Fergana Valley Research Articles

HISTORIOGRAPHY OF FERGANA VALLEY URBANIZATION PROCESSES. (ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF CHORDONA AND SARVONTEPA IN THE CITY OF ANDIJAN.)

In the article, the archeological data on the emergence and development of the cities of the ancient history of the city of Andijan, located in the Fergana valley, are analyzed. Also, the article explains that the ancient culture of the Fergana Valley was a large city-culture that made a significant contribution to the development of world civilization, which was substantiated by archeological researchers.

In the Footsteps of the Silk Road: Czech-Kyrgyz Geo-environmental Project

Kyrgyzstan can be represented, geomorphologically-speaking, by a transect between the Fergana lowlands and the Tien Shan highlands and is an outstanding area for the study of paleoclimatic conditions relating to climatic changes. These changes have been crucial for the behaviour of past cultures in this area, especially due to the presence of the Silk Road. A Czech environmental team, covering geology, geomorphology, pedology, paleoecology, archaeobotany, malacology, osteology and many other disciplines, has been following up previous survey fieldwork undertaken in this area. Since 2021, the expeditions in the south-eastern Kyrgyzstan (Osh Region) have been aiming at the structure and settlement pattern development in the contact zone between the fertile Fergana basin and the steppe environment at the foothills of the Pamir-Alai and Tian-Shan Mountains, from prehistory until the present, including the material testimony of life on the ancient and medieval Silk Road. This work is a part of an agreement between the University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, the Osh State University and the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology named after B. Dzamgyrchinov of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic. One of the major challenges of the ongoing geoarchaeological and palaeoecological research is to link climate changes and changes forced by human action with the transformation of settlement and landscape patterns.

Increased population exposures to extreme precipitation in Central Asia under 1.5 ℃ and 2 ℃ global warming scenarios

The increase in extreme precipitation (EP) may pose a serious threat to the health and safety of population in arid and semi-arid regions. The current research on the impact of EP on population in Central Asia (CA) is insufficient and there is an urgent need for a comprehensive assessment. Hence, we opted for precipitation and temperature data under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5) from ten Global Climate Models (GCMs), which were obtained from the NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections (NEX-GDDP-CMIP6). By integrating population data in 2020 and 2050 (SSP2 and SSP5), we investigated the future changes in EP and population exposure in CA under 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming scenarios (GWSs). Our analysis indicates that EP in CA is projected to increase with global warming. Under the SSP5–8.5, the maximum daily precipitation (Rx1day) exhibits an average response rate to global warming of 3.58 %/K (1.99–4.06 %/K). With rising temperatures, an increasing number of areas and populations in CA will be impacted by EP, especially in the Fergana valley. Approximately 25% of the population (land area) in CA is exposed to Rx1day with increases of more than 8.31% (9.32%) under 1.5 °C GWS and 14.18% (13.25%) under 2 °C GWS. Controlling temperature rise can be effective in reducing population exposures to EP. For instance, limiting the temperature increase to 1.5 °C instead of 2 °C results in a 2.79% (1.75%–4.59%) reduction in population exposure to Rx1day. Finally, we found that climate change serves as the predominant factor influencing the population exposure to EP, while the role of population redistribution, although relatively minor, should not be disregarded. Particularly for prolonged drought, the role of population redistribution manifests negatively.

Effective methods of agricultural use of light colored gray soils distributed in Kuva hill

