Fermentable Fiber Research Articles

The addition of anaerobic fungi isolates from buffalo rumen to increase fiber digestibility, fermentation, and microbial population in ruminants

Abstract. Agustina S, Wiryawan KG, Suharti S, Meryandini A. 2024. The addition of anaerobic fungi isolates from buffalo rumen to increase fiber digestibility, fermentation, and microbial population in ruminants. Biodiversitas 25: 107-115. Rumen microbes have an important role in the rumen. Anaerobic fungi are microbes needed in the forage digestion process in the rumen. The addition of microbes, particularly anaerobic fungi is essential to increase the digestibility of forage within rumen. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the addition of anaerobic fungi isolates from buffalo rumen to increase fiber digestibility, fermentation, and microbial population in sheep rumen. The in vitro tests were carried out using the Tilley and Terry method, using elephant grass and rice straw as tested forage. Piromyces sp. (F1, and F3), Caecomyces sp. (F2, and F5), and Neocallimastix frontalis (F4) isolates from buffalo rumen were used as tested anaerobic fungi. The result showed that the addition of anaerobic fungi isolates from buffalo rumen significantly affected fiber digestibility (Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), cellulose and hemicellulose) except lignin digestibility. The addition of N. frontalis had higher fiber digestibility which is 49.02% NDF digestibility, 42.11% ADF digestibility, 44.28% hemicellulose digestibility, and 38.60% cellulose digestibility. Furthermore, N. frontalis also significantly increased In vitro Dry Matter Digestibility (IVDMD), In vitro Organic Matter Digestibility (IVOMD), ammonium (NH3) production, total Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) production, and microbial population compared to Piromyces sp., and Caecomyces sp. In conclusion, anaerobic fungus type N. frontalis showed promising potential to be used as a ruminant probiotic due to its superior effect on fiber digestibility, fermentation, and microbial population compared to Caecomyces sp. and Piromyces sp.

Short-chain fatty acids of various lengths differentially inhibit Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacteriaceae species.

The gut microbiota is inextricably linked to human health and disease. It can confer colonization resistance against invading pathogens either through niche occupation and nutrient competition or via its secreted metabolites. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the primary metabolites in the gut as a result of dietary fiber fermentation by the gut microbiota. In this work, we demonstrate that the interaction of single-species gut commensals on solid media is insufficient for pathogen inhibition, but supernatants from monocultures of these commensal bacteria enriched in acetate confer inhibition against anaerobic growth of the enteric pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae. The three primary SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) strongly inhibit the intestinal commensal Escherichia coli Nissle as well as a panel of enteric pathogens besides K. pneumoniae at physiological pH of the cecum and ascending colon. This inhibition was significantly milder on anaerobic gut commensals Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Bifidobacterium adolescentis previously demonstrated to be associated with microbiota recovery after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. We describe a general suppression of bacterial membrane potential by these SCFAs at physiological cecum and ascending colonic pH. Furthermore, the strength of bacterial inhibition increases with increasing alkyl chain length. Overall, the insights gained in this study shed light on the potential therapeutic use of SCFAs for conferring colonization resistance against invading pathogens in a dysbiotic gut.IMPORTANCERising antimicrobial resistance has made treatment of bacterial infections increasingly difficult. According to the World Health Organization, it has become a burgeoning threat to hospital and public health systems worldwide. This threat is largely attributed to the global rise of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in recent years, with common hospital-acquired pathogens growing increasingly resistant to last-line antibiotics. Antibiotics disrupt the homeostatic balance of the gut microbiota, resulting in the loss of colonization resistance against enteric pathogens. This work describes the ability of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbiota to be effective against a wide panel of enteric pathogens without major impact on common gut commensal species. We also demonstrate a previously undescribed link between alkyl chain length and antibacterial effects of SCFAs. SCFAs, thus, hold promise as an alternative therapeutic option leveraging on the antimicrobial activity of these endogenously produced gut metabolites without disrupting gut microbiota homeostasis.

