Liberal Orientation Research Articles

Feminist judging in lower courts

AbstractMuch of the literature on feminist judging concentrates on judges and judging in appellate and superior courts. This article extends that literature by investigating whether and how feminist judging manifests in lower courts, which deal with the vast bulk of criminal offences and civil claims. It does so through analysis of transcripts of non‐trial criminal proceedings in Australian magistrates courts, focusing on judicial practices rather than the gender or other known characteristics of the magistrates. Clear instances of feminist judging are relatively rare. Where they occur, they are often in the form of isolated feminist ‘moments’ rather than a magistrate exhibiting a distinct feminist orientation. The article reflects on what these findings suggest about the nature of judging in lower courts and the possibilities for feminist judging in that context.

Article 62, 63 of Constitution of Pakistan and Moral Standards for Leadership in an Islamic State: An Analytical Study

High-status positions and leadership at the state level require high moral values in every country and society. This fundamental principle is common irrespective of countries' religious or liberal orientation despite some variations in its details. Pakistan came into being in the name of Allah, and Muslims of this region laid countless sacrifices. Thus they demanded Islamic laws and principles. This desire of Muslims was expressed in the Objectives Resolution. The inception of articles 62 & 63 in the constitution of Pakistan 1973 also reflects their passion through the eligibility criteria of the country's leadership. Article 62 demands members of parliament to run the state affairs under the principles of Islamic values, including truthfulness, honesty and trustworthiness; they should follow the same principles to lead their individual lives. Article 63 explains if there is any mismanagement in the administrative matters of a member of parliament, he would be deposed from that position. Both these articles are absolutely according to the Islamic teachings. Muslim history also endorses the high moral values for leadership. In this essay, articles 63 and 63 are thoroughly analyzed under Islamic teachings and history.

It's Politics, Isn't It? Investigating Direct and Indirect Influences of Political Orientation on Risk Perception of COVID-19.

Public response to the COVID‐19 pandemic provides a unique opportunity to study risk perception in relation to political orientation. We tested a risk perception model of how political orientation influences risk perception of an emerging infectious disease and how it moderates other influences. Two nationwide online surveys in South Korea (N = 2,000) revealed that conservatives showed a higher risk perception regarding an emerging infectious disease, and political orientation can even moderate the influence of perceived risk characteristics on risk perception such as how a liberal orientation exhibited a greater outrage effect of perceived unfairness on COVID‐19 risk perception. Also, the frequency of media use is positively related to higher risk perception. The implications of the direct and moderating effects of political orientation are discussed in the context of the studies of political orientation as well as risk perception.

EU migration policy: modern paradigms

The issue of migration policy of the European Union in the modern world is a researched and discussed phenomenon in scientific circles, as the European Union positions itself as a democratic entity with a liberal orientation, which enshrines and protects the right of every person to freedom of movement, so management aims to ensure this value.
 The originality of the article is seen in identifying the key stages of formation and development of migration policy of the European Union, the main risks of today, highlighting the need to reform the existing mechanism, proposals for key vectors of development. The article suggests possible ways to minimize existing risks and threats.
 To investigate this issue analyzed Directive 2011/98 / EC on a single application procedure for a single permit for third-country nationals to reside and work in a Member State and on a common set of rights for third-country workers legally residing in a Member State, Directive 2004/38 / EC of 29 April 2004, Council Directive 2003/109 / EC of 25 November 2003 on the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents, other international legal instruments on this subject, scientific development, as well as online information resources.
 The authors of the article made the following conclusions: 1. The migration policy of the European Union needs special attention; 2. Despite the long history of normative and institutional support of migration policy, today there are gaps that provoke negative consequences, which requires immediate reform of migration policy; 3. Formed ways of development: 1) creation of a single asylum system at the EU level; 2) strengthening assistance to those Member States that suffer the most from the effects of migration processes; 3) ensuring the strengthening of the protection of the EU's external border and the fight against criminal organizations that smuggle migrants to EU Member States.