Fergana Valley is a tectonic depression surrounded by mountains, and its appearance is in the form of an ellipse. Its length from west to east is 300 km equal to 50 meters from south to north. 70 km The height of the valley reaches from sea level in the west to . in the 250 мeast 1000 м. The height of the surrounding high mountains of Central Ferghana is 2000 - 4000 m and more. Such a sharp geomorphological structure determines the specific characteristics of the valley’s climate. The western and central parts of the Fergana valley (up to the Margilan oasis) belong to the desert region, and the eastern part to the semi-desert region. The climatic conditions of the desert part are described by the meteorological stations “Ko’kan”, “Ultarma” and “Namangan”, and the semi-desert part by the data of the weather stations “Fergana”, “Nasriddinbek” and “Fedchenko”. In the western and northern regions of the valley, the long-term average air temperature is +13+13.5 0 C. The coldest month of the year is January, its average temperature is -2.1-2.40 C. The period with the highest temperature is July, and the average temperature is around +24.8+27.6 0 C. ( Tables 1-2 ). The minimum temperature is -27-29 0 C, the maximum temperature is +42+46 0 C. We present the detail of the morphology of the 1st soil cross-section, trying to reveal the specific characteristics of the pale gray gypsum soils in the Kuva hills. The soils formed in the Kuva hills, where we conducted research, are the result of the long-term development of the area. Kuva mountain range is located 500-600m above sea level. The pale gray soils distributed in these areas are composed of stony rocks formed on loess and loess sand. At the same time, it appeared on coarse, gravelly-soft rock formations and gravels, on top of which a thin skeleton of sand and silt is covered.

Diagnosis and chemoprophylaxis of rabbit eymeriosis

This article analyzes the prevalence of rabbit eymeriosis in the rabbit farms of Samarkand, Kashkadarya, Bukhara, Khorezm, Namangan regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan. As a result of the research, it was carried out on rabbit-specialized farms of the districts of Bolungur, Jomboy, Urgut, Pastdargom of Samarkand region, Fergana city and Koshtepa of Fergana region, and it was found that eymeriosis in these farms significantly hinders the development of the network. In particular, the prevalence of rabbit eymeriosis has been found to be 42.7% in Bulungur district, 38.4% in Jomboy district, 35.5% in Urgut district, 45.1% in Pastdargom district, and 36.4% in Koshtepa district, Fergana valley, with 37.3% in Fergana rabbit farms. The diagnosis of the disease eymeriosis, which causes great economic damage to their farms, the essence of certain methods used in the diagnosis of the disease and the treatment of preventive measures are described.

Biogeochemical State of Salinized Irrigated Soils of Central Fergana (Uzbekistan, Central Asia)

The Central Fergana region is one of the overpopulated regions of Central Asia, which includes parts of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Here, in the dry subtropical climate are the most ancient, irrigated oases used for agriculture. Fergana valley is the key to the food security of the region as a whole. The article provides information on diversity and chemical composition of newly developed, new and old-irrigated Calcisols soils formed on alluvial and alluvial–prolluvial sediments. Soils are poor with organic matter (0.37–0.81% of organic carbon), with high nitrogen content (C/N ratio is 4.92–5.79), and with neutral (7.01–7.30) pH values. Data on the content and the ratio of the key components of soil salinity (Na2CO3, Ca(HCO3)2, CaSO4, MgSO4, Na2SO4, NaCl) and the bulk content of salts in soils under different irrigation regimes are presented. It was shown that Na2CO3 concentration is minimal in all the soils, and this salt presents only in ground waters (0.100–0.135 g L−1). Newly irrigated soils are characterized by higher content of salts than old irrigated soils. All the soils investigated are characterized by increasing salinity rate within the soil depth with the highest content of all salts in ground waters. This chloride–sulfate type of salinization is most pronounced in all the soils studied. Gypsum content in agricultural soils results in limited water and nutrient retention and the potential for dissolution, primarily in response to irrigation. The soils of the Fergana Valley are also subjected to polychemical pollution, so the content of trace elements in them was studied. Irrigated meadow-takyr and meadow-saz soils show low levels of environmental hazard, but irrigation results in accumulation of such trace elements as nickel (30 mg kg−1), arsenic (11.75 mg kg−1), bromine (5.00 mg kg−1), antimony (1.48 mg kg−1), cesium (5.00 mg kg−1), and hafnium (2.97 mg kg−1). Irrigation also affects the soil texture and thus increases fine particle percentages in the superficial soil horizons. Thus, the complex chemical characteristics of salinized soils are presented for numerous irrigated landscapes of the region.

Conservation status of euphorbia L. in the fergana valley of central Asia

In this article, the Euphorbia L category, species, and distribution levels located in the Fergana Valley Natural Area are listed based on the International Red Book categories. Based on the IUCN categories, 24 species were evaluated. In the study of Central Asian herbarium funds, samples are taken, and virtual herbarium funds and targeted Field Research were used. Distribution is a narrow circle of euphorbia mucronate Prok at risk of extinction, category (EN) corresponded to criterion B, and based on the data, the types of synopsis GeoCAT maps were brought.

