Femoral Anastomotic Aneurysms Research Articles

Inguinal anastomotic aneurysm due to salmonellosis treated with orthotopic reconstruction

Femoral anastomosis following either an aortofemoral or femoropopliteal bypass, is a common site for anastomotic aneurysms occurring with an incidence of 2% to 5%. Among the factors contributing to the pathogenesis of such aneurysms, graft infection should be considered as a major one. We report the case of a 74 years old woman with history of an aorto-femoral right and -iliac left bypass with a Dacron Y-prosthetic graft due to abdominal aneurysm. The patient presented with a painful, inflammatory, and pulsating mass in her right inguinal region. She was treated surgically with wide radical resection of infected tissues including the anastomotic aneurysm, and in situ bypass reconstruction using a Silver-Dacron graft. Cultures of inflamed wound tissue, graft, and stools were positive for Salmonella typhimurium. In the postoperative period the patient was submitted to subtotal colectomy due to colon cancer and later to an iliofemoral crossover-bypass from right to left due to acute ischaemia of the left limb. Her postoperative follow up has been insignificant. Infected femoral anastomotic aneurysms due to salmonellosis are a rarity. Although their treatment of choice consist in an extra-anatomic bypass, under specific conditions in situ reconstruction may be adopted as a feasible and effective surgical technique to treat these infected aneurysms.

True and Anastomotic Femoral Artery Aneurysms: is the Risk of Rupture and Thrombosis Related to the Size of the Aneurysms?

Objective:the management of asymptomatic femoral aneurysms remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between the diameter of true and anastomotic aneurysms and the risk of rupture.Design:retrospective study.Material and methods:we reviewed the case records of 17 patients who underwent 17 arterial reconstructive procedures for true femoral aneurysms. In addition, the case records of 76 patients who underwent 90 arterial reconstructive procedures for femoral anastomotic aneurysms were identified and reviewed.Results:the rupture rate for aneurysms less than 5 cm in diameter was 1.6% (one out of 64) compared with 16% (seven out of 43) for those larger than 5 cm. The thrombosis rate for aneurysms less than 5 cm in diameter was 17% compared with 5% for those larger than 5 cm.Conclusions:this study seems to show that the risk of rupture of femoral artery aneurysms is related to the diameter of the aneurysms. However, the rise in the risk of rupture with increasing size seems less dramatic than for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).

Femoral Anastomotic Aneurysms: Pathogenic Factors, Clinical Presentations and Treatment. A Study of 142 Cases

In this study, the files of 112 patients with a total of 142 femoral anastomotic aneurysms were reviewed. Eighty-five patients (76%) were initially operated upon for obstructive aorto-iliac disease, while the remaining 27 (24%) had abdominal aortic aneurysms repaired. The majority of the patients (104/112) were male and their mean age was 64.5 years (range 45–88). Ninety-three per cent of the subjects were smokers prior to the first operation and 43% continued to smoke at the time of their femoral anastomotic aneurysms operation. The mean delay between the initial surgery and the repair of the femoral anastomotic aneurysms was 74.5 months (range 1–228). The diagnosis was made because of a painless pulsatile mass (91/142). acute leg ischaemia (27/142), a painful pulsatile mass (12/142). haemorrhage (10/142), pseudo-post-phlebitic oedema (1/142) and microemboli of the toes (1/142). The operative mortality was 2.7% (3/112) of which two-thirds were patients with infected grafts. Two subgroups were distinguished: 10 patients with an infected femoral anastomotic aneurysm and 12 patients with recurrent femoral anastomotic aneurysms, 11 with a single recurrence and one with a double recurrence. In the infected group, the time to development of anastomotic aneurysm was shorter than for the group with non-infected femoral anastomotic aneurysms (41 versus 74.5 months) and the operative mortality was 20% (2/10). One patient developed a recurrent femoral anastomotic aneurysm and another was lost to follow-up. Two subsequent deaths occurred, which were unrelated to the femoral anastomotic aneurysms. In the group of recurrent femoral anastomotic aneurysms one patient was lost to follow-up and two patients died, but not as a result of recurrent femoral anastomotic aneurysms. A total of 122 cases underwent interposition of a new prosthetic segment between the proximal prosthesis and the distal artery (89 at the common femoral, 21 at the femoral profundis, eight at the superficial femoral and four at an existing femoro-popliteal graft).

Femoral anastomotic aneurysms: pathogenic factors, clinical presentations and treatment. A study of 142 cases

