Fenugreek Plants Research Articles

Efficacy of fenugreek plant for ascorbic acid assisted phytoextraction of copper (Cu); A detailed study of Cu induced morpho-physiological and biochemical alterations

Phytoremediation via phyto-extraction is well recognized and sustainable principle for the economical removal of heavy metals from contaminated water and soil. The twofold objective of the present research work was to investigate the remediation potential of fenugreek for Cu under the influence of ascorbic acid (AA). The effect of copper-ascorbic acid chelation on the growth regulation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.) and its potential to accumulate Cu was investigated in hydroponic medium to optimize concentration with complete randomized design (CRD). Juvenile fenugreek plants were treated with different treatments of AA (5 mM) and Cu (100, 250 and 500 μM). The different morpho-physiological parameters of fenugreek plant such as growth, biomass and chlorophylls were significantly reduced under Cu stress. However, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, electrolyte leakage and reactive oxygen species enhanced with increasing concentration of applied Cu. Results indicated significant increase in plant growth, biomass, physiology and antioxidant enzymes and decrease in reactive oxygen species and electrolyte production in AA mediated fenugreek plants compared to controls and Cu only treated plants. However, it was also found that AA enhanced Cu concentration maximum up to 42% in leaf, 18% in stem and 45% in roots as compared to Cu treated only plants. Moreover, application of AA signified the research results revealing to act as growth regulator and chelator under Cu stress.

Occurrence of heavy metal resistance in Sinorhizobium sp. isolated from root nodules of fenugreek, treated with tannery effluent

The aim of present study was to initiate preliminary work on heavy metal contamination in farm soil (contaminated with processed tannery effluent) and its potential influence on the development of metal resistance among N2fixing bacterium, Sinorhizobium sp. Contaminated plant samples were analyzed for various metals and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of metals was determined. Fenugreek (Trigonella sp.) plants revealed accumulation of these metals in root and leaves. Sinorhizobium sp. were isolated (25) from the root nodules of fenugreek-treated with processed tannery wastewater and characterized morpho-biochemically. All isolates were evaluated for their resistance against Cr3+, Cr6+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+. The maximum MIC of 1600 μg mL−1 was noticed against Cr3+ in 64% isolates. Among all the isolates, the lowest MIC of 25 μg mL−1 was detected against Ni2+. Some metal resistant isolates were evaluated for their resistance against frequently used antibiotics viz., tetracycline, ampicillin, gentamycin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid. About 46% Sinorhizobium isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid whereas 26.6% showed resistance to ampicillin and kanamycin. The isolates demonstrated confluent growth upto a salt concentration of 3%; whereas isolates (SM17, SM24) tolerated 10% NaCl. Acidic pH eliminated almost all the test population and neutral pH had no suppressive effect on growth while majority were tolerant to pH 9.

Impact of various herbicides treatments on controlling field dodder (cuscuta campestris yuncker) parasitizing Fenugreek plants (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of various herbicides on dodder control in Fenugreek field Glyphosate and Stomp herbicides were applied at different rates to control the parasitic weed Cuscuta campestris Yunck on fenugreek plants Trigonella foenum graecum L Results revealed that applying glyphosate post attachment at very low rates and g fed exhibited selective control for attached dodder with fenugreek plants Both glyphosate rates gave excellent dodder control and significant yield increases Also improved fenugreek plant height number of branches plant number of pods plant and number of seeds pod Whereas stomp pre emergence herbicide was effective only at L fed Data also showed that dodder control increased by increasing the rates of glyphosate and stomp although at higher rates g fed and L fed seed yield can severely reduced and phytotoxic injury to the host plant was clearly observed The obtained results also indicate that both herbicides were markedly increased the leaf contents of total carbohydrates reducing sugars chlorophylls and carotenoid anthocyanin proline total free amino acids total indoles crude proteins and total nitrogen contents in the leaves On the contrary all dodder control treatments decreased total phenols and non reducing sugars in leaves as compared to the control

