar plates and blood agar plates and incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2 for 24 to 48 h. As part of the identification of bacteria, bacteriological observations and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing are conducted. The antibiotic sensitivity tests were also performed using the disk diffusion method against A. paragallinarum and the prevalence in different farms was determined.ResultsBy using biochemical assays and PCR analyses, seven strains of A. paragallinarum were isolated from samples of four chicken farms with typical IC clinical signs. Most isolates (4/7) showed the typical requirement for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and an enriched CO2 atmosphere for growth. Three of the seven strains of A. paragallinarum were found to be novel NAD‐independent under anaerobic conditions. There was one biochemical biovar identified in terms of carbohydrate fermentation patterns, although changes in maltose carbohydrate fermentation patterns were detected in the No. 5 strain. All isolates were sensitive to gentamicin and spectinomycin. Three novel NAD‐independent strains (Nos.1, 5 and 7) were found to be multidrug‐resistant (MDR) and resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics. There was greater antibiotic resistance in the three NAD‐independent isolates than in normal NAD‐dependent bacteria.ConclusionBy discovering NAD‐independent forms of A. paragallinarum, these species have a greater range than previously believed. A clear, cautious approach should be taken in diagnosing and possibly controlling IC.

Assessment of Fermentative Quality of Ensiled High-Moisture Maize Grains by a Multivariate Modelling Approach

The study aimed to define a grain-adapted quality score (GQS) to assess the fermentative pattern of ensiled high-moisture maize grain (EMG) based on organic acids, ammonia, and ethanol data of a lab-scale dataset. The GQS was validated by comparison with both the Flieg-Zimmer’s quality score (FQS) and a standardized quality score (SQS) by a received operating analysis. Compared with FQS and SQS, the cut-offs of poor/good samples for the proposed GQS were 47 (accuracy of 0.94) and 71 points (accuracy of 0.88) over 100, respectively. The relationship among indices was also tested in a farm-derived dataset by arranging a confusion matrix, which showed the higher predictive performance considering the lower cut-off. On the lab-scale dataset, a factorial discriminant analysis (FDA) assessed the most predictive chemical post-ensiled traits able to segregate EMG samples according to three fermentative quality classes of GQS. High-quality samples were accurately determined as having a positive correlation with lactate, while low- and middle-quality ones were partially overlapped and correlated with NH3-N, butyrate, and propionate. The validation of the FDA model in the blind farm-derived dataset confirms the effectiveness of the proposed GMS to rank between poorly- or well-preserved EMG.

Serum Biochemical Parameters, Rumen Fermentation, and Rumen Bacterial Communities Are Partly Driven by the Breed and Sex of Cattle When Fed High-Grain Diet

Hybridization in bovines is practiced with the main aim of improving production performance, which may imply the microbial variations in the rumen from the parental breed cross to their progeny. Besides, the interactions of offspring breed with sex in terms of rumen bacteria are not clear. This study aims to evaluate the variations in rumen bacterial communities in different breeds and sexes, and the correlations among fattening performance, serum biochemical parameters, and rumen fermentation. Forty-two 19.2 ± 0.67-month-old beef cattle (390 ± 95 kg of initial body weight) comprising two genetic lines (Yiling and Angus × Yiling) and two sexes (heifers and steers) were raised under the same high-grain diet for 120 d. On the last two days, blood samples were collected from each animal via the jugular vein before morning feeding for analyzing serum biochemical parameters; rumen fluid samples were obtained via esophageal intubation 2 h after morning feeding for analyzing rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial communities. The results show that both breed and sex had a certain impact on fattening performance, serum biochemical parameters, and rumen fermentation. No differences in the diversity and structure of rumen bacterial communities were observed. Significant interactions (p < 0.05) of breed and sex were observed for Succinivibrionaceae UCG-002 and Prevotellaceae UCG-001. The relative abundances of the Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Prevotellaceae UCG-003, and Succinivibrio were different (p < 0.05) between breeds. Heifers had a higher (p = 0.008) relative abundance of the Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group than steers. Correlation analysis showed a significant relationship (p < 0.05) of rumen bacteria with serum biochemical parameters, rumen pH, and rumen fermentation patterns. Additionally, only two genera, Prevotellaceae UCG-003 and Prevotellaceae UCG-001, had positive correlations with feed efficiency. In conclusion, serum biochemical parameters, rumen fermentation, and rumen bacterial communities are partly driven by the breed and sex of cattle fed a high-grain diet.

Various Effects of Concentrate Feed Supplementation at Different Physiological Stages in Madras Red Sheep

Background: Majority of the sheep farmers in our country (semi arid region) do not supplement with concentrate feed even in critical physiological stages. It was observed that concentrate supplementation in addition to free grazing substantially improved production performance of ewes and lambs. Methods: In this study the parameters such as conception rate, birth weight of lambs, fortnightly body weight changes, rumen fermentation pattern and blood parameters were recorded. Result: Out of twenty sheep in each group 16, 18 and 19 were exhibited oestrous symptoms and the percentage of heat observed were 80, 90 and 95 in the G1, G2 and G3, respectively. The numbers of animals conceived were 12, 14 and 17 and the conception percentage was 75, 77 and 89. The concentrate supplemented group showed higher conception rate. The numbers of lambs born were 12, 14 and 17 and the lambing percentages were 75, 78 and 89 for the G1, G2 and G3, respectively. The rumen pH was found to be decreasing in G3 group followed by G2 group when compared to G1 group whereas, the production of VFA was found to be higher in G3 group followed by G2 group when compared to G1 group. There were increased levels of total nitrogen, TCA nitrogen and NP nitrogen in sheep at 4 hours after feeding of concentrate feed in G3 group followed by G2 group when compared to G1 group. The results indicated that the higher levels of blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and BUN were observed in G3 group followed by G2 group when compared to G1 group.

