The effect of 6 weeks of intensive intermittent exercise training with fenugreek supplementation on lipid profile and body composition indices in overweight and obese women

Data about effects of exercise training in adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) are very limited. This study investigated the effect of 2 different frequencies of the same intensity and total training volume of combined exercise training on indices of body composition, physical fitness, and lipid profile in overweight and obese adolescents with ID. A total of 45 overweight and obese adolescents with ID aged 14-22 years with a total IQ 45-70 received combined exercise training 3 times a week (CET3) for 30 sessions (10 weeks; n = 15), twice a week (CET2) for 30 sessions (15 weeks; n = 15), or no training (10 weeks; n = 15). Groups were matched for age, sex, and education form. Before and after the intervention period, indices of body composition, physical fitness and lipid profile have been evaluated. Compared to the control group, CET3 resulted in a significant improvement of physical fitness, obesity indices, and lipid profile of the participants. Comparing CET2 with CET3, no significantly different evolutions were noticed, except for lower limb strength in favor of exercising 3 times a week. In conclusion, exercising 2 times a week, which is more feasible and practical for participants and guidance, has the same health beneficial effects as 3 times per week in overweight and obese adolescents with ID in short-term training.

BackgroundNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) involves excessive liver fat accumulation and is closely linked to oxidative stress, which contributes to liver inflammation and damage. This study aimed to evaluate how interventions such as resistance training (RT) and vitamin E supplementation (VES) can modulate markers of NAFLD and key proteins regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, such as C1Q/TNF-related proteins (CTRPs).MethodsForty participants with NAFLD (mean age: 32.4 ± 8.2 years) were randomly assigned to one of four groups for 12 weeks: placebo (PLB), VES, PLB + RT, and VES + RT. VES was administered at 800 IU/day in a double-blind manner. The RT regimen included eight exercises at 60–80% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), with three sets of 8–12 repetitions, performed three times per week. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included body composition, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lipid profile, glycemic control, CTRP-2, CTRP-9, and 1RM evaluations.ResultsFollowing the interventions, there was a significant improvement in body composition, lipid profile, glycemic control, and 1RM indices in the exercise groups compared to non-exercise groups (p < 0.05). AST and ALT levels decreased in all groups (p < 0.05) compared to the PLB group. There was also a significant difference between the VES + RT group and both the VES and PLB + RT groups (p < 0.05). CTRP-2 and CTRP-9 levels decreased in the exercise groups compared to non-exercise groups (p < 0.05), and their changes showed a marked correlation with body composition, lipid profile, and glycemic control indices (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThis study highlights the benefits of RT on various health parameters among NAFLD patients. While adding VES to RT resulted in greater decreases in aminotransferases, it did not provide further improvements in other variables. Additionally, enhancements in body composition, lipid profile, and glycemic control indices were possibly associated with decreased levels of CTRPs.Trial registrationRegistered retrospectively in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20220601055056N1) on December 21, 2023. Access at https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/trial/69231.

We compared the effects of aerobic exercise training on lipid and lipoprotein levels in 18 postmenopausal women who were (N = 8) or were not (N = 10) receiving estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Each group was tested for lipids, diet recall and VO2max before and after a 12 wk exercise program, consisting of 30-50 min of an aerobic activity at 75-85% of VO2max, 3-4 sessions per week. Both groups increased VO2max by 8% and neither group changed their diet. The ERT group had higher levels of triglycerides and lower levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) (P < 0.01) before training. There were no mean group changes in any of the lipid variables with training. However, individual changes in LDL-C and Total Cholesterol (TC) were strongly related to baseline weight in the nonestrogen group (r = 109.91, r = -0.82) but not in ERT (r = -0.30, r = -0.51). Subsequently, all subjects were redivided into two groups based on BMI (< or = 27 or > or = 27) regardless of ERT status. TC decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the < or = 27 BMI group. Exercise training had little effect on the lipid profiles of the ERT and the nonestrogen groups, but body weight seems to be a modulating factor. Heavier subjects did not respond as favorably to 12 wk of exercise training as postmenopausal women with less body mass, regardless of the presence of exogenous estrogen.

