Fermentation Of Straw Research Articles

Hydrogen and electricity potential generation from rice husks and persiculture biomass in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

The Southern region of Brazil has the highest grain and fruit production at a national level. Therefore, the biomass waste from rice and peach harvest in the Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state represents a promising source of available clean energy. This study seeks to demonstrate the average potential for biohydrogen and energy production by utilizing residues from peach cultivation rice straw and husks from 2014 to 2021. The findings reveal that an average of 2.89E+06 m³.year−1 of bioH2 theoretically obtained from the dark fermentation of rice husks and straw, with a biogas production of 1.49E+06 m³.year−1, derived from the anaerobic digestion of peach residues. After the purification process, the biogas yields an average of 4.73E+05 kg year−1 of H2, resulting in a total of up to 2.26E+08 kg year−1 when combined with the bioH2 obtained from the dark fermentation of rice residues. The results indicate an average energy of 8.50E+06 GJ year−1 potentially obtained by burning rice husks. Furthermore, for peach and rice biomass, the average energy potential is 3.37E+04 GJ year−1. Besides, considering using 2% of the bioH2 theoretically produced for green ammonia generation, the results show an amount of approximately 2.55E+04 tons. Therefore, this study is relevant since highlights the region's potential to produce clean energy from agricultural residues while presenting viable solutions to mitigate the negative environmental impacts caused by improper disposal of these materials. Moreover, these residues used for clean energy production contribute to the sustainable energy transition, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, decrease the need for nitrogenous fertilizer imports, and promote the implementation of the Circular Economy.

Lactic Acid Produced by Wheat Straw Fermentation with Rhizopus Arrhizus Extends the Keeping Time of Fresh Poultry Meat

Lactic Acid Produced by Wheat Straw Fermentation with Rhizopus Arrhizus Extends the Keeping Time of Fresh Poultry Meat

Lactic Acid Produced by Wheat Straw Fermentation with Rhizopus Arrhizus Extends the Keeping Time of Fresh Poultry Meat

Lactic Acid Produced by Wheat Straw Fermentation with Rhizopus Arrhizus Extends the Keeping Time of Fresh Poultry Meat

Skincare potential of a sustainable postbiotic extract produced through sugarcane straw fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Postbiotics are defined as a "preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host." They can be produced by fermentation, using culture media with glucose (carbon source), and lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus, and/or yeast, mainly Saccharomyces cerevisiae as fermentative microorganisms. Postbiotics comprise different metabolites, and have important biological properties (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, etc.), thus their cosmetic application should be considered. During this work, the postbiotics production was carried out by fermentation with sugarcane straw, as a source of carbon and phenolic compounds, and as a sustainable process to obtain bioactive extracts. For the production of postbiotics, a saccharification process was carried out with cellulase at 55°C for 24 h. Fermentation was performed sequentially after saccharification at 30°C, for 72 h, using S. cerevisiae. The cells-free extract was characterized regarding its composition, antioxidant activity, and skincare potential. Its use was safe at concentrations below ~20 mg mL-1 (extract's dry weight in deionized water) for keratinocytes and ~ 7.5 mg mL-1 for fibroblasts. It showed antioxidant activity, with ABTS IC50 of 1.88 mg mL-1 , and inhibited elastase and tyrosinase activities by 83.4% and 42.4%, respectively, at the maximum concentration tested (20 mg mL-1 ). In addition, it promoted the production of cytokeratin 14, and demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity at a concentration of 10 mg mL-1 . In the skin microbiota of human volunteers, the extract inhibited Cutibacterium acnes and the Malassezia genus. Shortly, postbiotics were successfully produced using sugarcane straw, and showed bioactive properties that potentiate their use in cosmetic/skincare products.