P825 Comprehensive dietitian-delivered dietary advice effectively achieves dietary change in adults with Ulcerative Colitis, whereas generalised written dietary advice does not

Abstract Background Diet is an important consideration in microbial therapy trials. It is unclear whether provision of generalised written dietary advice is sufficient to induce dietary change as part of a therapeutic regimen or whether personalised diet advice is required. This study examines the effectiveness of different dietary advice modes provided in dietary and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) studies in adults with mild-moderately active ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods This observational study examined before and after dietary intake data from three prospective dietary and FMT studies held from 2018 to 2021 at a South Australian tertiary inflammatory bowel disease service. In all studies, adults ≥18 years with mild-moderately active UC completed 3 or 7-day weighed food diaries measuring habitual diet at 0 and 8 weeks after provision of dietitian-developed dietary advice. In studies one and two, a medical officer provided participants a written UC healthy eating pamphlet. The pamphlet contained generalised dietary recommendations for UC, targeting reduction of total and animal protein and increasing fermentable fibres including resistant starch to recommended serve sizes. In study three, a research dietitian provided a 1-week guided meal plan, diet manual with recipes and verbal personalised dietary counselling advising on the same recommendations and strategies. In all studies, participants were encouraged to eat to appetite. Dietary intake, including key nutrients of interest (protein and fermentable fibres), at weeks 0 and 8 was assessed using Foodworks 10TM nutritional analysis software and analysed using paired statistical tests. Results Across studies one and two, 28 adults with mild-moderately active UC received written dietary advice. In study three, 30 adults received personalised verbal and written dietary advice. Outlined in Table 1, verbal and written advice significantly reduced total protein and animal protein intakes by 20% (p=0.007) and 34% (p=0.002) respectively. Total fibre and resistant starch intakes significantly increased by 64% (p<0.001) and 353% (p<0.001) respectively. Comparatively, written advice alone had no significant change on any key nutrient intakes. Neither dietary advice mode significantly changed energy or micronutrient intakes. Conclusion Written dietary advice alone was insufficient to achieve dietary change. In contrast, verbal and written dietary advice with the same intended change on dietary intake, delivered by a research dietitian effectively achieved dietary changes. This emphasises that comprehensive written and verbal dietary education delivered by a dietitian should be included in microbial-modulating study designs where dietary change is an intended outcome.

P056 Cereal intake and diet-related microbial metabolites in faeces associate with recurrence of gut inflammation during food reintroduction in children with Crohn’s disease treated with exclusive enteral nutrition; iPENS a multicentre, prospective study

Abstract Background Faecal calprotectin (FCAL) rises rapidly in children with Crohn’s disease (CD) following treatment with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN). We aimed to identify clinical, dietary and diet-related microbial metabolites which associate with the recurrence of FCAL above 250 mg/kg after 21 days of food reintroduction. Methods Children with CD (age 6-17 years), clinically responding to EEN, were recruited, prospectively, from 11 UK hospitals (January 2020-May 2023, NCT04225689). They provided a single faecal sample before EEN completion (timepoint A) and 6 serial samples (timepoints B-G; 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 21 days) in the first 21 days of food reintroduction. Faecal short (SCFA) and branched (BCFA) chain fatty acids were measured as proxies of fibre and protein bacterial fermentation, respectively. In faeces, pH, water content (%), Bristol stool score, total microbial load (qPCR) and starch output were measured. Clinical parameters, medications, CRP, ESR, albumin and anthropometry were recorded at EEN completion. Nutrient and food group intake was analysed with Nutritics®. Relationships with FCAL levels were explored. Results Thirty children provided 209/210 (99%) of expected faecal samples. FCAL (median [Q1, Q3], mg/kg) increased within 12 days of food reintroduction (EEN completion: 328 [154, 2370] vs 12 days post-EEN: 1123 (451, 2073), p<0.01) and remained high throughout follow-up. Negative correlations were observed between FCAL with acetate, whereas positive correlations were noted with BCFA (isovalerate and isobutyrate) and their ratio over acetate; the latter remained significant at all 7 timepoints (Figure 1A). Use of immunosuppressants, blood inflammatory markers, clinical and anthropometry at EEN completion were not predictive of FCAL increase post-EEN. In a subset of patients with FCAL<250 mg/kg at EEN completion, (n=13/30), subset regression using ‘end of EEN’ diet-related microbial data, generated a model with 91% accuracy to predict FCAL increase over 250 mg/kg at 21 days of food reintroduction, with isovalerate being the sole predictor of FCAL recurrence (Figure 1B). Average intake of cereal products (median [Q1, Q3], g/day) over 21 days was lower in patients who experienced an FCAL recurrence (FCAL<250mg/kg: 313 (223, 370) vs FCAL>250mg/kg: 186 (167, 217), p=0.013). Positive correlations were observed between the 21-day average intake of cereal products and concentration of SCFA at 21 days post-EEN; acetate (rho=0.38, p=0.041), butyrate (rho=0.46, p=0.0.01) and total SCFA (rho=0.41, p=0.026). Conclusion This study suggests that early FCAL rebound, following treatment with EEN, is related to an increased ratio of dietary protein to fibre bacterial fermentation and a lower intake of cereal products.

