Fenugreek Supplementation Research Articles

Therapeutic effect of fenugreek supplementation on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials

IntroductionNumerous clinical trials have investigated the effects of fenugreek, a traditional herbal medicine, on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the results from these studies have been inconsistent. Therefore, we aimed to perform a meta-analysis on the effects of fenugreek supplementation on weight, body mass index (BMI), lipid profile, and glycemic indices in patients with T2DM. MethodsWe searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases to identify clinical trial studies until October 2023. The data were analyzed using a random-effects model and presented as the weighted mean difference (WMD) along with the associated 95 % confidence interval (CI). ResultsA total of 19 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results indicated a significant impact of fenugreek supplementation on lowering fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (WMD: 20.32 mg/dl; 95 % CI: 26.65 to −13.99), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) (WMD: 0.54 %; 95 % CI: 0.80 to −0.28), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD: 0.36; 95 % CI: 0.67 to −0.05), total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: 33.10 mg/dL; 95 % CI: 64.31 to −1.88), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD: 29.14 mg/dL; 95 % CI: 55.45 to −2.83), BMI (WMD: 0.73 kg/m2; 95 % CI: 1.40 to −0.07), and increasing the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (WMD: 5.68 mg/dL; 95 % CI: 3.51 to 7.85). However, the effect on fasting insulin, triglycerides, and weight was not significant. ConclusionsFenugreek supplementation has been shown to improve FPG, HbA1C, HOMA-IR, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and BMI in patients with T2DM. The overall results suggest that fenugreek may have protective and therapeutic effects on T2DM parameters.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Fenugreek and Fennel Seeds on Certain Blood Biochemical Properties of Local Female Goats

Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Fenugreek and Fennel Seeds on Certain Blood Biochemical Properties of Local Female Goats

Effect of fenugreek seed supplementation on fasting and postprandial blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic subjects

Diabetes mellitus has a high prevalence, morbidity and mortality globally. Management of type 2 diabetes is difficult with synthetic drugs as they cause many side effects and have some limitations. Thus, as an alternative and immense interest in medicinal plants with indigenous, inexpensive fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is considered to be a potent food-based treatment for managing type 2 diabetes. This study was undertaken to evaluate the blood glucose levels and diabetes status with the consumption of fenugreek seed powder in type 2 diabetic patients. In a clinical trial study, 49 type 2 diabetic patients were pooled using randomization and divided into two groups (controlled and exposed group). The exposed group was placed on 10 g/day of powdered fenugreek seeds soaked in water for 60 days, while the control group was not placed on any test diet. Demographic, clinical characteristics, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and postprandial blood glucose (PBG) were measured before and after the study. No adverse reaction was found after the treatment resumed and all participants finished the trial. Findings showed that 20.83% of the patients who took the supplementation had reached the non-diabetic state where zero success rates were observed in the control group. Multivariable linear regression demonstrated that patients’ blood glucose level was significantly associated with fenugreek supplementation (p < 0.001) and the type of therapy (p < 0.05) while adjusted with their demographic variables, physical and medical conditions. When adjusted for covariates, fasting and postprandial blood glucose in the exposed group was estimated to be 2.38 mmol/L (95% CI: -3.45, -1.32, p < 0.001) and 4.18 mmol/L (95% CI: -5.41, -2.95, p < 0.001), which was significantly lower than the control group, respectively. The lowering of blood glucose level in the exposed group was gradually distributed over time while significant changes were observed starting from 30 days of supplementation. It is therefore concluded that fenugreek seed supplementation could be generalized to mitigate the complications of type 2 DM.

Protective Effect of Fenugreek Supplementation Against Mercury Toxicity on Sperm Parameters, Serum Testosterone and Testicular Tissue in the Rat

Protective Effect of Fenugreek Supplementation Against Mercury Toxicity on Sperm Parameters, Serum Testosterone and Testicular Tissue in the Rat

The effect of 6 weeks of intensive intermittent exercise training with fenugreek supplementation on lipid profile and body composition indices in overweight and obese women

The effect of 6 weeks of intensive intermittent exercise training with fenugreek supplementation on lipid profile and body composition indices in overweight and obese women

Fenugreek and Its Effects on Muscle Performance: A Systematic Review.