Pre-pasteurization enhances the fermentation of wheat straw by Irpex lacteus: Chemical composition, enzymatic hydrolysis, and microbial community

Pasteurization is an economical and convenient method to eliminate harmful microorganisms in raw materials for fermentation. However, the surviving species in pasteurized wheat straw and their potential effects on white rot fungi fermentation remain unclear. In this study, wheat straw was pasteurized at different temperatures (60–85 ℃) and fermented with Irpex lacteus for 28 days. At the end of fermentation, the acid-insoluble lignin (ADL) content decreased significantly in all pasteurized samples (P < 0.05). We found a negative correlation between ADL content and pasteurization temperature (R =0.992, P < 0.001). In enzymatic hydrolysis, the sugar yield of samples pasteurized at 80 ℃ (T80) was higher 39.9% than that at 60 ℃. Regarding microbial community, I. lacteus was the dominant fungus in T80 at an abundance of 93.4%, whereas the abundance of other fungi, such as Chaetomium and Aspergillus, was below 1.60%. Three bacteria, including Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, and Paenibacillus, had a combined abundance of 80.5% in T80, which could be attributed to their high-temperature tolerance and symbiosis with I. lacteus. Bacterial functions, such as nitrogen cycling, cellulolysis, chitinolysis, and methylotrophy, were enriched in T60 samples, but the functions and those related to human and animal pathogen reduced in T80 samples, which promoted the growth and degradation of I. lacteus. Overall, thermotolerant fungi and spore-forming bacterial species are the dominant microorganisms in wheat straw pasteurized above 80 ℃, which promotes the colonization and degradation of I. lacteus and improves the biosafety of treated wheat straw.

Analysis on Fermentation Quality, Chemical Composition and Bacterial Communities of Corn Straw and Soybean Straw Mixed Silage

In this study, the effects of mixed silage on the fermentation quality, chemical composition and bacterial communities of corn straw and soybean straw were assessed. Corn straws, soybean straws or a mixture of corn straws and soybean straws in a 1:1 mass ratio were uniformly mixed and processed using the same method to produce bagged silage weighing 50 kg per bag. At days 0, 14 and 60 of the fermentation process, the nutritional composition and fermentation quality indicators of each group were measured. A complete factorial design to assess the effect of the ensiling time, types of fermented straw (treatment group) and their interactions on the assessed parameters was performed. In addition, metabolomics sequencing and microbial community analysis were performed on the samples on the 60th day of fermentation. Compared with the corn straw group and the soybean straw group, the silage fermentation quality of the corn straw–soybean straw group is better, which is reflected in higher crude protein rate (p &lt; 0.05), higher lactic acid content (p &lt; 0.05) and lower ammonia nitrogen content (p &lt; 0.05). The combined analysis of differential microbial taxa (species level) and differential metabolites revealed a positive correlation between certain bacterial species, such as manihotivorans, brevis and zeae, and significantly downregulated metabolites, such as pyrocatechol and N-benzoyltyramine. Similarly, positive correlations were observed between certain bacterial species, such as dublinensis, marcescens and agglomerans, and upregulated metabolites, such as D-xylonic acid and neochlorogenic acid. These findings suggest that the key microbial–metabolite pathways identified are responsible for the good fermentation quality observed during mixed fermentation of corn straw and soybean straw at a 1:1 mass ratio.

Screening the Carbon Source Type in Solid-State Fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium to Improve the Forage Value of Corn Straw and Rice Straw.

Poor quality straw can be made more digestible and palatable through delignification using white rot fungi as a biological treatment in SSF. The decomposition of organic matter by white rot fungi is improved when a carbon source is added. Reducing the fermentation cycle can also help retain more nutrients in straw feed. To increase rumen digestibility and nutrient utilization, corn straw and rice straw were subjected to SSF with white rot fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium) for 21 days. The type of carbon source (glucose, sucrose, molasses, or soluble starch) was optimized, and the nutrient composition and in vitro fermentation parameters of the fermented straw were assessed. In the fermented corn straw and rice straw supplemented with different carbon sources, the results showed a decrease in lignin content, dry matter, cellulose, and hemicellulose loss, and an increase in crude protein content after 21 days. Total volatile fatty acid and ammonium nitrogen concentrations increased significantly (p < 0.01) during in vitro fermentation. Overall, the most enhanced nutritional values for corn straw and rice straw were observed after 14 days of SSF in the groups using molasses or glucose as a carbon source.

