Australia supports the largest population of free-ranging, one-humped camels Camelus dromedarius in the world. These feral camels originated and bred from camels introduced into Australia up to 160 years ago. With estimated doubling of numbers every eight years, it is believed that in 2007 there may have been over one million feral camels. This has been associated with increasing negative impacts on desert ecology, cultural values and human enterprise.In this paper, the potential to exploit Achilles' heel aspects of camels has been examined; this has helped identify opportunities to either improve or develop methods for broad-scale management of feral camels and their impacts in Australia. This has also highlighted the importance of considering aspects of camel–specific behaviour for the planning and implementation of feral camel management.Conventional assessment according to ‘ideal' criteria indicates that there are satisfactory levels of humaneness and cost-effectiveness in some or all situations where...