Fenugreek extracts possess promising physiological and pharmacological properties in human and animal models. This review aims to provide a scientific and comprehensive analysis of the literature on the effects of fenugreek extracts on muscle performance. An extensive online search was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines. The main medical and scientific engines were searched for articles from May 1981 to May 2021 to capture all scientific studies focused on the effect of fenugreek on muscle and exercise or sport. Out of 81 studies acquired, six eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the qualitative analysis. Four RCTs observed that fenugreek supplementation had significantly improved muscle strength, repetitions to failure (muscle endurance), submaximal performance index, lean body mass, and reduced body fat. Among the remaining two trials, one reported the significant effect of fenugreek extracts on the rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis during post-exercise recovery; however, the other failed to do so. Those two trials were weak, with a minimal sample size (<10). Further, fenugreek glycoside supplementation with sapogenins and saponins reported substantial anabolic and androgenic activity, influencing testosterone levels and muscle performance. It was useful during eight weeks of resistance training without any clinical side effects. Fenugreek with creatine supplementation improved creatine uptake without the necessity of high carbohydrate intake. Hence, fenugreek extracts can be a helpful natural supplement and ergogenic aid for athletes. However, it is better to be aware of doping and liver and kidney damage before using the fenugreek supplement.

Fenugreek seed powder protects mice against arsenic-induced neurobehavioral changes

The current study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of fenugreek seed powder against As-induced neurobehavioral and biochemical perturbations using a mouse model. Mice exposed to arsenic at 10 mg/kg body weight showed development of anxiety-like behavior and memory impairment compared to control mice in elevated plus maze and Morris water maze tests, respectively. A significantly decreased acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were found in the brain of arsenic-exposed mice compared to control mice. Interestingly, supplementation of fenugreek seed powder to arsenic-treated mice significantly restored the activity of cholinesterase and antioxidant enzymes (e.g. superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase) as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the brain tissue of arsenic-exposed mice. Consequently, reduced anxiety-like behavior, improved learning and memory were observed in fenugreek supplemented arsenic treated mice compared to only arsenic-exposed mice group. Thus, this study suggests that fenugreek seed powder reduces arsenic-induced neurotoxicity in mice.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) supplementation safeguards male mice from aflatoxin B1-induced liver and kidney damage

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) supplementation safeguards male mice from aflatoxin B1-induced liver and kidney damage

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) extract improves hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in high sugar diet fed mice

Diabetes, obesity and other cardiovascular diseases are major public health problems that are increasing at an alarming rate. Diabetics and obesity are characterized by high blood glucose level caused by high sugar consumption. New treatment techniques are needed that can lower blood glucose levels without causing any negative effects. Fenugreek known as Methi in Bangla, has been well known to have medicinal properties, such as antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidaemic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activities. Thus, the supplementation of fenugreek could be an alternative diet that could mitigate the deleterious effect of high sugar consumption and prevent the development of metabolic diseases. Therefore, this experiment was designed to investigate the effect of Fenugreek extract (FE) supplementation on anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic activities in high sugar diet (HSD) fed mice. Four diet paradigms were selected for this experiment- viz., normal diet (ND), normal diet with Fenugreek extract (ND+FE), 30% sucrose (HSD), and 30% sucrose with Fenugreek extract (HSD+FE). The supplementation of FE (300mg/kg BW) significantly (*p&lt;0.05) hampers the increase in food intake due to high sugar diet consumption in mice. Additionally, mice fed with FE enriched diet significantly lowered body weight as compared with the HSD group. Also, FE supplementation significantly attenuated the increased blood glucose concentration caused by high sugar intake. The inclusion of FE had no effect on heart weight, kidney weight, white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue but significantly decreased the increased weight of the liver in the HSD-fed group. In addition, FE supplementation also attenuated the HSD-induced elevation of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TAG), and low-density lipoprotein C (LDL-C). Considering the above findings, FE could effectively tolerate a normoglycemic state and inhibit the development of diabetics and obesity caused by HSD. Therefore, FE could be beneficial for the management of metabolic disorders due to consumption of high sugar.&#x0D; Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 51 (3): 90-97, 2022