Exogenous microbial antagonism affects the bioaugmentation of humus formation under different inoculation using Trichoderma reesei and Phanerochaete chrysosporium

This study was aimed at exploring the effect of antagonism of Trichoderma reesei (T.r) and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P.c) on humification during fermentation of rice (RS) and canola straw (CS). Results showed that exogeneous fungi accelerated straw degradation and enzyme activities of CMCase, xylanase and LiP. P.c inhibited the activity of LiP when co-existing with T.r beginning, it promoted the degradation of lignin and further increased the production of humus-like substances (HLS) and humic-like acid (HLA) in later fermentation when nutrients were insufficient. The HLS of RTP was 54.9 g/kg RS, higher than the other treatments, and displayed more complex structure and higher thermostability. Brucella and Bacillus were the main HLA bacterial producers. P.c was the HLA fungal producer, while T.r assisted FLA and polyphenol transformation. Therefore, RTP was recommended to advance technologies converting crop straw into humus resources.

The characteristics of solid-phase substrate during the co-fermentation of lignite and straw.

Co-fermentation of lignite and biomass has been considered as a new approach in achieving clean energy. Moreover, the study of the characteristics of solid phase in the synergistic degradation process is of great significance in revealing their synergistic relationship. Accordingly, in order to produce biogas, lignite, straw, and the mixture of the two were used as the substrates, the solid phase characteristics of which were analyzed before and after fermentation using modern analytical methods. The results revealed that the mixed fermentation of lignite and straw promoted the production of biomethane. Moreover, the ratios of C/O and C/H were found to be complementary in the co-fermentation process. Furthermore, while the relative content of C-C/C-H bonds was observed to be significantly decreased, the aromatics degree of lignite was weakened. Also, while the degree of branching increased, there found to be an increase in the content of cellulose amorphous zone, which, consequently, led to an increase in the crystallinity index of the wheat straw. Hence, the results provide a theoretical guidance for the efficient utilization of straw and lignite.

SIMULTANEOUS HYDROLYSIS AND FERMENTATION OF RICE STRAW: EFFECT OF LIGNIN PRETREATMENT ON GLUCOSE AND ETHANOL CONCENTRATIONS

Lignin is a component of lignocellulosic materials which is relatively difficult to degrade. Its presence limits the use of lignocellulosic materials when they are converted to glucose and ethanol. This objective of the studi to reduce concentration of lignin contained in rice straw, carried out enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation Pretreatment was carried out at a temperature of 100-140ºC and a NaOH concentration of 4- 10% for 16 hours. Hydrolysis and fermentation separately with the addition of cellulase enzymes and Saccharomyces cereviceae during fermentation. The nutrients used for bacterial growth included (NH4)2HPO4 0.5 g/L, MgSO4.7H2O 0.025 g/L. The media then incubated for 15 hours in a shaker at 30°C. at 80 rpm. The results of the study achieved a decrease in lignin during 16 hours the percentage reduction in lignin concentration for variations in NaOH concentrations of 4, 6, 8 and 10% were 33.76, 44.96, 55.73 and 31.41%. The best conditions were achieved during the delignification time of 16 hours at a concentration of 8% NaOH, which was a 44.96% reduction in deligtnification. Hydrolysis and fermentation of rice straw that for 6 to 48 hours, resulted the percentage of increasing glucose and ethanol concentrations before and after pretreatment was 32.99% and 39.99%.