Influence of sowing date and humic acid on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

In this study, the effects of different humic acid doses and different sowing dates on yield and morphological characteristics of fenugreek plants were investigated and evaluated by two factorial variance analysis and by PCA (principal component analysis). Experiments were conducted over the experimental fields of Erciyes University in Turkey during the summer growing season of the years 2014 and 2015 in randomized blocks – split plots experimental design with 4 replications to determine the effects of different humic acid doses and different sowing dates on yield and morphological characteristics of fenugreek plants. Four different sowing dates (1 March, 15 March, 1 April and 15 April) were placed in main plots and 3 different humic acid doses (control, 20, 40 and 60 l ha−1) were placed in sub-plots. Seed yield (kg ha−1), plant height (cm), thousand-seed weight (g), the first pod height (cm), number of branches per plant, pod length (cm), number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, biological yield (kg ha−1) and harvest index (%) were investigated. Our data revealed that humic acid treatments did not have significant effects on investigated parameters. However, sowing dates were found to be significant in terms of seed yield. Considering the seed yields of both year together, it can be recommended that fenugreek should be sown between 1 March and 1 April. According to PCA analysis, all humic acid doses during the 4th sowing period did not have a significant effect on yield in 2014 and 2015.

Organic amendments and urea nitrogen effects the growth and nutrient content of fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum) and goat pea (Securigera securidaca)

In Iran, the recent spike in herbal medicines has led to a corresponding price increase. Therefore, these montane species are now widely field cultivated. Medicinal plant consumers strongly prefer organically grown plants, and farmers are responding to this market. However, the effects of organic amendments on medicinal plant nutrient content and yield have been poorly studied. Therefore, this study measured the effects of different organic treatments on the growth of fenugreek and goat pea. Plants were grown to compare the effects of composted municipal waste (CMW), vermicompost (VC), and urea nitrogen (N) to untreated field soil (C0). Germination percentage was significantly higher in urea N (76.5%), CMW (75.5%), and VC (51.6%) compared to C0 (36.3%). Fenugreek performed better in organic amendment treatments than goat pea. Urea N also increased fenugreek plant dry matter significantly compared to C0, but this increment was not as high as CMW or VC. Plants grown in VC had higher whole plant N content (3.2%) than those grown in CMW (2.8%) and plants grown in urea N (2.6%). Plants treated with CMW (8613 mg kg−1) and VC (8503 mg kg−1) had a significantly higher P content than those treated with N (7430 mg kg−1) or C0 control grown (7236 mg kg−1). Application of VC significantly increased plant K content (2483 mg kg−1) compared to CMW (1850 mg kg−1), N (1750 mg kg−1), and C0 control (1716 mg kg−1). Even without fertilization, both plant species contained a considerable amount of micronutrient elements.

Effects of Foliar Boron Treatments on Yield and Yield Components of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.): Detection by PCA Analysis

ABSTRACTIn this study, effects of foliar boron treatments on yield and yield components of fenugreek plants were assessed with the aid of principal component analysis (PCA) analysis. Experiments were conducted over the experimental fields of Erciyes University Agricultural Research and Implementation Center during the summer growing seasons of the years 2017 and 2018. Gürarslan fenugreek variety was used as the plant material of the experiments. Four different foliar boron (H3BO3) doses (control, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg lt−1) were applied to fenugreek plants. Plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, the first pod height, thousand-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, and harvest index were measured. Variance analysis revealed that only the seed yield of 2017 was significant (p < .05) and the other parameters were not found to be significant (p > .05). PCA analysis was performed to classify and characterize boron doses based on yield and yield components of fenugreek plants. PC1 and PC2 explained about 82% in total variation in 2017 and about 83% in 2018. In both years of the experiments, the greatest biological and seed yields were obtained from 800 mg lt−1 boron treatments. Therefore, 800 mg B lt−1 was recommended to get high seed yield from fenugreek plants.