Crosstalk between glucagon-like peptide 1 and gut microbiota in metabolic diseases.

Gut microbiota exert influence on gastrointestinal mucosal permeability, bile acid metabolism, short-chain fatty acid synthesis, dietary fiber fermentation, and farnesoid X receptor/Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) signal transduction. The incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is mainly produced by L cells in the gut and regulates postprandial blood glucose. Changes in gut microbiota composition and function have been observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Meanwhile, the function and rhythm of GLP-1 have also been affected in subjects with obesity or T2D. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the link between the gut microbiome and GLP-1. In this review, we describe the interaction between GLP-1 and the gut microbiota in metabolic diseases. On the one hand, gut microbiota metabolites stimulate GLP-1 secretion, and gut microbiota affect GLP-1 function and rhythm. On the other hand, the mechanism of action of GLP-1 on gut microbiota involves the inflammatory response. Additionally, we discuss the effects and mechanism of various interventions, such as prebiotics, probiotics, antidiabetic drugs, and bariatric surgery, on the crosstalk between gut microbiota and GLP-1. Finally, we stress that gut microbiota can be used as a target for metabolic diseases, and the clinical application of GLP-1 receptor agonists should be individualized.

Stimbiotic supplementation and xylose-rich carbohydrates modulate broiler's capacity to ferment fibre.

Stimbiotics are a new category of feed additives that can increase fibre fermentability by stimulating fibre-degrading microbiota in the gut. The aim of this study was to test, ex vivo, if the microbiota of broilers fed a stimbiotic are better able to ferment different xylose-rich substrates in an ileal and a caecal environment. The ileal and caecal contents from broiler chickens fed a stimbiotic or from a control group were used as an inoculum in the ex vivo fermentation experiment. Different xylose-rich substrates including monomeric xylose (XYL), XOS with DP 2 to 6 (XOS), short DP XOS of 2 to 3 (sDP-XOS), long DP XOS of 4 to 6 (lDP-XOS) and de-starched wheat bran (WB), were added to each ileal and caecal inoculum in fermentation vessels. Total gas, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production, bacterial quantification, and carbohydrate utilisation were monitored for 9 h post-inoculation. No significant interactions were observed in any of the parameters measured in either the ileal or caecal contents (p > 0.05). Stimbiotic ileal inocula resulted in higher total gas (p < 0.001) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) (p < 0.001) production, increased numbers of Lactobacillus spp. (p < 0.001), and decreased numbers of Enterococcus spp. (p < 0.01) after 9 h regardless of the xylose-rich substrate added. Stimbiotic caecal inocula resulted in a higher ratio of VFA to branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) by up to +9% (p < 0.05). Ileal microbiota were found to preferentially metabolise WB, while caecal microbiota favoured XOS substrates, particularly lDP-XOS. These results indicate that stimbiotics can promote the abundance of lactic acid bacteria involved in the establishment of fibre-degrading bacteria and VFA content in the gut, which could have beneficial effects on broiler performance. Further, ileal and caecal microbiota differ in their utilisation of different substrates which may impact the effectiveness of different stimbiotic products.