Enhancement of Anaerobic Fermentation of Straw by an Ionic Liquid

Enhancement of Anaerobic Fermentation of Straw by an Ionic Liquid

The Pretreatment Methods and Influence Factors During Anaerobic Fermentation of Straw: A Review

Straw is a common agricultural waste; its quantity is huge. In 2018, China produced 110 million tons of waste straw. The traditional way for farmers to treat straw is to burn it. However, burning straw will cause serious air pollution. At the same time, straw can be used to produce biogas via anaerobic fermentation, which is a clean and renewable energy source. Therefore, the research on anaerobic fermentation of straw is widely concerned. Straw is difficult to ferment directly because of its composite structure of lignin and cellulose. Therefore, straw needs to be pretreated. This review summarizes the previous research results in recent years on main straw pretreatment methods and factors affecting the efficiency of anaerobic fermentation of straw. In addition, the solutions to the problems existing in anaerobic fermentation of straw were put forward. This review could provide guidance for the follow-up research on anaerobic fermentation of straw.

Design and numerical analysis of a composite system of a household biogas digester with pretreatment

The rural household biogas digesters are studied in this paper, and numerical analysis is used to simulate the effects of light climates in the cold season and the heat of sunlight on the temperature distribution in the pool. The numerical results show that the uneven distributions of light intensity and temperature in the biogas digester have a great influence on its cumulative gas production. The central area has a significant heat collection effect, the inner wall is weaker, and the temperature near the top is slightly higher than that in the lower area, and the vertical temperature changes in a decreasing trend. Aiming at the different photo-climatic conditions of the household biogas digester and the uneven heat collection and temperature distribution in different periods, the traditional slag pumping work is cumbersome, and the utilization rate of the biogas residue is low, so a new household with pretreatment is proposed. An intelligent temperature control system is designed for the biogas tank to analyze the adverse effects of straw fermentation at low temperature, insufficient gas production and low resource utilization.

The Effect of Length Fermentation Rice Straw and Tithonia (Tithonia Diversifolia) Used Local Microorganisms on The Content of Dry Matter Organic Matter and Crude Protein as Ruminant Feed.

This study aimed to examine the effect of the length of fermentation of rice straw and titania (Tithonia diversifolia) with local microorganisms (MOL) in the rumen content of cows on the content of dry matter. Organic matter. and crude protein. This study was conducted using a completely randomised design with 4 treatments and 4 replications for each treatment. The treatments consisted of PO (Combination of Rice Straw and Tithonia without MOL). Pl (Combination of Rice Straw and Tithonia with 0 Days of Fermented MOL). P2 (Combination of Rice Straw and Tithonia with 7 Days of Fermented MOL). and P3 (Combination of Rice Straw and Tithonia). With a 14-day MOL fermentation). The results of statistical analysis showed that the effect of fermenting rice straw and Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) with local microorganisms (MOL) in bovine rumen content had an insignificant difference (P&gt;0.05) on the dry matter and crude protein content. but a very significant difference (P &lt;0.01) on Organic Matter content. Based on the study's results. it can be concluded that the fermentation of rice straw and Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) with MOL fermentation is optimal for fermentation for 7 days.

Simulation of cattle stomach processes applied to the fermentation of mixed manure and straw

The cattle stomach was considered as the basis for simulating a proposed operation. Microenvironmental degradation mechanisms are understood to be key to the efficient utilization of straw and other resources. Through dynamic tracking of the change law of heat generated by microbial degradation of straw in the cattle stomach, this study used an orthogonal test to explore the optimal ratio of feeding feed, the degradation mechanism in the microenvironment, and the characteristics of cattle manure and straw anaerobic fermentation. The results showed that the number of days of fermentation and the ratio of straw and cattle manure had a significant impact on methane gas production, and the mixture ratio was 1:3, at 26 °C; within 20 days, the cumulative gas production was up to 78.9 L. The results also showed that rumen microorganisms, cattle manure, and mixed straw fermentation can be used at different ratios to obtain the change of methane production, and determine the best ratio to achieve the maximum gas production.