Study of Seed Germination and Enzyme Metabolism during Allelopathic Interaction of Trianthemaportulacastrum L and Fenugreek Seeds

In the fields, it is commonly observed that fenugreek plants are not growing to their maturity in the vicinity of TrianthemaportlacastrumL. In this context, the present study was conducted in the laboratory to observe allelopathic interaction between Trianthemaand fenugreek. Aqueous extracts of seed, stem and leaf of Trianthemawere made. Treatment of these aqueous extracts was given to fenugreek seeds. Germination study was performed by using Petri plates. All the experiments were performed in triplicates. Pre-treatment of aqueous extracts of seed, stem and leaf of Trianthema. had caused a decline in germination percentage, fresh weight, radical and coleoptile length of fenugreek seeds when compared to untreated seeds. At the same time, mean germination time was found to be more in pre-treated seeds compared to control seeds. After 24 hrs of treatment, the enzymatic study was performed. Enzymes from antioxidant metabolism such as peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and activity of DPPH was reduced in treated seeds than control seeds. The activity of catalase was increased after treatment of leachates. All the data is graphically presented with the standard deviation. Exogenous treatment of aqueous extracts of Trianthemahas caused variation in saponin content of fenugreek seeds. This observation was recorded by using finger prints of HPTLC. Finger prints showed that content of saponin was also declined in treated seeds as compared to control. All these observations indicate the strong negative influence of Trianthemaon growth and metabolism of fenugreek.

Enhancement of growth and steroidal saponins content in fenugreek by foliar application of some growth promoting substances

Potential therapeutic uses of fenugreek, Trigonella foenum-graecum, are famous in traditional medicine. More recently, it has been revealed that total saponin content in the defatted seed extract is related to the hypocholesterolemic activity of the seeds. Enhancement of growth of fenugreek plant and saponins content in the seeds was the main target of the current investigation.

Effect of foliar application of compost water extract, humic acid, EDTA and micronutrients on the growth of fenugreek plants under sandy soil condition

Foliar application of liquid organic fertilizer, compost water extract, combined with micronutrients solution in sulfate form, EDTA form or humic acid form gave the highly significant values for fenugreek plants height and weight of seeds. Seven treatments such as compost tea, every three forms of micronutrients and three combinations (1:1) of compost tea with each micronutrients form besides untreated control were applied as foliar spray twice to Trigonella plants at 35 days and at 70 days from sowing. The plant height increments were by 48 and 50% for sulfate form with compost tea, by 67 and 69% for humic acid form with compost tea and by 66% for EDTA form with compost tea for the first and second season, respectively. The values of fenugreek weight of seeds for combined compost tea in both seasons were by (63 and 41%) with sulfate mineral solution, by (76 and 50%) with EDTA and by (90 and 65%) with humic acid, respectively. It is obvious from the results that using compost tea in a combination with micronutrients forms can reduce the chemical fertilizer dose by 50% and enhance the fenugreek growth better than the chemical fertilizer does.

Impact of silver nanoparticles on plant growth, some biochemical aspects, and yield of fenugreek plant (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

BackgroundThe use of nanotechnology can ensure food security via improving crop production. Nanoparticles have the ability to enhance growth and yield of different plants such as fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) (Fabaceae). The present work aims to study the role of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on growth, some biochemical aspects, and the yield both quantitatively and qualitatively of fenugreek plant. AgNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction of silver nitrate with trisodium citrate.ResultsFoliar application of AgNPs with different concentrations (20, 40, and 60 mg/l) improved the growth parameters of fenugreek plant (e.g., shoot length, number of leaves/plant, and shoot dry weight) and increased some biochemical aspects such as photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) and indole acetic acid (IAA) contents thus enhanced the yield quantity (number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, weight of seeds/plant, and seed index) and quality (carbohydrate%, protein%, phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins contents) of the yielded seeds as well as increasing antioxidant activity of the yielded seeds.ConclusionThe most effective treatment was 40 mg/l as it caused the highest increases in the studied parameters.