Butyrate, Valerate, and Niacin Ameliorate Anaphylaxis by Suppressing IgE-Dependent Mast Cell Activation: Roles of GPR109A, PGE2, and Epigenetic Regulation.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by the intestinal microbiota during the fermentation of dietary fibers as secondary metabolites. Several recent studies reported that SCFAs modulate the development and function of immune-related cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which SCFAs regulate mast cells (MCs) remain unclear. In the current study, we analyzed the function and gene expression of mouse MCs in the presence of SCFAs invitro and invivo. We found that the oral administration of valerate or butyrate ameliorated passive systemic anaphylaxis and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice. The majority of SCFAs, particularly propionate, butyrate, valerate, and isovalerate, suppressed the IgE-mediated degranulation of bone marrow-derived MCs, which were eliminated by the Gi protein inhibitor pertussis toxin and by the knockdown of Gpr109a. A treatment with the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A also suppressed IgE-mediated MC activation and reduced the surface expression level of FcεRI on MCs. Acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin attenuated the suppressive effects of SCFAs on degranulation. The degranulation degree was significantly reduced by PGE2 but not by PGD2. Furthermore, SCFAs enhanced PGE2 release from stimulated MCs. The SCFA-mediated amelioration of anaphylaxis was exacerbated by COX inhibitors and an EP3 antagonist, but not by an EP4 antagonist. The administration of niacin, a ligand of GPR109A, alleviated the symptoms of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, which was inhibited by cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the EP3 antagonist. We conclude that SCFAs suppress IgE-mediated activation of MCs invivo and invitro involving GPR109A, PGE2, and epigenetic regulation.

Colonic butyrate administration modulates fear memory but not the acute stress response in men: A randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced in the colon following bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber and are important microbiota-gut-brain messengers. However, their mechanistic role in modulating psychobiological processes that underlie the development of stress- and anxiety-related disorders is scarcely studied in humans. We have previously shown that colonic administration of a SCFA mixture (acetate, propionate, butyrate) lowers the cortisol response to stress in healthy participants, but does not impact fear conditioning and extinction. To disentangle the effects of the three main SCFAs, we examined whether butyrate alone would similarly modulate these psychobiological responses in a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study in 71 healthy male participants (Mage = 25.2, MBMI = 22.7 [n = 35 butyrate group, n = 36 placebo group]). Colon-delivery capsules with pH-dependent coating were used to administer 5.28 g of butyrate or placebo daily for one week. Butyrate administration significantly increased serum butyrate concentrations without modulating serum acetate or propionate, nor fecal SCFAs. Butyrate administration also significantly modulated fear memory at the subjective but not physiological levels. Contrary to expectations, no changes in subjective nor neuroendocrine responses to acute stress were evident between the treatment groups from pre- to post-intervention. We conclude that colonic butyrate administration alone is not sufficient to modulate psychobiological stress responses, unlike administration of a SCFA mixture. The influence of colonic and systemic butyrate on fear memory and the persistence of fear extinction should be further systematically investigated in future studies.

Resistant starch and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Clinical perspective.

The immediate and well-documented benefits of carbohydrate restriction include improved glycemic control in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Starch, a significant source of carbohydrates, is categorized as rapidly digestible, slowly digestible, or resistant starch (RS). RS, which is a non-viscous fermentable fiber, has shown promise in animal studies for antidiabetic effects by improving glucose metabolism. Although the exact mechanism by which RS affects glucose metabolism remains unclear, it is expected to positively impact glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. The fermentation of RS by colonic microbiota in the large bowel produces short-chain fatty acids, which exert multiple metabolic effects on glucose regulation and homeostasis. Moreover, RS may influence glucose metabolism via bile acid modulation, independent of its fermentation. Diets rich in RS could aid in blood glucose homeostasis. However, it is uncertain whether they can alter the metabolic pathology associated with glucose regulation. In essence, RS has the potential to lower postprandial glucose levels similarly to a low-glycemic index diet. Yet, its efficacy as a medical nutrition therapy for type 2 diabetes needs further investigation. To confirm the role of RS in glycemic control and to possibly recommend it as an additional dietary approach for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a well-designed, large-scale intervention is required.