Increasing body mass index can have negative effects on employees' ability to work and increase the risk of accidents and occupational injuries and the risk of death. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 12 week a selected aerobic exercise program on body composition, lipid profile, and working ability of employees involved overweight and obese. In this semi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test design and control group, 65 overweight employees were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to exercise and control groups. Then aerobic exercise program three sessions per week and each session 65-50 minutes, was performed for 12 weeks for the experimental group. The control group did not have such an intervention. Body composition indices, workability index and, lipid profile were measured before and after the training protocol for both groups. Data were analyzed using the covariance test (ANCOVA). The results showed that aerobic exercise significantly reduced body composition indices, including (fat percentage, body mass index, waist to pelvic ratio) and total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) the exercise group compared with the control group. The levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and the ability to work index of the exercise group also increased (P &lt;0.05). This study showed that aerobic exercise activities in overweight and obese employees improved lipid profiles, body composition indices and their level work ability. The results indicated that aerobic exercise could improve body composition, lipid profile and workability index, and prevented contracting chronic diseases, reducing their ability to work, and retiring early in overweight and obese employees.

This study investigated the effect of combined exercise training on indices of body composition, physical fitness and lipid profile in adolescents with mental retardation. Thirty adolescents with mental retardation (total IQ, 45-70) received exercise training (n = 15) or no training (n = 15). Groups were matched for age, sex and mental retardation. Before and after the intervention period, indices of body composition, physical fitness and lipid profile were measured. In comparison with the control group, weight, body mass index, waist and fat mass decreased significantly, while relative fat-free mass increased. The level of triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein decreased significantly, while high-density lipoprotein increased. Muscle strength, muscle fatigue resistance and sit-to-stand were ameliorated. PeakVO2/peak power decreased significantly. The distance covered in the 6-min walk test (6MWT) increased with 50 m. In conclusion, combined exercise training has a positive effect on indices of obesity, physical fitness and lipid profile in adolescents with mental retardation.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 12 week a selected aerobic exercise program on body ‎composition, lipid profile, and working ability of employees involved overweight and obese.‎ Method: In this semi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test design and control group, 65 overweight employees were ‎selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to exercise and control groups. Then aerobic ‎exercise program three sessions per week and each session 65-50 minutes, was performed for 12 weeks for the ‎experimental group. The control group did not have such an intervention. Body composition indices, workability ‎index and, lipid profile were measured before and after the training protocol for both groups. Data were analyzed ‎using the covariance test (ANCOVA).‎ Results: The results showed that aerobic exercise significantly reduced body composition indices, including (fat percentage, ‎body mass index, and waist to pelvic ratio) and total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) the exercise ‎group compared with the control group. The levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and the ability to work index ‎of the exercise group also increased (P <0.05).‎ Conclusions: The results indicated that aerobic exercise could improve body composition, lipid profile and workability index, and ‎prevented contracting chronic diseases, reducing their ability to work, and retiring early in overweight and obese ‎employees.‎