Analysis of the Chemistry, Pharmacology and Application Characteristics of Fenugreek

Fenugreek is the seed of leguminous. Steroidal saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins and other chemical constituents have been isolated from it. It has hypoglycemic, anti lipid, anti-tumor, anti ulcer and other biological activities. In this paper, the chemical constituents, pharmacological action and application of fenugreek were summarized, so as to lay a theoretical foundation for the efficient development and utilization of fenugreek plant resources.

Validation of a method for diosgenin extraction from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.).

Diosgenin is a very important plant secondary metabolite and raw material for the drug indus- try. Plant sources rich in diosgenin include yam (Dioscorea spp.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). A method for diosgenin extraction from yam extracts has previously been validated, but its extraction from fenugreek plants still requires validation. In addition, all available methods require time-consuming additional purification steps. The present study was aimed at developing a low cost, less time-consuming single-step method for diosgenin extraction from fenugreek. This study represents a method developed for diosgenin extraction from fenugreek plants without any additional/supportive purification methods such as chromatography or thin-layer chroma- tography. Diosgenin yield estimation and purity analysis by HPLC method, along with accuracy and preci- sion analysis, is presented. Five different fenugreek varieties were subjected to a newly developed diosgenin extraction method, and an HPLC chromatogram showed a single peak corresponding to diosgenin. Yield was determined by the standard curve method. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for the assay were found to be 0.0312 and 0.102 &mu;g, respectively; tcalculated for slope and other statistical parameters were found to be significant (P value < 0.001) for this method. We have developed a fast, accurate and low cost method for diosgenin extraction from fenu- greek. Although the authors have studied this method only in fenugreek plants, it could be applied to the extraction of a few other plant secondary metabolites, which will help researchers to save time and effort.

Morphophysiological and phytochemical responses of fenugreek to plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) under different soil water levels

Abstract Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a valuable medicinal plant, which is widely distributed throughout the world. It has been known that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have positive effects on the quality and quantity of medicinal plants under different soil water levels. For this reason, a factorial experiment was conducted on the basis of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to evaluate PGPR effects on the morphophysiological and phytochemical traits of fenugreek under different soil water levels. This study was conducted in two separate experiments: after the six-leaf stage and after the flowering stage. In the experiments, the treatments were plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) including the control, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Pseudomonas fluorescens, a combination of S. meliloti and P. fluorescens, and different soil water levels (i.e. 100, 80, 60 and 40% of field capacity (FC) in three replications. The results showed that the highest seed weight per plant was obtained by inoculation with the S. meliloti and P. fluorescens combination at 100% FC after the two developmental stages. The maximum concentrations of nicotinic acid and trigonelline were observed for the combination of S. meliloti and P. fluorescens at the soil water content of 40% FC after the six-leaf stage and for S. meliloti at the soil water content of 40% FC after the flowering stage. The correlation and stepwise regression analyses showed positive effects of PGPR application on the morphophysiological and phytochemical traits of fenugreek plants under different soil water levels.

The growth impairment of salinized fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plants is associated to changes in the hormonal balance

Fenugreek is a legume cultivated for its medicinal value, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, where soil salinity is an increasing problem. In fact, salinity is one of the major environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity. Plant hormones are known to play vital roles in the ability of the plants to acclimatize to varying environments by mediating growth, development, and nutrient allocation. Thus, to gain insights about the role of plant hormones in the growth responses of salinized fenugreek plants (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), a medium-term experiment was conducted under moderate (100 mM NaCl) and high (200 mM NaCl) salinity levels. Results showed that moderate, but especially high salinity stress, impaired shoot growth, total leaf area and leaf number. Salinity also provoked a reduction in relative water content, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis-related pigments, but, surprisingly, photosynthetic rate increased in the leaves of fenugreek plants. Na accumulated in the leaves, particularly at high salinity levels, while most mineral nutrients decreased. Furthermore, important changes in the main hormone classes were observed, associated to growth reduction under salinity. The active cytokinin form, trans-zeatin, and active cytokinin and gibberellin concentrations decreased with salinity in the leaves of fenugreek plants, whereas the ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, accumulated in the roots of fenugreek plants, especially at high salinity levels. Importantly, leaf abscisic acid concentrations increased under salinity, which could limit leaf transpiration to adapt growth to the stressful conditions. Therefore, plant hormones seem to play a critical role in the growth responses of fenugreek plants under salinity stress and they could have potential interest in salt tolerance programmes for this species.