Black Soldier Fly Larvae Feed with Fermented Bamboo Culms Enriched with Lactic Acid Bacteria

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae have been a promising protein source use in fish and poultry meal effectively replacing plant-based protein source. Currently, there is no study on the effects of fermented bamboo culms by lactic acid bacteria to improve the nutrition of BSF larvae. The main objective of this study is to determine the protein:fat ratio and growth rate of BSF larvae fed with fermented bamboo culm fibres (Bambusa beecheyana) enriched with lactic acid bacteria. Lactobacillus plantarum and Brevibacillus parabrevis were successfully isolated from BSF larvae gut aged 16 days and fermentation of bamboo culms fibre were successfully carried out for 21 days. Our results showed the plot VEG217 consist of Lactobacillus plantarum and Brevibacillus parabrevis (1:1) mixed with fermented bamboo culms fibre and vegetable waste have greater average weight (111%) and length (30%) compared to negative control that only consist of BSF larvae fed with vegetable waste. Interestingly, BSF larvae fed with fermented bamboo enriched with lactic acid bacteria also pupariated in much shorter time (less than 13 days) compared to negative control (18 days). All the larvae fed with fermented bamboo and lactic acid bacteria also showed improvement in the protein and fat ratio when compared to negative control (5:3). The plot VEG111 consist of Brevibacillus parabrevis mixed with fermented bamboo and vegetable wastes have the best protein:fat ratio (4:1). This result shows the potentioal of using fermented bamboo culm fibres enriched with lactic acid bacteria to improve the growth rate of BSF larvae.

Effect of xylo-oligosaccharides and β-glucan on gut microbiota and short chain fatty acid in diabetic rats

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an impact on an imbalance in the number of microbiota (dysbiosis) which can cause disruption of glucose metabolism by inhibiting short chain fatty acid (SCFA). SCFA is produced by intestinal microbial fermentation of indigestible dietary fibre and it has beneficial role in T2DM. Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) and β-glucans can improve the gut the composition of microbiota with prebiotic capabilities. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of XOS and β-glucan on the Lactobacillus, Roseburia, and SCFA in diabetic rats. A total of 28 Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups including control (C), diabetic (D), diabetic+XOS (DX), and diabetic+β-glucan (DBG). D, DX, and DBG groups were provided with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 14 days before receiving an injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (45 mg/kg BW) and nicotinamide (110 mg/kg BW). DX received XOS (450 mg/200 g BW), and DBG received β-glucan (450 mg/200 g BW) for 28 days. The blood glucose levels at DX and DBG showed a significant difference compared with the D gro diabetic rats. XOS did not change the number, while β-glucan increased the number of Lactobacillus and Roseburia. The XOS and β-glucan supplementation significantly increased SCFA levels compared to diabetic rats. These results suggest that XOS can improve blood glucose although it does not change the number of Lactobacillus and Roseburia. Meanwhile, β-glucan increases blood glucose, Lactobacillus, Roseburia, and total SCFA in diabetic rats.

Lentils pasta by-product in a complete extruded diet for dogs and its effect on extrusion, digestibility, and carbohydrate metabolism.

Recently, increasing effort has been directed toward environmental sustainability in pet food. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extrusion parameters, nutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, palatability and insulinemic and glycaemic curves of a complete diet for dogs in which the main carbohydrate source was a red lentil pasta by-product (LP). Five experimental diets were formulated: a basal diet (CO) based on rice and a poultry by-product meal; three experimental diets where LP substituted rice at 33, 66, or 100% (LP33, LP66, and LP100, respectively); and a diet formulated on 70% of the basal diet (CO) plus 30% LP (LPS) to evaluate the digestibility of LP ingredient. The extruder pressure, hardness and bulk density of the kibble increased in a linear manner with increasing LP percentage (P < 0.05), without affecting starch gelatinization. According to polynomial contrast analysis, rice replacement with LP at 33 and 66% caused no reduction in apparent total tract digestibility coefficient (ATTDC), with similar or higher values compared with the CO diet. Nitrogen balance did not change (P > 0.05), but we observed a linear increase in feces production and moisture content as the LP inclusion rate rose and a linear decrease in feces pH (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, the fecal score was unaffected. Fecal acetate, propionate, total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), branched-chain fatty acids, and lactate all increased linearly as the LP inclusion rate increased (P < 0.05), without altering ammonia concentration in feces. Feces concentrations of cadaverine, tyramine, histamine, and spermidine also increased in a linear manner with increasing LP inclusion (P < 0.05). The fermentation of LP dietary fiber by the gut microbiota increased the concentration of desirable fermentation by-products, including SCFA and spermidine. The post-prandial glucose and insulin responses were lower in the dogs fed the LP100 diet compared with CO, suggesting the possible use of this ingredient in diets designed to generate a low glycaemic response. Finally, the palatability study results showed a preference for the LP100 ration in both the "first choice" and the "consumption rate" evaluation (P < 0.05). This trial reveals how a by-product discarded from the human-grade food chain retains both its nutritional and organoleptic properties.