Закат империи Цин: от традиционализма к конституционализму (по материалам российской печати)

Introduction. The purpose of this study is to describe significant historical events that have transformed the foundations of Chinese statehood, and to emphasize the peculiarities of their reflection in the Russian periodicals. The article presents the characteristics of the Qing Empire’s last decade of existence. This topic is relevant in the study of both world and national history, since the monarchical system in Russia during this period was also experiencing a profound crisis. Methods and materials. Based on the principle of historicism, the dialectical method of scientific knowledge was applied. The systematic and comparative methods made it possible to combine and compare various publications within one research project. Publications of Russian magazines and newspapers of various ideological orientations, aimed at mass and elite readers, are used as a historical source. Among them are magazines “Vestnik of Asia” and “News of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs” for a professionally trained reader, as well as literary and political (“Northern Notes”, “Russian Thought”, “Vestnik of Europe”) and historical and literary (“Vestnik of Foreign Literature”) publications of a moderately liberal orientation. Such popular science (with a literary and literary-political trend) magazines as “Russian wealth”, “The whole world”, “Vestnik Znaniya”, “The world” propagandized the achievements of European civilization, including the positive results of reforms held in China on the European model, among the broad strata of the Russian population. The largest amount of information about reforms in China and calls to carry out or, on the contrary, prevent such transformations in Russia, is contained in newspapers of various ideological orientations, such as “Russian Banner”, “St. Petersburg Vedomosti”, “Speech”, “Pravda” and “Neva Star”. Analysis. The articles containing information on the reasons and content of the reform activities of the Qing dynasty were analyzed. The role of Russian periodicals in the formation of ideas of various social groups about the political, socio-economic changes taking place in China is shown. Political and socio-economic problems that have analogies in the Russian Empire are emphasized. Results. The idealization of the Chinese culture of the past centuries is now a thing of the past. In the pages of newspapers and magazines, the image of China was quickly transformed. Despite the irregular and haphazard flow of information and the borrowing of subjective assessments of authors from foreign publications, representatives of various Russian ideological trends fought among themselves, using subjects from the life of modern China as examples. China’s movement from traditionalism to constitutionalism was of the greatest interest to the Russian progressive public. Key words: Qing Empire, reforms in China, Xinhai Revolution, Russian Empire, image of China, Russian periodicals.

The Context of Immigrant Reception in the American South

Past research has shown the Southern United States to have more conservative immigration attitudes compared to more established immigrant destination states. However, it is unclear whether or not the places that immigrants have arrived share these conservative attitudes and how this impacts the reception of immigrant groups. Analyzing the Cooperative Congressional Election Study, I find that U.S.-born White attitudes toward immigration are less conservative in zip codes where immigrant-origin groups in the South are most likely to live, often by substantial margins. This indicates that immigrant-origin groups in the South are likely to encounter Southern Whites with a more liberal orientation than Southern Whites more generally. The implications for how these attitudes compare to established immigrant destination states and counties are addressed in detail, as are Southern Black attitudes toward immigration. Regardless, on various questions approximating racial experience/understanding, immigrant-origin groups in the South do not report more negative feelings than those in established destinations and report more positive feelings in some cases, although these results could also indicate a lower awareness of racial issues. Overall, these findings point to a context of reception in the South that is likely more positive than past research on Southern immigration attitudes has implied.

Validación de la versión en español de la Feminism and the Women's Movement Scale en estudiantes universitarios

ObjectiveThere is strong evidence that individuals’ feminist orientation is a significant predictor of gender-based violence awareness and capability to intervene. The objective of this study is to validate the Spanish version of the Feminism and the Women's Movement Scale (FWMS) that assesses the feminist orientation. MethodA cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, administering the FWMS to 407 university students of Health Sciences and Social Work. A confirmatory factor analysis was carried out and the adjustment of the model was examined through confirmatory factor analysis, analyzing structural equations. ResultsThe results revealed Cronbach's alpha=0.869 and KMO=0.923; Bartlett <0.001. The factorial model found a sole factor that merged the 10 items into a latent variable called feminist movement and explained 99.15% of the total variance. The factorial model yielded one factor that explained 99.15% of the variance. The factorial loads of the items exceeded 0.837. ConclusionsThese results confirm the validity of the Spanish version of FWMS questionnaire.