Intercropping fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with and without biochar: Tests along a competition gradient

AbstractIntegrating soil amendment biochar to legume‐based intercropping systems may amplify the intercropping benefits and lead to more sustainable production due to its positive effects on the soil physicochemical and biological environment. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum) is a legume used in an intercropping system in several countries in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. A barley cultivar and an Iranian fenugreek ecotype were studied in two replacement series experiments to find the best combination of the two species as well as the effect of adding biochar to the soil. Fenugreek and barley were grown in 4‐L pots in five density combinations (20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15, 0:20) with and without application of biochar in sandy loam soil. The biomass, nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) amount of the two crops were measured fifty days after sowing, and the Relative Yield Total (RYT) was estimated. Our results showed that biochar application resulted in a higher total biomass, N and C amount in all combinations of fenugreek and barley. Total biomass was increased by biochar 19.2% when fenugreek was grown alone and 8.1 and 12.9% in series with 25 and 50% barley when biochar was added, respectively. Biochar increased dry matter, N and C accumulation in both crop species in the mixtures. An exception was the C amount of barley which was not influenced by biochar in intercropping. RYT values were largest for biomass, C and N amount in mixtures with 15 fenugreek plants per pot and 5 barley plants per pot corresponding to approximately 400 fenugreek plants per m mixed with 130 barley plants per m2. Biochar application increased RYT of the total dry weight by 2.7 and 5.5% in mixtures of 25 and 50% barley plants, RYT of the total nitrogen by 0.8% in mixtures with 25% barley plants, and RYT of the total carbon by 2.7 and 6.6% in mixtures with 25 and 50% barley plants. The RYT values declined with increasing number of barley plants as a result of a less competitive ability of fenugreek when growing in high barley densities. The yield was highest with intercropping but monoculture of barley also resulted in high yields. The total highest yield was found when approximately 130 fenugreek plants per m2 were mixed with 400 barley plants per m2. Mixtures with 75% fenugreek and 25% barley obtained RYT values larger than 1 for biomass, carbon and nitrogen percentages.

Effect of Foliar Application of Micronutrients and Compost Tea on Chemical Composition and the Productivity of Fenugreek Plants Under Baloza - North Sinai Conditions

Effect of Foliar Application of Micronutrients and Compost Tea on Chemical Composition and the Productivity of Fenugreek Plants Under Baloza - North Sinai Conditions

Synergistic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and physiology of salt-stressed Trigonella foenum-graecum plants

Abstract A pot experiment was directed to investigate the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on growth and physiological traits of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plants exposed to varying salt concentrations (0, 75 and 150 mM NaCl) and also to study the effect of these salt concentrations on AM root colonization. The results revealed that the increase in salt concentration caused a decrease in growth responses, water status and chlorophyll content. However AMF inoculation enhanced the growth, proline content and levels of antioxidant enzymes and phosphatase in fenugreek plants compared to non-AM treated ones. These effects were related to the mycorrhizal colonization levels in the colonized plants. Also under salt stress, mycorrhizal dependency of fenugreek plants grown at both lower (75 mM NaCl) and higher salt concentration (150 mM NaCl) was clearly higher than those in control soil. Finally, from these results, we suggested that AMF inoculation was effective in improving the tolerance of fenugreek to salinity.