Inflammatory and proapoptotic effects of inhaling gasoline fumes on the lung and ameliorative effects of fenugreek seeds

Impacts of inhaling gasoline fumes on the lungs of adult male rats and the alleviating role of fenugreek seeds were evaluated. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups, unexposed control and fenugreek groups, gasoline exposed groups for 6 h/6 day/week for 10 weeks with and without supplementation of fenugreek seed powder in food (5% w/w). Rats exposed to gasoline fumes showed significant elevation in lung tumor necrosis factor-α, as an inflammatory marker, and the proapoptotic marker Bax with a reduction in the antiapoptotic marker Bcl2. Moreover, remarkable elevations in transforming growth factor-β1, collagen and hydroxyproline were observed as fibrotic markers. Lung oxidative stress markers (hydrogen peroxides, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl) increased significantly along with marked decrease in total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels. Additionally, marked decreases in white and red blood cell counts, hemoglobin content, platelet count, accompanied by elevated red cell distribution width percentage were observed, supporting the inflammatory status. Histopathological changes represented by hematoxylin&eosin, immunohistochemistry staining for Bax&Bcl2, and transmission electron microscopy supported the negative impacts of gasoline fumes compared to the control group. Fenugreek seeds supplementation with gasoline exposure showed pronounced alleviation of lung biochemical and histopathological changes compared to the gasoline-exposed group.

Effect of Herbal Feed Additives Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Seed Powder and Onion (Allium cepa) Powder on Haemato-biochemical and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers

Background: The positive effect of fenugreek and onion and their active components on the digestion process has been reported in several studies. The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementation of Fenugreek sees powder and Onion powder on haemato-biochemical and carcass charactistics of broilers. Methods: Day-old, 210 broiler chicks (Vencobb-400) were randomly allotted to seven treatment groups. The T1 i.e., control group was fed on basal diet, while, group T2 and T3 were supplied with 1% and 2% fenugreek seed powder, respectively. Whereas group T4 and T5 were supplied with 1% and 2% onion powder, respectively and group T6 and T7 were supplied with 0.5% fenugreek seed powder and 0.5% onion powder and 1% fenugreek seed powder and 1% onion powder, respectively in the basal broiler pre-starter, starter and finisher ration. Result: Haemoglobin, PCV, TEC, TLC, total serum protein and creatinine levels were higher (P less than 0.01) in T6 group while highest level of blood glucose was found in T6, but the variation was statistically non-significant for blood glucose. Whereas serum cholesterol level was higher (P less than 0.01) in control group. Non-significant effect was observed on dressing percentage but numerically highest in T6 group and eviscerated weight percentage was higher (P less than 0.05) in T6 group. The gizzard (P less than 0.01), heart (P less than 0.01) and giblet weight (P less than 0.01) were found statistically higher in T5 and liver weight (P less than 0.01) was statistically higher in T7 group.

Cross-Omics Analysis of Fenugreek Supplementation Reveals Beneficial Effects Are Caused by Gut Microbiome Changes Not Mammalian Host Physiology.

Herbal remedies are increasing in popularity as treatments for metabolic conditions such as obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. One potential therapeutic option is fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum), which have been used for treating high cholesterol and Type 2 diabetes. A proposed mechanism for these benefits is through alterations in the microbiome, which impact mammalian host metabolic function. This study used untargeted metabolomics to investigate the fenugreek-induced alterations in the intestinal, liver, and serum profiles of mice fed either a 60% high-fat or low-fat control diet each with or without fenugreek supplementation (2% w/w) for 14 weeks. Metagenomic analyses of intestinal contents found significant alterations in the relative composition of the gut microbiome resulting from fenugreek supplementation. Specifically, Verrucomicrobia, a phylum containing beneficial bacteria which are correlated with health benefits, increased in relative abundance with fenugreek. Metabolomics partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed substantial fenugreek-induced changes in the large intestines. However, it was observed that while the magnitude of changes was less, significant modifications were present in the liver tissues resulting from fenugreek supplementation. Further analyses revealed metabolic processes affected by fenugreek and showed broad ranging impacts in multiple pathways, including carnitine biosynthesis, cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis. These pathways may play important roles in the beneficial effects of fenugreek.