The Apocalypse of John: the architectural symbolism of visual exegesis

A hermeneutic literary criticism of the last text of the New Testament canon can be complemented by an architectural criticism of metaphorical and rhetorical structures and plots, presented as an ultimate resolution to fundamental problems, posed both by the kerigma and by the Hellinised religious experience of the Old Testament (apocalyptic and epistolary genres). The text of the Revelation has staging structures that imply its performative reading, and suggested radical eschatological ways of resolving conflicts allow for equally radical exegetic methods, with a feminist orientation, for example. Analytical metaphors that we have employed, taken from the arsenal of art history, such as ‘polyptich’ or ‘non-figurative painting’, prompt us to use an experimental paradigm of diagrammatics: a visualization of compositional schemata as the equivalents of a cognitive apparatus. The hearer/reader has the opportunity to set off on an eschatological journey with the author of the Revelation but also to have an epistemological walk with its exegetes and commentators.

Epistolary storytelling: a feminist sensory orientation to ethnography

ABSTRACT This article presents a series of letters the authors exchanged while conducting ethnographic research in Belize and Ghana. The letters reveal an affinity between feminist ethnographic praxis and a politically attuned epistemology of the senses, what the authors call a sensory feminist orientation to scholarship. Expanding on criticism of the way sensory hierarchies inform Western knowledge-building, the authors reevaluate their own epistolary exchange as a methodological provocation. As stories, the letters detail what the authors orient themselves toward in the field, as well as embodied moments of disorientation: danger, violence and estrangement. Untidy and raw, they offer readers an opportunity to “listen to sense” and, in the process, consider the consequences when ethnographers are encouraged to excise certain field encounters from scholarship. The article includes paintings that Beth Uzwiak created while in the field as a component of the authors’ sensory experiment in epistolary ethnography. Their focus on the affective registers of storytelling contributes to broader efforts to disrupt the androcentric tendencies of ethnographic voice.

Court-mandated interventions for individuals convicted of domestic violence: An updated Campbell systematic review.

Survey research and analysis of police records, hospital emergency rooms, and women's shelters have clearly established the severity of the intimate partner violence problem and the need to find programs to address this issue. Roughly 1 in 4 women in an intimate relationship is a victim of intimate partner violence. Court-mandated batterer intervention programs (BIPs) have been implemented throughout the United States as a leading method to address this problem. These programs are also now implemented in Canada and Europe. These programs emerged from the women's shelter movement leading to programs with a strong feminist orientation, such as the Duluth Model. The programs that were developed were group-based and relied on psychoeducational methods. Their aim was to get men to take responsibility for their sexist beliefs and stop abusing their partners by teaching them alternative responses for handling their anger. More recent programs draw from cognitive-behavioral therapeutic principles or a mix of the latter with feminist components as well. This is an update of our prior review. The aim was to assess the effects of postarrest court-mandated interventions for intimate partner violence offenders that target, in part or exclusively, male batterers. Our focus was on studies aimed at reducing intimate partner violence, above and beyond what would have been expected by routine legal procedures (e.g., probation monitoring, etc.). We searched numerous databases and websites, bibliographies of published reviews of related literature, and a scrutiny of annotated bibliographies of related literature. Our goal was to identify all published and unpublished literature that met our selection criteria. The original review identified nine eligible studies. The updated search identified two new studies. The total sample size across these 11 studies was 4824. We included experimental (random assignment) and quasi-experimental evaluations of court-mandated BIPs that measured official or victim reports of future intimate partner violence. Rigorous quasi-experimental designs were defined as those that either used matching or statistical controls to improve the comparability of the treated (program) and untreated (comparison) groups. The original review also included quasi-experimental designs that used treatment drop-outs as the comparison group. Given the serious selection bias of such studies, these have not been included in this update. We coded characteristics of the treatment, sample, outcomes, and research methods. Findings were extracted in the form of an effect size and effect sizes were analyzed using the inverse-variance weight method of meta-analysis. Official report and victim report outcomes were analyzed separately as were the different design types (i.e., random assignment and quasi-experimental designs with a no treatment comparison). The mean effect for official reports of intimate partner violence from experimental studies showed a modest (but statistically nonsignificant) benefit for the program group (odds ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.49-1.28], k = 7) whereas the mean effect for victim reported outcomes showed equal outcomes for both groups (e.g., no benefit or harm; odds ratio, 0.99; 95% CI, [0.74-1.32], k = 7). The quasi-experimental studies showed a small but not statistically significant benefit for the program group on official reports (odds ratio, 0.54; 95% CI [0.24-1.22], k = 7). One quasi-experiment reported a nonsignificant effect for a victim report outcome (odds ratio, 1.76; 95% CI [0.50-6.14], k = 1). None of the analyses were statistically significant. Thus, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that these programs are effective. Both the official measure and the victim reported measures have potential sources of bias, increasing the uncertainty regarding any benefits or harms related to these programs. The findings, we believe, raise doubts about the effectiveness of court-mandated BIPs in reducing re-assault among men convicted of misdemeanor intimate partner violence. New programs and/or entirely new approaches to this important social problem should be explored.