Some information about the history of agriculture in the Fergana Valley in the Timurid era in "Boburnom"

The Fergana Valley, is a mountain range in Central Asia, one of the largest mountain ranges in Central Asia. It is surrounded by the Tianshan Mountains in the north and the Gissar Mountains in the south. Mainly in Uzbekistan, partly in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Most of it is triangular in shape, extending to the northern slopes of the Turkestan and Olay ridges, surrounded by the Qurama and Chatkal ridges in the northwest and the Fergana ridge in the northeast. In the west, a narrow corridor (8–10 km wide) is connected to the Tashkent-Mirzachul basin through the Khojand Gate. Uz. 300 km, width 60–120 km, widest area 170 km, area 22 thousand km. Its height is 330 m in the west and 1000 m in the east. Its general structure is elliptical (almond-shaped). It expands from west to east. The surface of the Fergana Valley is filled with alluvial and proluvial-alluvial sediments of the Quaternary period. The valley was curved in the Coal Age, and in the Middle Ages it was covered with sandy-loamy sediments. During the Cretaceous, there was a shallow sea. By the end of the Paleogene, it was completely dry. The ridges around the valley began to rise sharply in the alpine fold, but were again eroded during denudation. The seabed at the bottom of the valley is covered by continental deposits (300-400 m thick). The surface structure of the Fergana Valley can be divided into several stages (zones). The first stage of the relief occupies the central part of the valley and the lands up to the present headwaters of the Syrdarya at an altitude of 300-400 m. The slope of 200 km in this area is 80 m to the east, southeast and southwest. Accumulative rocks, marine lake deposits, and wind-blown rocks are common on marine deposits. This range includes sand dunes, lakes, and sandy hills.The second stage of the gorge consists of rocky areas (400–600 m) that cover a wide area of ​​rivers and streams. Quaternary alluvial deposits are common, encircling the valley like a ring. The third rung of the relief is the hill zone with a height of 600-1200 m. The Konibodom, Shursuv, Rishtan, Chimgan, Avval, and Muyan hills, which surround the Fergana Valley in the south, are composed of rocky deposits, and the Navkat and eastern hills are composed of lyoss and lyossized clay rocks; large rocky cliffs and cliffs are typical for the terrain. The southern slopes of the Namangan, Chuyet, and Pop hills in northern Fergana descend steeply toward the Syrdarya valley. The plains behind the hills are covered with alluvial rocks. The mountains that surround the valley begin in these accumulative plains. Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur's book "Boburnoma" also provides information about the climate, geographical structure of the Fergana valley, agricultural products - fruit trees, melons and grains. It is one of the most important sources on the history of Amir Temur and the Temurids. This article describes the state of agricultural development in the Fergana Valley on the basis of information from the memoir "Boburnoma".

Machine learning for yield prediction in Fergana valley, Central Asia

Accurate yield prediction is essential for growers, researchers, governments, the farming industry, and policymakers for social peace, food safety, security, and sustainable development. The results of earlier techniques of data collecting and analysis for yield forecasts were typically delayed, expensive, time-consuming, site-specific, and riddled with errors and uncertainties. This study is a novel approach to using high-resolution satellite data in conjunction with environmental and topographic data to predict wheat yield variability at the farm scale using machine learning. In this research, winter wheat yield prediction was based on 36 indicators in machine learning using correlation and different regression models. Winter wheat yield was predicted using linear regression (LR), decision tree (DT), and random forest (RF) regression models with scikit-learn in machine learning. More than 10,000 data points from 45 farms were trained and validated in Fergana valley, Central Asia. Results indicate that at 10 m resolution using Sentinel-2 and other secondary data such as topographic, soil, environmental, and filed data can generate an accurate wheat yield prediction map. The accuracy of all regressions is lowest for LR (R2:95, RMSE: 2.31), highest for RF (R2:98, RMSE: 1.40), and intermediate for DT regression (R2:97, RMSE: 1.85). Results also indicate that prediction in the early stage of the crop is less accurate in comparison to harvesting time as LR (R2:85, RMSE: 2.66), DT (R2:95, RMSE: 2.06), RF (R2:97, RMSE: 1.54) have different R2 and RMSE values. Appling the RF model, the winter wheat prediction is 3.29 to 4.30 t/ha therefore the total wheat production is approximately 100 t in the study area. Thus this study will demonstrate the capability of high-resolution satellite imagery and secondary data for highly accurate real-time crop yield prediction at the field scale, which can be used to assist precision agriculture and will provide a point of reference for crop area extraction, mapping, monitoring, and sustainable development with food security.