The purpose of the study was to explore the combination of ICR with High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) or continuous training over a 8-weeks on inflammatory and lipid profile indexes in overweight women. In the current quasi-experimental study, 36 overweight and obese women were randomly grouped in four groups (n = 9/group) for an additional 8 weeks as follows: 1) intermittent caloric restriction (N=9) (20% lower energy intake), 2) continuous training+ICR (N=11) (20% energy deficit created by 10% CR and 10% EE through CT), 3) High-Intensity Interval Training+ICR (N=9) (20% energy deficit created by 10% CR and 10% EE through HIIT) and 4) control (N=9) (remain on diet). Blood samples were collected to measure the inflammatory indexes (the number of environmental blood leukocytes and C-reactive protein) as well as lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL). Data were analyzed using Shapiro–Wilk tests to investigate the natural distribution of the data; repetitive variance was also used to investigate the mean difference between phases and the interactive effect between phases and groups; Bonferroni post-hoc test was also used for comparing intergroup changes in the significance level of α &amp;lt; 0.05. Eight weeks of HIIT and continuous training with ICR led to significant changes in all indexes including lipid profile (HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, triglyceride), VO2max, CRP compared to the pre-test phase. Moreover, there was a significant intergroup difference in the indexes of lipid profile and CRP among control group and ICR, HIIT+ICR and ICR+ continuous groups, lastly, there was also an intergroup cholesterol index (ICR) and HIIT+ICR and ICR+continuous groups (p&amp;lt;0.05). Regarding VO2max, there was a significant intergroup difference between the control group and HIIT+ICR and ICR+ continuous groups (p&amp;lt;0.05). Due to the marked and noticeable effects of eight weeks of HIIT and continuous training along with ICR on inflammatory and lipid profile indexes in overweight women, it can be concluded that the combination of these interventions can be effective in controlling the weight and obesity.

Can intensive exercise harm the heart? You can get too much of a good thing.

To examine the activity profile and physiological demands of top-class soccer refereeing, we performed computerized time-motion analyses and measured the heart rate and blood lactate concentration of 27 referees during 43 competitive matches in the two top Danish leagues. To relate match performance to physical capacity and training, several physiological tests were performed before and after intermittent exercise training. Total distance covered was 10.07 - 0.13 km (mean - s x ), of which 1.67 - 0.08 km was high-intensity running. High-intensity running and backwards running decreased (P ≪ 0.05) in the second half. Mean heart rate was 162 - 2 beats· min -1 (85 - 1% of maximal heart rate) and the mean blood lactate concentration was 4.9 - 0.3 (range 1.7-14.0) mmol·l -1 . The amount of high-intensity running during a match was related to the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test ( r 2 = 0.57; P ≪ 0.05) and the 12 min run ( r 2 = 0.21; P ≪ 0.05). After intermittent training ( n = 8), distance covered during high-intensity running was greater (2.06 - 0.13 vs 1.69 - 0.08 km; P ≪ 0.05) and mean heart rate was lower (159 - 1 vs 164 - 2 beats· min -1 ; P ≪ 0.05) than before training. The results of the present study demonstrate that: (1) top-class soccer referees have significant aerobic energy expenditure throughout a game and episodes of considerable anaerobic energy turnover; (2) the ability to perform high-intensity running is reduced towards the end of matches; (3) the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test can be used to evaluate referees' match performance; and (4) intense intermittent exercise training improves referees' performance capacity during a game.

Intense exercise training can induce low concentrations of hemoglobin, which may be followed by maladaptation. Therefore, it is important for athletes to prevent low concentrations of hemoglobin during intense exercise training. In this study, we explored whether different protocols of intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE, normobaric hypoxia, 14.5% O2) could prevent the exercise training-induced reduction in hemoglobin concentration in rats. Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to progressive intense treadmill exercise training over three weeks followed by three weeks of training with IHE after exercise. IHE lasted either 1 h, 2 h, or 1 h + 1 h (separated by a 3-h interval) after the exercise sessions. Hematological parameters, including hemoglobin concentration [(Hb)], red blood cells (RBCs), and hematocrit (Hct), and both renal and serum erythropoietin (EPO) were examined. We found that intense exercise training significantly reduced [Hb], RBCs, Hct, food intake and body weight (P < 0.01). Analysis of reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) and reticulocyte counts in the serum of the rats suggested that this reduction was not due to iron deficiency or other cofounding factors. The addition of IHE after the intense exercise training sessions significantly alleviated the reduction in [Hb], RBCs, and Hct (P < 0.05) without an obvious impact on either food intake or body weight (P > 0.05). Increase in reticulocyte count in the rats from the IHE groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) suggests that IHE promotes erythropoiesis to increase the hemoglobin concentration. Furthermore, the addition of IHE after the intense exercise training sessions also significantly increased the concentration of renal EPO (P < 0.05), although the increase of the serum EPO level was statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). The different IHE protocols were similarly effective at increasing renal EPO and preventing the training-induced decreases in [Hb], RBCs, and Hct. Collectively, this study suggests that IHE may be used as a new strategy to prevent intense exercise training-induced reductions in [Hb], and deserves future exploration in athletes.