Hydrophilic interaction LC-MS/MS method to avoid endogenous interference in the analysis of 4-hydroxy isoleucine from dietary supplementation of fenugreek.

4-Hydroxy isoleucine is one of the potent hypoglycemic active constituents of fenugreek seeds. A method capable of reducing biological interferences is required for bioavailability studies. An isocratic separation of 4-hydroxy isoleucine from endogenous interferences was achieved in ZIC-cHILIC column using 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile (20:80, % v/v) pumped at 0.5ml/min. Quantification was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode using the transitions of m/z 148.1→102.1 and m/z 276.1→142.2 for 4-hydroxy isoleucine and homatropine (as internal standard), respectively. After full method validation, 4-hydroxy isoleucine levels in human plasma and commercial fenugreek formulations were determined. This method showed good linearity in the range of 50-2000ng/mL. Intra- and interday accuracies were in the range of 90.64-109.0% and precision was<4.82% CV. The mean (SD) plasma concentration of 4-hydroxy isoleucine in healthy individuals at 2h after oral administration of fenugreek tablet was found to be 1590 (260) ng/mL. Half of marketed formulations were found to contain<0.05% of 4-hydroxy isoleucine content. We developed a rapid hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for analysis of 4-hydroxy isoleucine in human plasma. This method can be applied directly to conduct the clinical pharmacokinetics studies of 4-hydroxy isoleucine in human population.

The Effect of Natural Additives in Drinking Water on Broiler Production Performances: The Case of Green Anise and Fenugreek

Background: Natural additives supplementation in broiler feed is intended to produce organic meat and minimize the use of chemical drugs that have harmful effects on humans, animals, and the environment. Using locally available plants such as fenugreek and green anise is a much safer and inexpensive alternative Methods: 318 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to three different experimental groups: birds of the first group considered as the control group received an enrofloxacin-based antistress drug; birds of the second group received an aqueous extract of fenugreek; birds of the third group received an aqueous extract of aniseed. Both natural products were used in gradual levels according to the following dosages and duration of treatment:7 grams/liter of water during the period from day15 to day 21 of age; 14 grams/liter of water from day 22 to day 28 and 28 grams/liter of water from day 29 to day 35. For each group, the following zootechnical parameters and carcass characteristics were recorded: mortality rates; Feed Intake (FI), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR); live weight at slaughter; carcass yield and the weights of the liver, gizzard, and abdominal fat. Findings: Fenugreek was found to have the lowest mortality rate (6,60%) compared to 9,34% for the ”control” group and 8,41% for the ”anise group. Both Fenugreek and aniseed aqueous extracts had similar results to the synthetic antistress on the zootechnical and carcass variables studied. There was no significant difference between the three experimental groups (p> 0,05). Novelty: Supplementation of fenugreek and anise aqueous extracts in broilers’ drinking water has no adverse effect on their zootechnical performance or carcass characteristics. Both natural products could replace synthetic enrofloxacin-based antistress, allowing organic broiler production with reduced costs. Keywords: Trigonella foenum-graecum; Pimpinella anisum; additives; performances; broiler; organic; production

Influence of amla (Emblica officinalis L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) supplementation on haemato-biochemical profile in Goat kids