Dietary Fiber-Derived Microbial Butyrate Suppresses ILC2-Dependent Airway Inflammation in COPD.

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) strongly modulate COPD pathogenesis. However, the significance of microbiota in ILC2s remains unelucidated. Herein, we investigated the immunomodulatory role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in regulating ILC2-associated airway inflammation and explores its associated mechanism in COPD. In particular, we assessed the SCFA-mediated regulation of survival, proliferation, and cytokine production in lung sorted ILC2s. To elucidate butyrate action in ILC2-driven inflammatory response in COPD models, we administered butyrate to BALB/c mice via drinking water. We revealed that SCFAs, especially butyrate, derived from dietary fiber fermentation by gut microbiota inhibited pulmonary ILC2 functions and suppressed both IL-13 and IL-5 synthesis by murine ILC2s. Using in vivo and in vitro experimentation, we validated that butyrate significantly ameliorated ILC2-induced inflammation. We further demonstrated that butyrate suppressed ILC2 proliferation and GATA3 expression. Additionally, butyrate potentially utilized histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition to enhance NFIL3 promoter acetylation, thereby augmenting its expression, which eventually inhibited cytokine production in ILC2s. Taken together, the aforementioned evidences demonstrated a previously unrecognized role of microbial-derived SCFAs on pulmonary ILC2s in COPD. Moreover, our evidences suggest that metabolomics and gut microbiota modulation may prevent lung inflammation of COPD.

Nutritional and Physicochemical Properties and Safe Consumption of Jackfruit Seeds (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.)

Fruits and vegetable by-products such as peels, rinds, and seeds are the focus of functional food research. By-products from jackfruit like seeds are functional foods/ingredients. However, studies on jackfruit seeds’ nutritional, physicochemical properties and safe consumption are limited. Thus, this study aimed to determine the nutritional and physicochemical properties of raw, roasted, and boiled jackfruit seeds, as well as how these seeds could be safely consumed. The nutrient composition, total dietary fiber composition and fermentability, resistant starch, antinutrients, heavy metals, and microbial load were determined using standard methods. Jackfruit seeds are good source of protein (9.9–10.2g/100g), ash (3.3–3.8g/100g), carbohydrates (21.45–82.15g/100g), a high source of dietary fiber (12.11–13.83g/100g), resistant starch (19.9–25.6g/100g) and amylose (20.61–23.03g/100g). Phytic acid, tannic acid, heavy metals, and microbial parameters of raw and thermally processed jackfruit seed were within acceptable limits, except for the microbial parameters in raw seeds. The starchy structure of processed jackfruit seed expands its granules with increased surface area, leading to better digestion. In conclusion, processed jackfruit seed can be a potential functional food or ingredient. Consumers and food industry professionals should be aware of the beneficial effects of jackfruit by-products.

Dietary Intake of Fructooligosaccharides Protects against Metabolic Derangements Evoked by Chronic Exposure to Fructose or Galactose in Rats.