DYNAMICS OF PRETREATED WHEAT STRAW SACCHARIFICATION BY CELLULOSOME OF Trichoderma viride

The main goal of this study was to analyze the potential of Trichoderma viride BEOFB 1210m for cellulase production during solid-state fermentation of wheat straw pretreated with the ligninosome of a well-known white-rot delignificator – Pleurotus pulmonarius HAI 573. After only 7 days of T. viridae BEOFB 1210m cultivation on biologically pretreated wheat straw, this micromycete produced the most active xylanases, which were also the dominant enzymes, with a value of even 3730.10 U L-1. Likewise, maximal but much lower values of exocellulases (155.83 U L-1) and β-glucosidases (59.98 U L-1) were detected after the same period of fermentation. However, much higher activity of endocellulase (2439.55 U L-1) was obtained on the 10th day. The dynamics of enzyme activity was reflected on the level of substrate depolymerization. As much as 30.56% of the cellulose was degraded already on the 7th day, and that percentage did not change significantly until the end of the cultivation period. A significant loss of hemicelluloses was also measured at the beginning of the fermentation process, but it reached a maximum of approximately 50% by the 21st day. The results clearly showed that the selected T. viride strain has very good potential to synthesize highly active cellulases when grown on a cheap and available substrate, which is significant for further large-scale industrial applications.

Antioxidant properties of water-soluble polysaccharides prepared by co-culture fermentation of straw and shrimp shell.

Herein, we present a method for producing water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPs) by co-culture fermentation of straw and shrimp shells. The chitin-degrading strain was isolated and genotypically identified as the non-pathogen Photobacterium sp. LYM-1 in this study. Photobacterium sp. LYM-1 and Aureobasidium pullulans 2012 could coexist without antagonism. WSPs concentrations were higher in co-culture fermentations of Photobacterium sp. LYM-1 and A. pullulans 2012 (PsL/AP-WSPs) compared to monocultures (PsL-WSPs and AP-WSPs). FTIR was used to examine the polysaccharide properties of three WSP fractions. The monosaccharide compositions of three WSPs fractions were primarily composed of mannose, ribose, glucosamine, glucose, galactose, and arabinose with varying molecular weights and molar ratios according to HPLC analysis. PsL/AP-WSPs showed better scavenging effects on DPPH, ABTS, and OH free radicals, demonstrating the application potential of PsL/AP-WSPs from straw and shrimp shells. The maximum yield obtained under optimum conditions (fermentation time of 6 days, temperature of 31°C, inoculum concentration of 10% (w/v), and inoculum composition of 2:1) was 5.88 ± 0.40 mg/mL, based on the PsL/AP-WSPs production optimization by orthogonal design. The results suggest that an environmentally friendly approach for WSPs production from agro-food wastes straw and shrimp shells was developed.

Kandungan nutrien, fraksi serat dan nutrient value fermentasi jerami kacang tanah (Arachys hypogaea) pada level nira lontar (Borassus flabellifer) yang berbeda

Objective: Peanut straw is abundantly available and still contains the nutrients needed by livestock but has high crude fiber content. Therefore, it is processed using fermentation technology using palm sap. The nutrient content and fiber fraction of fermented peanut shells at different levels of palm sap is the aim of the research. Methods: The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) used with 4 treatments and 6 replications, namely: JKT0 = peanut straw without palm sap, JKT5 = peanut straw + 5% palm sap, JKT10 = peanut straw + 10% palm sap, JKT15 = peanut straw + 15% palm sap and fermented for 21 days. The research variables were nutrient content resulted of proximate analysis, fiber fraction, and nutrient value . The analysis used one-way variance and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results: Increasing the use of palm sap up to 15% in rice straw fermentation led to a 15.59% decrease in dry matter, a 7.33% increase in nitrogen-free extract (BETN), a 19.67% decrease in ash, an increase of up to 6.13% of NDF, a decrease of 6 .99% ADF, 7.57% decrease in cellulose, 45.45% increase in hemicellulose, nutrient value (DMI, DMD, and RFV) but no effect on crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and lignin. and the use of 10% palm sap gives optimal results. Conclusions: The fermentation process using palm sap affects the dry matter content, BETN, ash, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose, but has no impact on the content of crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and lignin and the best palm sap level is 10%.