Effects of vermicompost and vermiwash biofertilizers on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum) plant

ABSTRACTIn order to evaluate the effect of vermicompost and vermiwash biofertilizers on the traits of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum) plant, a field experiment of a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 3 replications was conducted. The treatments consisted of control without fertilizer, vermicompost at 5, 10, and 15 tons per hectare, vermiwash spraying with 3,000, 6,000, and 12,000 ppm, and a combined application of 10 tons of vermicompost with 6,000 ppm vermiwash. In this research, traits of crop growth rate (CGR), pod length, pod width, grain yield, chlorophyll a and b, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield were evaluated. The results revealed that the use of vermicompost biofertilizer increased the measured quantitative traits more than that of the vermiwash. The most and the least effects on all traits, except for the length of the pod, were 15 and 5 tons vermicompost per hectare, respectively. The treatment of 10 tons of vermicompost with 6,000 ppm vermiwash did not show significant differences in 10 and 15 tons vermicompost per hectare in most traits. It was observed that the application of vermicompost fertilizer leads to weaker results than the vermiwash fertilizer. With the increase of vermiwash concentration, the effect of this fertilizer on the measured traits reduced; however, in most traits, the results of the application of 3,000 and 6,000 ppm vermiwash had a statistically significant effect on the treatment with 5 tons of vermicompost per hectare. Overall, this experiment showed that all the evaluated traits in this study have a positive reaction to the application of vermicompost and vermiwash biofertilizers. Also, the response of the fenugreek plant to the vermicompost is much greater than the vermiwash fertilizer.

Physiological and molecular studies on the effect of gamma radiation in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plants.

This experiment assessed the biochemical changes in fenugreek plants exposed to gamma radiation. Two pot experiments were carried out during two growing seasons of 2015 and 2016. Seeds were subjected to five doses of gamma irradiation (25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 Gy) and were immediately planted into soil pots in a greenhouse. The experimental analysis was performed in M1 and M2 generations. Significant differences between irradiated and control plants were detected for most studied characters in M1 and M2 generations. It was demonstrated that low doses of gamma irradiation led to gradually increases in growth, yield characters, leaf soluble protein concomitantly with increases in the contents of phenolic and flavonoids compounds particularly at 100 Gy. These changes were accompanied by a substantial increase in ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and retinol contents. Proline content was increased under all doses of gamma rays in M1 generation and the highest amount of proline was obtained at 200 Gy with visible decrease in M2 generation under the same dose. Meanwhile, the highest dose of gamma radiation (400 Gy) decreased all the studied parameters in both mutagenic generations as compared with control plants. In addition, gamma irradiation doses induced changes in DNA profile on using five primers and caused the appearance and disappearance of DNA polymorphic bands with variation in their intensity. These findings confirm the effectiveness of relatively low doses of gamma rays on improving the physiological and biochemical criteria of fenugreek plants.

Dioscin prevents LPS‑induced acute lung injury through inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway via upregulation of HSP70.

Dioscin, as a type of important natural steroidal saponin, has widespread sources, primarily from the fenugreek plant, which is an important raw material in the production of synthetic steroid hormone drugs. Dioscin has anti‑tumor, anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant and other significant pharmacological effects with high medicinal value. The present work aimed to research the protective effect and underlying mechanisms by which dioscin prevents acute lung injury (ALI). Mice were injected with 5mg/kg LPS to induce lung injury. Mice were treated with dioscin (20, 40 and 60mg/kg) following LPS‑induced lung injury. Treatment with dioscin significantly decreased total number of alveolar macrophages, water content of lung and total protein concentration in ALI mice. Dioscin treatment significantly suppressed the ALI‑induced interleukin (IL)‑1B, IL‑6, tumor necrosis factor‑α, nuclear factor (NF)‑κB, myeloperoxidase, interferon‑γ and intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 activities in ALI rats. Following this, the authors identified that dioscin significantly also suppressed cyclooxygenase‑2, heat shock protein 70, Toll‑like receptor 4, MyD88 and NF‑κB protein expression in ALI rats. The results suggested that dioscin prevents LPS‑induced ALI through inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway via upregulation of HSP70.