Diets rich in fat and sugars evoke chronic low-grade inflammation, leading to metabolic derangements. This study investigates the impact of fructose and galactose, two commonly consumed simple sugars, on exacerbation of the harmful effects caused by high fat intake. Additionally, the potential efficacy of fructooligosaccharides (FOS), a fermentable dietary fiber, in counteracting these effects is examined. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (six/group) are fed 8 weeks as follows: control 5% fat diet (CNT), 20% fat diet (FAT), FAT+10% FOS diet (FAT+FOS), FAT+25% galactose diet (FAT+GAL), FAT+GAL+10% FOS diet (FAT+GAL+FOS), FAT+25% fructose diet (FAT+FRU), FAT+FRU+10% FOS diet (FAT+FRU+FOS). The dietary manipulations tested do not affect body weight gain, blood glucose, or markers of systemic inflammation whereas significant increases in plasma concentrations of triacylglycerols, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotrasferase are detected in both FAT+FRU and FAT+GAL compared to CNT. In the liver and skeletal muscle, both sugars induce significant accumulation of lipids and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). FOS supplementation prevents these impairments. This study extends the understanding of the deleterious effects of a chronic intake of simple sugars and demonstrates the beneficial role of the prebiotic FOS in dampening the sugar-induced metabolic impairments by prevention of lipid and AGEs accumulation.

Using in feed xylanase or stimbiotic to reduce the variability in corn nutritive value for broiler chickens

This study investigated the effects of xylanase and stimbiotic (fiber fermentation enhancer) on the response of broiler chickens fed different corn varieties and determine correlations between variables of interest. Four corn genetic varieties were selected based on their range in nutrient composition. Diets containing 600 g/kg of each corn were supplemented with 0 or 100 g/ton of xylanase or stimbiotic. A total of 1,152 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into 12 treatments, each with 8 pens and 12 birds per pen, for a 21-day study. On d 21, performance parameters were measured, and the ileal energy and organic matter (OM) digestibility and cecal xylanase activity determined. Stimbiotic supplementation improved mFCR compared with all other treatments. There was a treatment by corn variety interaction for body weight (BW), BW gain and coefficient of variation (CV) of BW (P ≤ 0.05). Birds fed corn Variety 1 (highest neutral dietary fiber, protein and soluble arabinoxylan content) supplemented with stimbiotic had the highest BW, while Variety 2 control diet had the lowest. The BW CV in corn Variety 2 was the highest, which improved with stimbiotic supplementation. The BW CV in corn Variety 1 responded better to stimbiotic than xylanase. There were no treatment differences on BW CV in corn Varieties 3 and 4. The lowest OM digestibility was observed in birds fed corn Variety 1 with xylanase, and the highest value was associated with corn Variety 3 with xylanase (highest total arabinoxylan). Xylanase and stimbiotic supplementation increased the endogenous xylanase activity regardless of the corn variety (P ≤ 0.05). Positive correlations between corn fiber contents and phytic acid and the arabinose:xylose ratio were seen, while nonstarch polysaccharide content was negatively correlated with apparent metabolizable energy. In conclusion, corn variety influenced nutrient digestibility and broiler chicken growth. The response to supplementation with xylanase or stimbiotic varied based on the nutritional profile of corn with regards to improvements in digestibility and performance in broiler chickens.

Biologically Active Complex Based on Fermented Fiber to Normalize and Ensure the Vital Microflora Activity

Nowadays, the intestinal microflora plays the important role in ensuring normal metabolism, no doubt. Therefore, biotechnological products and its metabolites are of particular importance. A man developed biotechnological product in the form of a biologically active additive based on fermented fiber (a mixture of dietary fibers bacterized with probiotic cultures of Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Lactobacillus acidophilus). The probiotic feature is the ability to ferment dietary fibers while staying alive in a specialized product. The formulation includes dietary fibers that stimulate the growth and bacteria reproduction, specifically, forming a target intestinal biotope. Along with traditional quality and safety research methods, the researchers used the method of high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the short-chain fatty acids content, playing a key role in the metabolic body processes, in fermented fiber. The formulation of the developed additive contains ingredients that form its properties. The determined regulated quality indicators are the following (in 30 g): dietary fiber – at least 20,000 mg; polypructosans – at least 2,200 mg; thiamine (B1) – 1.4 mg; riboflavin (B2) – 1.6 mg; pantothenic acid (B5) – 6 mg; pyridoxine (B6) – 2 mg; chromium – 50 mcg. The authors run the safety dietary supplements assessment, enabling to determine the shelf life – 12 months at a temperature of 25 °C and a relative humidity of no more than 60 %. Evidence-based medical studies confirm the functional orientation and effectiveness of the developed product. A man took the developed supplement one serving (15 g) twice a day (in the morning 30 minutes before meals and in the evening before bedtime). The administration course was 30 days. The data obtained indicate a positive impact of the biocomplex on the microbiota restoration, the local intestinal syndrome effect and the general condition of the body.