Important plant areas (IPAs) in the Fergana Valley (Central Asia): The Bozbu-Too-Ungortepa massif

This paper discusses identifying Important Plant Areas (IPAs) in one of the most densely populated regions of Central Asia—the Fergana valley. The recognition of IPA sites is an attempt to introduce new ways of conserving local plant diversity with a high concentration of endemic species in Central Asia, where conservation methods of the former Soviet Union still prevail. The research revealed the current state and geography of many rare species and enriched the flora of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan with several rare species. The second IPA is the transboundary territory of the Fergana valley, uniting the southern spurs of the Chatkal range and the Ungortepa-BozbuToo massif. We documented the distribution of 62 species in the IPAs under the sub-criteria of Plantlife International. Our study aimed at continuing studies on the IPAs in this region, addressing specific conservation challenges, such as conserving national endemics and endangered species that grow outside protected areas and GIS mapping of endemic species.

Homoptera - apple pests in forest communities of Fergana valley, Uzbekistan

This article presents the results of the study of apple’s homoptera pests in the forest communities of Fergana Valley, biological features, harmfulness, features of development phases, specific composition of the most harmful species, food relations, their natural enemies and recommended measures to control them. Species that are a component of entomocenoses of cultural and natural landscapes of Fergana Valley, their negative impact on forest communities have been established. It was revealed that the species of homoptera insects, in particular cicadas, in Fergana Valley are characterized by complex bioecological features, highly specialized and adapted for habitation. The research is of theoretical and practical importance, since many species are pests and some species carry viral diseases. The Auchenorryncha pest series is distinguished by diversity in species composition and amount. The pest Cicadatra querula (Pall.) breeds in mass numbers in some years. The nature of the damage caused by C. querula (Pall.) was studied, since insects suck plant juices and damage fruit and shrub plants when they lay eggs. It has been established that the terms of cicada passage of the development phases depend on temperature and humidity.

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This study was conducted on species composition, morphology, ecological characteristics, biotope distribution, ecological groups, biodiversity indicators and zoogeography of leeches and gastropods distributed in the lower Ak-Buura River. According to the results, it was found that 7 species of leeches belonging to 4 families and 6 genera and 10 species of fresh-water gastropods belonging to 3 families and 6 genera live in the lower Ak-Buura River. In the river, it was observed that leeches are mainly distributed in muddy biotopes, and gastropods are widespread in muddy, stony and sandy biotopes with a lot of plants. Biodiversity indices of leeches and gastropods in the Ak-Buura River were analyzed using the Shannon index. As a result, it was determined that the biodiversity index of the Ak-Buura river is lower than other rivers in the Fergana valley (H' = 0.81-1.17). This is mainly due to the eutrophication of some parts of the river and the instability of the water hydro-regime. Most of the leeches distributed in the river are carnivores, and gastropods are phytophages. According to the zoogeographical analysis, it was found that leeches are Holarctic, Palearctic, Western Palearctic, and gastropods are composed of European-Siberian, Palearctic and Central Asian species.

Использование лекарственных растений киргизами юго-западной части Ферганской долины

This article notes that the use of flora as medicine by Kyrgyz people in the South-Western region of the Fergana valley has its own characteristics, despite their influence as a result of the relationship of Kyrgyz people with other peoples. It is also proved by scientists that the traditional folk treatment of the Kyrgyz belongs to the ancient period. The author provided the collected field materials that the South-Western Kyrgyz of the Ferghana valley knew perfectly well that medicinal plants contain biologically active substances useful for human health and how they well assimilated ways to purify the body from many diseases. Given useful information about what medicinal properties of the flora is in various parts of plants in different sizes, and in some parts is not available and about how to make drugs the South-West of the Kyrgyz Fergana valley.