Rosiglitazone treatment alleviates inflammation and improves liver function in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized placebo-controlled study

The present study was aimed to investigate lipid profile in relation to anthropometric indices and insulin resistance in overweight or obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this cross-sectional study, lipid profile and anthropometric indices including body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, waist to hip ratio (WHR), and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were evaluated in 63 overweight or obese PCOS patients subdivided into insulin-resistant (IR) and non insulin-resistant (NIR) groups. IR was defined as homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) ≥3.8. Fasting insulin concentration and HOMA-IR were higher (P<0.001) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.012) was lower in IR group. All of the anthropometric measures other than WHR and BMI showed significant correlations with several lipid parameters. Amongst, WHtR showed the strongest correlation with total cholesterol (TC) (r=0.37; P=0.004) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (r=0.33; P=0.011) in the whole PCOS patients. Anthropometric characteristics (especially BMI and hip circum-ference) are more important parameters correlated to lipid profile than IR in overweight or obesePCOS patients, confirming the importance of early treat-ment of obesity to prevent dyslipidemia in the future.

Vitamin D deficiency is common among individuals with obesity and metabolic disorders. Evidence on its effect on metabolic markers remains inconclusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on lipid profile, glycemic control, and anthropometric indices. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and China Knowledge Network was conducted from inception to May 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating oral vitamin D supplementation in adults with overweight, obesity, or metabolic disorders were included. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Twenty-five RCTs (30 arms) were included. Overall, vitamin D supplementation did not significantly affect triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, LDL-C, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, waist circumference (WC), or body weight (p < 0.05). Subgroup analyses showed significant effects in certain populations, such as increased HDL-C in individuals with diabetes and elevated LDL-C in younger adults and males. A significant reduction in BMI was observed after adjusting for publication bias (p < 0.05). Heterogeneity varied across outcomes, and risk of bias was generally low, although some studies had unclear reporting. Vitamin D supplementation has limited effects on metabolic and anthropometric markers in adults with obesity or related metabolic disorders. Certain subgroups may benefit, warranting further targeted research.

Predictors of physical activity-related energy expenditure among overweight and obese middle-aged women in south of Iran: An application of social cognitive theory

Background: Limited energy intake with physical activity is effective to reduce health problems associated with obesity. It has been shown that PYY3-36 level increased after intense exercise. This study investigated effect of exercise therapy on appetite suppression and weight loss among obese and/or overweight women. Methods: There was a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design, two groups (control-exercise) study. Study population was overweight or obese women with 20-34 years old and body mass index 27-34 kg/m2. 13 women were randomly assigned in 2 groups (exercise group with 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training (n=7) and control group (n=6)). Weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, lipid profile, cortisol and PYY3-36 were measured at baseline and end of the study. Results: In baseline of study, there was no significant difference across the groups in factors mean (P&gt;0.05).In control group, after 8 weeks, there was no significant difference in variables.(P&gt;0.05) However, In exercise group significant decrease was observed in BMI, WHR, PYY3-36, TG, CHOLESTROL(TC) and LDL, compared to control group (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic exercise within the 80% of heart rate reserve is beneficial in lipid profile, appetite management and modified anthropometric factors. These studies demonstrate that a cortisol change is not along with PYY3-36 changes. We suggest the longer exercise training for this purpose.