In this study, the files of 112 patients with a total of 142 femoral anastomotic aneurysms were reviewed. Eighty-five patients (76%) were initially operated upon for obstructive aorto-iliac disease, while the remaining 27 (24%) had abdominal aortic aneurysms repaired. The majority of the patients (104/112) were male and their mean age was 64.5 years (range 45–88). Ninety-three per cent of the subjects were smokers prior to the first operation and 43% continued to smoke at the time of their femoral anastomotic aneurysms operation. The mean delay between the initial surgery and the repair of the femoral anastomotic aneurysms was 74.5 months (range 1–228). The diagnosis was made because of a painless pulsatile mass (91/142), acute leg ischaemia (27/142), a painful pulsatile mass (12/142), haemorrhage (10/142), pseudo-post-phlebitic oedema (1/142) and microemboli of the toes (1/142). The operative mortality was 2.7% (3/112) of which two-thirds were patients with infected grafts. Two subgroups were distinguished: 10 patients with an infected femoral anastomotic aneurysm and 12 patients with recurrent femoral anastomotic aneurysms, 11 with a single recurrence and one with a double recurrence. In the infected group, the time to development of anastomotic aneurysm was shorter than for the group with non-infected femoral anastomotic aneurysms (41 versus 74.5 months) and the operative mortality was 20% (2/10). One patient developed a recurrent femoral anastomotic aneurysm and another was lost to follow-up. Two subsequent deaths occurred, which were unrelated to the femoral anastomotic aneurysms. In the group of recurrent femoral anastomotic aneurysms one patient was lost to follow-up and two patients died, but not as a result of recurrent femoral anastomotic aneurysms. A total of 122 cases underwent interposition of a new prosthetic segment between the proximal prosthesis and the distal artery (89 at the common femoral, 21 at the femoral profundis, eight at the superficial femoral and four at an existing femoro-popliteal graft).

Clinical significance of aortic graft dilation

To determine if there is a relationship between aortic graft dilation and graft complications, 443 serial ultrasound studies performed on 106 patients were analyzed. Of 443 studies, 243 were done retrospectively on 59 patients from 3 to 144 months (mean, 38 months) after graft implantation. Forty-seven additional patients were studied prospectively, with direct measurement of external graft diameter after aortic clamp release. Subsequent ultrasound examinations at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and then annually (n = 200) were routinely performed. Mean follow-up was 12 months (range, 3 to 48). Knitted double velour Dacron prostheses were used in all cases reported in this study. This cohort was culled from our ongoing graft surveillance program, which includes grafts of other materials and manufacturers. Comparison of the manufacturer's recorded box size with follow-up ultrasound measurements in all cases demonstrated a mean increase in graft diameter of 3.7 mm (23%). Little dilation occurred after 1 year. In 47 patients with direct graft diameter measurements taken after declamping, an immediate mean increase of 1.7 mm (11%) was noted. Dilation was not related to surgical indication (aneurysm vs occlusive disease) or hypertension. Analysis of the 10% segment of the series with the greatest dilation (mean, 39%) did not demonstrate a predilection for graft complications. No significant dilation was noted in the single cases encountered of femoral and iliac anastomotic aneurysms and perigraft seroma. Although dilation of knitted Dacron grafts is to be anticipated, no association between graft dilation and graft complications was found in this series.

Recurrent femoral anastomotic aneurysms. A 30-year experience.

Of the 1771 patients who underwent aortofemoral bypass grafting (AFB) during the 30-year period of 1957-1986, 43 noninfected recurrent femoral anastomotic aneurysms (RFAA) developed in 28 patients. Thirty-six RFAAs were treated surgically, with one death and no amputations occurring. Seven small RFAAs (less than 2.0 cm) were treated expectantly without complications. Using univariate and multivariate analyses, clinical characteristics and other factors influencing results in patients with RFAAs were compared to two control groups: patients who had undergone AFB without the development of femoral anastomotic aneurysms (FAAs) and patients who had undergone FAA repairs but without recurrence of FAA. Comparative analyses suggested: 1) local wound complications after initial AFB or FAA repair increased risk of a RFAA (p less than 0.03); 2) development of an FAA within 4.5 years after AFB increased risk of a RFAA (p less than 0.0002); 3) following an FAA repair, risk of a RFAA was almost three times greater for women than for men (p less than 0.05); and 4) patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) were less likely to develop RFAA than those without ASHD (p less than 0.05). Among the 20 additional variables analyzed--including hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and etiology of primary vascular disease--no statistically significant influence on the development of RFAAs could be detected.

Femoral false aneurysms: a recommendation for the method of repair.

False aneurysm formation is a major complication of vascular surgery. The most frequent site of anastomotic false aneurysm formation is the femoral artery. Between January 1974 and June 1986, 26 patients with 42 femoral false aneurysms were treated at the Princess Alexandra Hospital. Aneurysms developed following Dacron arterial grafting (29 aneurysms), saphenous vein grafting (10 aneurysms), umbilical vein grafting (one aneurysm) and femoral embolectomy (two aneurysms). Arterial wall failure (with intact suture and graft) was the most frequent operative finding. Ten recurrent aneurysms developed. There was a significantly greater number of recurrences when resuture or patch repair was employed than when an interposition graft was used as a repair. The development of a femoral anastomotic false aneurysm should be viewed as a total failure of that anastomosis and repair should be by replacement with an interposition graft rather than repair of the failed anastomosis by suture or patch.