Paleogene Lithostratigraphy and Recognition of the Marine Incursion of the Proto-Paratethys Sea in the Fergana Basin, Uzbekistan

Lithostratigraphy and isotopes of Paleogene sequences consisting mainly of terrestrial clastics and limestone were examined in the northern Fergana Basin of Uzbekistan. The studied sections consisted of two facies: the lower sequence coarse-grained terrestrial clastics and the upper sequence limestone clastics characterized by limestone beds. The sulfur isotopic composition of the bivalve obtained from the lower sequence was relatively low, namely, 14.94–16.82‰, which is equivalent to the Early Cretaceous; however, it is possible that the isotopic composition differed from that obtained in open seawater due to the presence of terrestrial clastics and the freshwater effect. In contrast, the sulfur isotopic composition of limestone from the upper sequence was relatively high, namely, 19.37–21.19‰, thereby indicating that they were likely to originate from the Early to Middle Eocene. Furthermore, the strontium isotopic compositions of the lower and upper sequences were 0.707772–0.707875‰ and 0.707812–0.708063‰, respectively. These values are more similar to those of the Paleogene than the Cretaceous. Finally, lithostratigraphy and age determination allowed us to correlate the upper sequence with representative limestone from the fourth transgression of the proto-Paratethys Sea, whilst the limestone beds were deduced to be remnants of the Eocene marine incursion of the proto-Paratethys Sea.

USEFUL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL DRY MILK

The article, the demand for consumer goods, including food, is growing every day due to the growth of the world's population. currently, the ferghana valley produces varieties of powdered milk "malyutka", "malish", "detolact", "lodushka". it is considered one of the best baby food products. Opinions are given about the exceptional taste that refreshes when using powdered milk, the content of vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, calcium and their useful properties.

A Brief History of Research of Ancient Settlements and Myths, Ancient Names of the Middle Flow of Syrdarya

The steppes of the Syrdaria are the natural boundary between the nomadic peoples of Central Asia and the peoples involved in sedentary agriculture. Due to the large number of ancient settlements and settlements on the Syrdaria River and the dense population of the settlers in this area of Syrdaria is a natural boundary between nomadic and sedentary peoples of Central Asia. The article begins with the confluence of the Naryn and Karadaria rivers in the Fergana basin and ends with several tributaries: the Incardarya and Janadarya rivers, as well as the main tributary of the Syr-Darya, draining into the Aral Sea. Medieval cities and toponyms such as Sutkent and Bairkum were also studied and scientifically analysed. To this end, we have tried to systematically explain these cities by studying historical written and archaeological data. In the article we aimed to draw public attention to archaeological research, popularization and inclusion of the abovementioned cities in the list of tourist attractions. In addition, we decided to study the abovementioned citizens and introduce them into scientific circulation.

FROM THE HISTORY OF IRRIGATION WORKS IN FERGHANA VALLEY (As an example 50-70-s of the XX century)

In the article the state of irrigation-land-reclamation of Ferghana valley in the condition of cotton monopoly in 1950-1970 is closely observed. Besides, the measures on improvement of irrigation system by Soviet government and their results are analyzed in the article on the grounds of primary sources. KEY WORDS: Ferghana valley, irrigation-land-reclamation, cotton monopoly, Soviet government, irrigation system, collective farm, state farm, drainage, collector, virgin lands.

Fluorosenotypes of phlomoides moench species distributed in the Fergana valley

This article presents the results of targeted field research in the Fergana Valley in 2020-2021 and the analysis of the literature, the belonging of Phlomoides species to 15 florocenotypes, and the level of activity of each species based on their phytogeographic, ecological, phytocenotic range. In this case, the species are divided into 4 groups: the most active, active, moderately active and passive species. The interdependence of existing florocenotypes was prepared based on the program UPGMA (version 3.22) and their analysis is presented.

Using chemicals to control locusts in the Fergana valley

Using chemicals to control locusts in the Fergana valley

Geography of eremurus m. bieb. species in the flora of the fergana valley

Geography of eremurus m. bieb. species in the flora of the fergana valley