The Public Sphere and the Changing News Media Environment in Poland: Towards Structural Polarisation

This paper explores current result of gradual structural changes affecting news media environment in Poland. Its main argument is that these developments have led to a growing structural polarisation. Such polarisation penetrates news media coverage, journalistic community setup and self-regulatory frameworks, users’ perspectives and various news media spaces, including mainstream media and digital natives. The gaps grow between societal camps with liberal and conservative orientations, young and old, urban and non-urban communities, well and poorly educated.

Black Diamond Queens: African American Music and Rock and Roll by Maureen Mahon

Reviewed by: Black Diamond Queens: African American Music and Rock and Roll by Maureen Mahon Larissa A. Irizarry Black Diamond Queens: African American Music and Rock and Roll. By Maureen Mahon. (Refiguring American Music.) Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020. [xiv, 394 p. ISBN 9781478010197 (hardcover), $109.95; ISBN 9781478011224 (paperback), $29.95; ISBN 9781478012771 (e-book), price varies.] Illustrations, bibliography, index. Race. Gender. Genre. These three themes are the refrain of Maureen Mahon's monograph Black Diamond Queens: African American Women and Rock and Roll, in which she explores the forgotten, the rediscovered, and the memorialized Black women in rock. She pays special attention to how their individual vocal qualities, creative voices, and critical voices precipitated and stimulated a genre. Most importantly, Mahon brings to light how significant all the women she surveys were to rock, even while only a precious few became immortalized in the canon itself. An alternate, explanatory subtitle for this account of Black women's contributions to rock might have read, "How a Genre Erased Black Women." All chapters engage with race, gender, and genre. The Black diamond queens under discussion, however, did not share a singular experience. They were negatively affected in differing degrees depending on how they were forced to engage with these three areas. Chapters 2 ("LaVern Baker, the Incredible Disappearing Queen of Rock and Roll") and 3 ("Remembering the Shirelles") engage extensively with race by articulating the expectations of twentieth-century America for respectability in the Black middle class that hindered the soloist LaVern Baker and the teenage girl group the Shirelles. Mahon surveys Baker's treatment (or lack thereof) in college textbooks, rock-and-roll readers, and women-inmusic texts, noting even her own neglect of Baker in an earlier edited collection on the history of African American music (pp. 53–54). These artists' visual conformity to respectability—sleek hairstyles and coordinated, elegant dress—disqualified them from the genre of rock even while their rhythmic vocal approaches became a signature of the genre, covers of their songs topped charts, and their vocality explicitly influenced the sonic direction of such artists as the Beatles (pp. 52, 93). Chapters 4 ("Call and Response") and 5 ("Negotiating 'Brown Sugar'") focus on gender and the physically sidelined women of rock: the Black background singers, groupies, and paramours of famous rockers. Mahon explains how the labor of these cast-out women was rendered invisible, in some cases because of their gender, in others with the added strike of the gendered labor they provided their famous lovers. Chapter 5 is particularly rich with possibility as it takes a detour from the rest of the book in its analysis of the extramusical influence that paradoxically shaped the rock genre. I would have loved an entire monograph on this topic alone—Black women artists and groupies who worked and performed alongside White rockers—something along the lines of the work of Pamela Des Barres, but with a critical Black feminist orientation and focus on women of color (Pamela Des Barres, Let's Spend the Night Together: Backstage Secrets of Rock Muses and Supergroupies [Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2007] and I'm with the Band: Confessions of a Groupie [Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2005]). This chapter focuses on Devon Wilson, Marsha Hunt, Claudia Lennear, and their relationships with [End Page 221] famous White and Black rockers. Mahon carefully traces how Black women who performed as background vocalists and collaborators sonically authenticated White rock-and-roll artists (p. 107). A great example of the erasure of Black background singers, which surprisingly does not make its way into this work even when the specific artist is examined by Mahon in chapter 4, is the literal erasing of Darlene Love's authorship in the misattribution of her vocals by Phil Spector (John Clemente, "Blossoms, the," in Grove Music Online, doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2248396, accessed 24 June 2021). Chapter 1, as well as chapters 6 through 8, take the reader through the treacherous terrain of genre for Black women in twentieth-century America, affecting Big Mama Thornton, Patti LaBelle, Betty Davis, and Tina Turner. Thornton represents one end of the rock-genre spectrum and Davis the other. Although Big Mama...