Enhancement in functional stability of microbial endoglanases produced using paddy straw via treatment with manganese oxide based porous nanocomposite synthesized from mixed fruit waste

Microbial cellulases are the enzymes used in numerous industrial biotechnological applications. Efficiency of celluloytic cocktails plays a key role in the conversion of biomass into biofuels, but limited production, high cost and low efficiency are the main obstacles to sustainable biorefining. The current work aims to establish a feasible approach for boosting the production of fungal endoglucanse (EG) and its functional stability utilizing nanocomposite materials based on manganese oxide. Herein, aqueous extract from mixed fruit waste was used to synthesize the nanocomposite sample, which was subsequently subjected to several characterization techniques for analysis. Following the solid-state fermentation of paddy straw, and by employing 75 mg nanocomposite, 192 IU/gds EG was produced under the optimal conditions, while 19 IU/gds FP and 98 IU/gds BGL production were recorded. The crude EG enzyme treated with nanocomposite also shows complete stability at pH 5.0 for 3.5 h while retaining thermal activity at 70 °C for 4 h.

Bioprocessing of Two Crop Residues for Animal Feeding into a High-Yield Lovastatin Feed Supplement.

Simple SummaryLovastatin is a fungal secondary metabolite that can mitigate rumen methane production. This work aimed at evaluating the lovastatin production by solid-state fermentation from selected crop residues and A. terreus strains, considering the post-fermented residues as feed supplements for ruminants. Fermented oat straw by A. terreus CDBB H-194 exhibited the highest lovastatin yield (23.8 mg/g DM fed). GC–MS analysis identified only a couple of compounds from the residues fermented by CDBB H-194 (1,3-dipalmitin trimethylsilyl ether in the fermented oat straw) and stearic acid hydrazide in the fermented wheat bran) that could negatively affect ruminal bacteria and fungi.This work aimed to evaluate the lovastatin (Lv) production by solid-state fermentation (SSF) from selected crop residues, considering the post-fermented residues as feed supplements for ruminants. The SSF was performed with two substrates (wheat bran and oat straw) and two A. terreus strains (CDBB H-194 and CDBB H-1976). The Lv yield, proximate analysis, and organic compounds by GC–MS in the post-fermented residues were assessed. The combination of the CDBB H-194 strain with oat straw at 16 d of incubation time showed the highest Lv yield (23.8 mg/g DM fed) and the corresponding degradation efficiency of hemicellulose + cellulose was low to moderate (24.1%). The other three treatments showed final Lv concentrations in decreasing order of 9.1, 6.8, and 5.67 mg/g DM fed for the oat straw + CDBB H-1976, wheat bran + CDBB H-194, and wheat bran + CDBB H-1976, respectively. An analysis of variance of the 22 factorial experiment of Lv showed a strong significant interaction between the strain and substrate factors. The kinetic of Lv production adequately fitted a zero-order model in the four treatments. GC–MS analysis identified only a couple of compounds from the residues fermented by A. terreus CDBB H-194 (1,3-dipalmitin trimethylsilyl ether in the fermented oat straw and stearic acid hydrazide in the fermented wheat bran) that could negatively affect ruminal bacteria and fungi. Solid-state fermentation of oat straw with CDBB H-194 deserves further investigation due to its high yield of Lv; low dietary proportions of this post-fermented oat straw could be used as an Lv-carrier supplement for rumen methane mitigation.