This study aimed at ascertaining the effect of amla (Emblica officinalis L.) fruit powder and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed supplementation on haemato-biochemical profile of growing goat kids. For this, 24 healthy uncastrated male kids (age: 4–6 m; mean body weight: 7.49 ± 1.04 kg) were distributed into four groups of six each through a randomized block design. All the kids were fed with a basal diet comprising of concentrate mixture and wheat straw in proportion of 60:40. Additionally, the ration of the kids of group T1 contained no supplement (control), whereas, those of groups T2, T3 and T4 contained 3% amla, 3% fenugreek, and 1.5% amla plus 1.5% fenugreek seeds, respectively on a dry basis. Results of 240 days of feeding trial revealed that haematological parameters measured as haemoglobin and packed cell volume as well as blood metabolites such as glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase did not differ across various dietary treatments. Therefore, it was concluded that supplementation of amla and fenugreek did not influence any of the analysed blood parameters related to energy, protein and fat metabolism, and thus proving safe for use as natural feed additives in goat husbandry.

Clinical study to evaluate fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed and galactomannan depleted fenugreek residue on blood glucose level in broiler breeder hens

A study was undertaken to evaluate the blood glucose level of broiler breeder hens supplemented with fenugreek seed and Galactomannan Depleted Fenugreek Residue (GDFR). The evaluation was based on series of biological trial and chemical analyses. In a broiler breeder trial, 4320 numbers of thirty three weeks old Vencobb 400-Y strain were distributed randomly to nine treatments and each treatment had five replicates and each replicate had 96 birds. Supplementation of fenugreek seed or GDFR up to 4% in broiler breeder decreased the blood glucose level. The blood glucose level was decreased at all level of fenugreek seed supplementation and when GDFR was supplemented 2% and above.

The Use of Fenugreek Supplementation in Diabetes

Dietary health supplements have increasingly used in the prevention and treatment of chronic disorders. During the previous decades, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds have been reported to have hypoglycemic and cholesterol lowering effects when used in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and in experimental diabetic animals. The aim of this paper is to review fenugreek research findings relevant to its use in diabetes. There is convincing research evidence suggesting that fenugreek can improve hyperglycemia and has a protective effective against diabetic complications through immunomodulatory, insulin stimulation, and antioxidant effects, enhancing adipocyte differentiation, inhibition of inflammation in adipose tissues, and preventing or lessening pancreatic and renal damage. Many of the beneficial effects of fenugreek in diabetes have been attributed to four bioactive components including diosgenin, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, furostanolic saponins, and the fiber in fenugreek.

Review Article: The use of fenugreek supplementation in diabetes

Dietary health supplements have increasingly used in the prevention and treatment of chronic disorders. During the previous decades, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds have been reported to have hypoglycemic and cholesterol lowering effects when used in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and in experimental diabetic animals. The aim of this paper is to review fenugreek research findings relevant to its use in diabetes. There is convincing research evidence suggesting that fenugreek can improve hyperglycemia and has a protective effective against diabetic complications through immunomodulatory, insulin stimulation, and antioxidant effects, enhancing adipocyte differentiation, inhibition of inflammation in adipose tissues, and preventing or lessening pancreatic and renal damage. Many of the beneficial effects of fenugreek in diabetes have been attributed to four bioactive components including diosgenin, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, furostanolic saponins, and the fiber in fenugreek.

The use of fenugreek supplementation in diabetes

Dietary health supplements have increasingly used in the prevention and treatment of chronic disorders. During the previous decades, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds have been reported to have hypoglycemic and cholesterol lowering effects when used in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and in experimental diabetic animals. The aim of this paper is to review fenugreek research findings relevant to its use in diabetes. There is convincing research evidence suggesting that fenugreek can improve hyperglycemia and has a protective effective against diabetic complications through immunomodulatory, insulin stimulation, and antioxidant effects, enhancing adipocyte differentiation, inhibition of inflammation in adipose tissues, and preventing or lessening pancreatic and renal damage. Many of the beneficial effects of fenugreek in diabetes have been attributed to four bioactive components including diosgenin, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, furostanolic saponins, and the fiber in fenugreek.

The Use of Fenugreek Supplementation in Diabetes

The Use of Fenugreek Supplementation in Diabetes