Femoral anastomotic aneurysms: A continuing challenge

The methods used in management of 102 femoral anastomotic aneurysms (FAAs) were analyzed, and a case control study was performed in an effort to define potential etiologic factors. Most FAAs resulted from host vessel degeneration, although broken sutures, infection, and prosthetic graft dilatation contributed in some cases. Patients forming FAAs after aortofemoral bypass more often were hypertensive, had progression of distal disease, and showed diffuse atherosclerosis when compared with control patients. The use of braided synthetic sutures, woven Dacron grafts, and concomitant femoral endarterectomy correlated with FAA development, whereas diabetes mellitus, multiple femoral operations, local wound-healing problems, and occlusion of the superficial femoral artery did not correlate with the formation of FAAs. Ninety FAAs (88%) were treated surgically with an operative mortality rate of 3%. The most common surgical technique was aneurysmectomy with interposition prosthetic graft replacement. Durability of the repair was better if a simultaneous outflow procedure was performed and if the reconstruction was done before complications developed. Complicated FAAs are still responsible for significant morbidity and loss of life despite aggressive surgical management. Elective FAA repair is the preferred method of treatment.

Extended use of computed tomography in the management of complex aortic problems: A learning experience

Eighty-nine patients with clinical problems arising from the thoracic or abdominal aorta had computed tomography (CT) scans with contrast enhancement in addition to standard aortograms. Forty-four patients had aneurysms, 22 had aortic graft complications, and 23 had aortoiliac occlusion. CT scanning provided diagnostic information not apparent by conventional angiography in 39 patients (43.8%). This additional information did not significantly alter the operative management in 13 patients (14.6%). The helpful information provided by CT in these patients included demonstration of gallstones, renal cysts, anomalous venous structures, horseshoe kidney, and femoral anastomotic aneurysms. However, in 26 of 89 patients (29%), the additional data obtained by CT significantly changed the timing or approach to operative management. Management was altered in 12 of 44 patients (28%) with aneurysms, 7 of 22 patients (32%) with aortic graft complications, and 7 of 23 patients (30%) with aortoiliac occlusive disease or suspected distal thromboembolism. Specific information provided by CT included contained aortic aneurysm rupture, aortic dissection, laminated intraluminal thrombus or pseudointima, extent of perigraft infection, aortic atherosclerosis, anastomotic false aneurysm, and thrombus as a source of distal embolization. Thus, CT had a significant impact on operative management. It serves as a valuable adjunct to aortography in patients with complex aortic problems.

Recurrence of femoral anastomotic aneurysms

Forty-two noninfected femoral anastomotic aneurysms that occurred after aortobifemoral bypass were repaired during a 7 year period. Twenty of these were recurrent aneurysms. In an attempt to define the cause of recurrence, a number of factors were studied including infection, suture failure, graft deterioration, defective graft manufacture, graft dilatation, and arterial degeneration. Five grafts in the primary group failed because of inherent defects in the graft structure. Two lightweight Dacron grafts showed generalized graft dilatation, and three unwrapped expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts had linear tears at the anastomosis. We believe that such graft degeneration does not represent a current problem because the polytetrafluoroethylene grafts now used are reinforced, and lightweight Dacron grafts are no longer made. Two primary femoral anastomotic aneurysms resulted from broken polypropylene suture. No infections were found in the primary or recurrent groups of aneurysms. Arterial degeneration adjacent to the anastomosis, consisting of a decrease in wall thickness due to loss of smooth muscle with proliferation of elastic fibers and disruption of elastic laminae, was a consistent finding in the remaining 15 primary femoral anastomotic aneurysms and all recurrent femoral anastomotic aneurysms. In many instances of primary femoral anastomotic aneurysm and in all instances of recurrent aneurysms dilatation of the Dacron graft with secondary arterial degeneration was believed to be the cause of aneurysm formation. Graft dilatation without fiber deterioration is an inherent problem in Dacron grafts and reportedly varies from 10 to 50 percent of the original graft diameter. This dilatation plus the use of initial graft diameters larger than the host artery leads to increased tension at the anastomotic site with subsequent arterial degeneration. For the aforementioned reasons, our current practice and recommendation is that repair of all anastomotic aneurysms be with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts sized to approximate the host artery since its dilatation at sites of arterial pressure is minimal.

Femoral anastomotic aneurysms.

Both the literature and this experience support host vessel degeneration as the primary etiologic factor in femoral anastomotic aneurysms. Associated factors that produce increased "intra-anastomotic tension," such as hypertension, superficial femoral artery occlusion, and flow turbulence, appear to contribute to vessel deterioration. Other factors, much less prevalent in present-day vascular surgery, such as rigid grafts, deficient suture material, inappropriate angle of incidence, and excessive tension on the graft can contribute to anstomotic disruption. Certain guidelines may be helpful in the management of femoral pseudoaneurysm. 1) Redo the entire anstomosis, rather than simply resuturing a disrupted edge. 2) Use minimal dissection to avoid injury to outflow vessels and to limit disruption of supportive tissue. 3) Use braided synthetic suture material. 4) Avoid tension by interposing a segment of graft between the proximal graft limb and the host vessel. 5) Use knitted Dacron for the interposed segment so the new anastomosis to the host vessel will be with softer, more pliable fabric. 6) Assure smooth adequate outflow by end-to-end anastomosis with a patch angioplasty or distal bypass. These guidelines should lead to a safe, reliable solution to one of the vexing complications of aortofemoral bypass procedure.