Liberals Versus Communitarians: Psychosocial Sources of the Conflict Over Democracy in Today’s Poland

This article refers to the concept of collective mentality, which consists of the mental patterns most typical of a given community. The authors show some psychosocial reasons why Poland’s political system may shift from liberal to illiberal forms of democracy in recent years. This process is accompanied by an increasing sociopolitical polarization of the society, gradually becoming an expanded and destructive conflict. Previous research has shown that the Polish sociopolitical polarization’s primary psychosocial reason could be the collision of two competing value systems—purely individualistic and purely collectivist. In this article, the authors argue that both mental patterns determine two different political community visions—liberal and communitarian. In-depth empirical analyses show anti-egalitarian characteristics of the liberal orientation and traditional-conservative characteristics of the communitarian one. Furthermore, the authors show that both orientations’ followers quite differently define the proportions between individual autonomy and social identity and cohesion. These differences are particularly evident in their attitudes toward democracy and patterns of involvement in public life. Finally, the article provides empirical evidence that the division into supporters of the liberal and communitarian political community directly appears in the Polish electorate’s political preferences.

The Roots of a Clear-Cut: Tracing Feminist Orientation and Environmental Legibility in Twentieth Century Women’s Life Writing

The Roots of a Clear-Cut: Tracing Feminist Orientation and Environmental Legibility in Twentieth Century Women’s Life Writing

Rural poverty, violence, and power: Rejecting and endorsing gender mainstreaming by food security NGOs in Armenia and Georgia

Abstract Gender mainstreaming (GM) is a strategy to empower women and promote gender equality. Using mixed-methods, this study draws on perspectives of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Armenia and Georgia to investigate NGOs’ resistance to, versus embrace of, GM in rural development and agriculture (electronic surveys, 215 NGOs; in-person interviews, 53 NGOs). Applying Bourdieu's theory of field-habitus, and intersectionality as critical praxis, we suggest that NGO leaders' social belonging along with field-related experiences explain how GM is understood and endorsed. In Armenia and Georgia, GM without intersectionality – the critical inclusion of rural women’s empowerment and equality -- enforces a reductionist interpretation of social classifications. Analysis reveals that social belonging of NGO leaders is a determinant for choosing constituents: female NGO leaders include rural women; male leaders, rural men. Field practices are pivotal for formal adoption of GM (e.g. adhering to funders’ requirements, affiliation to international NGOs, engagement in feminist activism). Concurrently, internalization of social power structures grounds NGO leaders' thinking about gender equality. Respondents express three distinct narratives on GM urgency depending upon leaders' gender and organizations' self-reported feminist orientation. First, only female leaders of self-identified feminist NGOs support GM necessity in response to economic and political shocks that reinforce patriarchal dynamics. For feminist NGOs, violence against women intertwines with other rural livelihood threats. Intersectionality as critical praxis guides addressing gender-based rural inequalities. Second, female leaders of non-feminist NGOs employ GM primarily to improve rural households' wellbeing by targeting women in unpaid and new ventures. Rural household vulnerability outweighs gender-based inequality concerns. Third, interviewed male NGO leaders do not identify as feminist. They grudgingly accept GM as funders’ burdensome requirement that, given other rural challenges, overemphasizes women’s equality and engagement. Beyond discussion of “how to do” gender or equality mainstreaming, this study emphasizes agents' identity and orientation.