Evaluation of Soybean Ingredients in Pet Foods Applications: Systematic Review.

Soybean use has been low in pet foods, even though they are an excellent source of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and gut fermentable fibers. The purpose of this evaluation was to conduct a systematic review of the public literature to explore how soybeans have been researched for pet food applications since 2000 and to provide strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for soybeans in the pet food industry. The review covered a total of 44 articles related to soybean ingredients and their potential value in the pet food arena. The articles were categorized by their research contents and narratively summarized to demonstrate useful information to both the pet and soybean industries. When soybean-based products have been adequately processed to reduce the antinutritive factors, they are comparable to processed animal proteins in nutritional value, palatability, and functionality in pet food processing. We conclude that various food processing technologies and the versatility of soybean ingredients allow soybean to have considerable inclusion potential in pet foods. More research on dietary soybean ingredients regarding pet food processing, fermentation benefits on health, and consumer acceptance will be needed to understand soybean's position in the future pet food industry.

Genomic and biochemical analysis reveals fermented product of a putative novel Romboutsia species involves the glycometabolism of tilapia

Fish have a restricted capacity to utilize carbohydrates. Gut microbiota contribute to carbohydrate degradation in the host. The connection between the intestinal microbiota and carbohydrate metabolism is not well known in fish. We found that when feed was transformed from zooplankton-based to plant-based diet, the population of genus Romboutsia in tilapia gut increased. We inferred that the abundance of the genus Romboutsia was positively correlated with dietary sugar levels. Then, a strain of genus Romboutsia was obtained and designated MY01. Strain MY01 was a novel species of Romboutsia based on its genomic analysis. Many genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism were found in its genome, including Carbohydrate Active enZymes (CAZymes) genes associated with dietary fiber fermentation. An increased quantity of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and decreased quantity of carbohydrates in feed fermented with MY01 were revealed by GC–MS and HPLC analysis. Fermented feed with MY01 increased the insulin content and decreased the glucose content of tilapia serum. Our in vivo and in vitro results are the first to suggest that fermented feed with Romboutsia regulates the tilapia glycometabolism by producing SCFAs to stimulate insulin secretion, and by reducing carbohydrates content of feed simultaneously to decrease blood glucose eventually. In further, the study provides a potential source of SCFAs production.

Specific dietary fibers prevent heavy metal disruption of the human gut microbiota in vitro

Heavy metal exposure is a growing concern due to its adverse effects on human health, including the disruption of gut microbiota composition and function. Dietary fibers have been shown to positively impact the gut microbiota and could mitigate some of the heavy metal negative effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different heavy metals (As, Cd and Hg in different concentrations) on gut microbiota in the presence and absence of different dietary fibers that included fructooligosaccharides, pectin, resistant starch, and wheat bran. We observed that whereas heavy metals impaired fiber fermentation outcomes for some fiber types, the presence of fibers generally protected gut microbial communities from heavy metal-induced changes, especially for As and Cd. Notably, the protective effects varied depending on fiber types, and heavy metal type and concentration and were overall stronger for wheat bran and pectin than other fiber types. Our findings suggest that dietary fibers play a role in mitigating the adverse effects of heavy metal exposure on gut microbiota health and may have implications for the development of dietary interventions to reduce dysbiosis associated with heavy metal exposure. Moreover, fiber-type specific outcomes highlight the importance of evidence-based selection of prebiotic dietary fibers to mitigate heavy metal toxicity to the gut microbiota.