An in vitro and in situ evaluation of a diet for cattle added with organic oils

Objective: To perform in vitro and in situ evaluation of a diet for dairy cattle at different rates of fish oil and soybean oil. Design /methodology /approach: Four treatments with different rates of fish oil (FO) and soybean oil (SO) were evaluated (Control: no added oil; diet 1: 2% FO; diet 2: 2% FO and 1.5% SO; diet 3: 2% FO and 3% SO). In vitro digestibility and in situ degradability were evaluated. Ammonia nitrogen, lactic acid, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and microbial protein were determined. For the in situ evaluation, a protein degradability kinetic was carried out. The means were compared using a Tukey test at a 5% confidence level. Results: The proposed diets increased gas production in in vitro kinetics, as the addition of oils increased (p&lt;0.001) and the kinetic latency time decreased (p&lt;0.001). All diets decreased the production of short-chain fatty acids (p&lt;0.001). The production of ammonia nitrogen and lactic acid did not differ compared to the control (p&lt;0.05). Diet 3 had a higher production of propionic acid in comparison to diet 1 and 2. In the in situ kinetic, the "kd" rate increased as more oils were added. Study limitations/implications: Although all treatments increased the production (milliliters) of and , the gas production had a proportional increase, as a result of a better use of the diets. Findings/conclusions: The addition of oils produced changes in the fermentation patterns and in the degradation of the protein at the ruminal level, increasing bypass protein. This offers an opportunity to improve performance in certain production situations

The Influence of Delayed Sealing and Repeated Air Ingress during the Storage of Maize Silage on Fermentation Patterns, Yeast Development and Aerobic Stability

This study investigates the effects of delayed sealing and repeated air ingress on the formation of primary fermentation products and other volatile organic compounds (VOC), the development of yeasts and the aerobic stability (ASTA) of maize (26.8% dry matter, DM). After packing, the silos were sealed either promptly or with a delay of 24 h, with repeated air ingress after 27, 55 and 135 days of storage. Losses of DM, fermentation pattern, including VOC, yeast numbers and aerobic stability, were determined 6 times during storage for 142 days. Yeast numbers markedly increased during the first three fermentation days, with the effect being much stronger in silage sealed with a delay than in promptly sealed silage (log10 cfu/g FM 7.27 vs. 5.88, p &lt; 0.002). Simultaneously, the concentrations of ethanol and ethyl esters and DM losses increased. The DM losses were closely correlated with the total concentrations of alcohols and acetic acid (delay: R2 = 0.71, p &lt; 0.001; prompt: R2 = 0.91, p &lt; 0.001, respectively). The repeated air ingress for 24 h during storage after completion of the main fermentation phase had only a minor effect on fermentation pattern, VOC formation and DM losses. The relationship between the counts of total yeasts and lactate-assimilating yeasts (LAY) was very strong (R2 = 0.995, p &lt; 0.001), and LAY numbers were shown to be largely responsible for aerobic instability (R2 = 0.752, p &lt; 0.001). This trial proved the detrimental effects of air on silage fermentation with delayed sealing to be much more deleterious than repeated short-term air ingress after about one month of storage.

Silagem de dieta total de cana de açúcar ensilada com quitosana e inoculante microbiano homoláctico: características da silagem e digestão animal

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate total mixed ration silages with sugarcane and the additives microbial inoculant and chitosan. Thirty mini-silos were used in a completely randomized design, with three treatments and ten replications. Silages were composed of sugarcane mixed with corn bran, whole soybean, urea, and mineral mixtures at a 50:50 roughage to concentrate ratio. Treatments consisted of control silage, microbial additive (Lactobacillus plantarum + Pediococcus acidilactici, 4 g/t of KeraSil, Kera Nutrição Animal), and chitosan (10 g/kg of natural matter). Silages were evaluated for fermentation and microbiological profile, fermentation losses, aerobic stability, chemical-bromatological composition, intake, and digestibility. Fermentation profile showed no significant difference between treatments for pH values, with a mean value of 4.79. Production of acetic and propionic acids showed no difference between treatments, with mean values of 7.34 and 0.053 mmol/kg DM, respectively. Dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein intake of the total mixed ration silage differed statistically from the other treatments (P&lt;0.05), but fresh sugarcane and sugarcane silage intake did not differ from each other (P&gt;0.05). Digestibility values of DM, OM, and NDF were higher in the total mixed ration silage (P&lt;0.05), while sugarcane silage and fresh sugarcane showed no difference from each other (P&gt;0.05). Total mixed ration silage increased nutrient intake and digestibility, with a better fermentation pattern when added with the microbial inoculant.

Rumen fermentation pattern in lambs fed maize (Zea mays) grain sprouts to substitute conventional green fodder and compounded feed mixture

Rumen fermentation pattern in lambs fed maize (Zea mays) grain sprouts to substitute conventional green fodder and compounded feed mixture

Influence of silage additives on In vitro rumen fermentation pattern of wheat straw and green maize silage

Influence of silage additives on In vitro rumen fermentation pattern of wheat straw and green maize silage

Rumen degradability and In vitro fermentation pattern in concentrate mixtures containing varying levels of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) leaves

Rumen degradability and In vitro fermentation pattern in concentrate mixtures containing varying levels of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) leaves

Effect of feeding slow release non protein nitrogen sources on nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation pattern, microbial protein supply and bacterial diversity in deccani rams

Effect of feeding slow release non protein nitrogen sources on nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation pattern, microbial protein supply and bacterial diversity in deccani rams