Jews, Nazis, and the Cinema of Hungary: The Tragedy of Success, 1929–44

Jews, Nazis, and the Cinema of Hungary: The Tragedy of Success, 1929–44

Educational Preferences Among Conservatives and Liberals in the United States: A Quantitative Survey Study

The purpose of this quantitative survey research study was to explore educational preferences among individuals of conservative and liberal political orientation and of both genders in the United States of America with a 13-questionnaire survey that includes questions relating to different educational preferences. The literature review has revealed previously conducted research study that suggest that individuals of conservative and liberal political orientation may have psychological differences in the domain of emotions, attention, self-control, and cognition. However, the literature review did not reveal research studies that explored educational preferences between individuals with conservative and liberal political orientation in the United States. The results suggest that statistically significant difference exists in the preference to study abroad (&amp;chi; &amp;sup2; (1, N = 200) = 3.739, p = 0.05). Additional differences, but without a statistically significant differences, were found in the preferences to read fiction and non-fiction genre, perform physically and non-physically challenging activities, perform reading and written assignments, and study in instructional settings where ration between the teachers and technology is uneven.

Slippin’ in and out of frame: An Afrafuturist feminist orientation to Black women and American citizenship

ABSTRACT Heeding Karma Chavez’s (2015) call to imagine rhetoric as “something entirely different,” I introduce what I call an Afrafuturist Feminist (AFF) rhetorical approach with the aim of offering one means by which rhetorical studies can move beyond normative white constructions of citizenship. In this piece, I flesh out a theoretical framework that explores the ways Black women’s truthtelling engineers rival conceptions of Blackness, creating spaces for us to reimagine what citizenship can look like in the lived experiences of Black Americans. I invoke the phrase, “in and out of frame,” to preliminarily consider how Black women like Assata Shakur and Cardi B employ rhetoric as threat to negotiate citizenship in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Parenting, temperament, and attachment security as antecedents of political orientation: Longitudinal evidence from early childhood to age 26.

This article examines early childhood antecedents of adults' political orientation. Using longitudinal data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we investigate associations between parenting beliefs and behaviors, child temperament, and attachment security during early childhood in relation to adult political ideology and party affiliation at age 26 years (N = 1,364). Young children's fearful temperament and anxious attachment security, as well as mothers' authoritarian parenting beliefs in early childhood, predicted conservative political orientations at age 26. Children's abilities to focus attention and avoidant attachment security predicted liberal orientations. These findings provide evidence that multiple aspects of early developmental experience-temperament, parenting, and infant-mother attachment-are associated with later political orientations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Supporting Critical Multicultural Teacher Educators: Transformative teaching, social justice education, and perceptions of institutional support

ABSTRACTIn most teacher education programmes in Canada and the United States, educators’ opportunities to develop equity-related skills are concentrated into single ‘multicultural’ courses. These courses tend to have a conservative or liberal orientation, focused on appreciating diversity or cultural competence, rather than a critical orientation, focused on preparing teachers to address inequity. In this study, based on a survey of instructors of multicultural and intercultural teacher education courses in Canada and the US (N = 186), we examined the relationship between the criticality of their multicultural teacher education courses and their perceptions of institutional support for the values they teach. We found a negative relationship between the two – the more critical the instructors’ approaches, the less institutional support they perceived.