Feminine Traits Research Articles

Women Leadership in Padmakanya Multiple Campus: An Empirical Case Study

The objectives of the study are to determine the recognition and assess the status of women leadership in the Padmakanya Multiple Campus in Kathmandu. This study adopted a descriptive research design and applied qualitative techniques with a case study approach. Primary data were collected using a purposive sampling technique. This study adopted an interview approach to get an experience of women. Data were analyzed based on thematic analysis. Women have a feminine leadership style, not a masculine style. Thus, women show a flexible and cooperative leadership style. Sometimes, women are dominated by men in leadership roles due to women’s non-directive style of leadership in the organization. Women’s leadership style is linked with their feminine traits and features. However, women leaders are committed, devoted, and dedicated to the organization besides being flexible. They tend to be tolerant, kind, and cooperative among leaders in academia. It can be concluded that female employees want to get leading roles and tackle difficulties and issues challenges within the organization. It was also concluded that female academics get the opportunities of leadership and create their own identities in the academic system; however, it is full of challenges. Women academics have the challenges of male domination, less cooperation, and teamwork at work, less power over their academic abilities, and a heavy workload.

Beyond Biomechanics: Gait Patterns as the Indicators of Masculine and Feminine Traits

This research paper takes an exciting journey beyond traditional biomechanics, delving into the world of walking patterns as emblematic indicators of intrinsic masculine and feminine traits. Using a complex mix of different areas of study, the researchers uncover the fascinating story hidden within the human locomotion, a story deeply intertwined with the complex aspects of gender identity. By carefully analysing the way people walk or through kinematic analysis, this study uncovers subtle details that can give insight into how someone expresses their psychological gender. The researchers believe that gait dynamics is a kind of unspoken language that can communicate a wide range of gender expressions and how people understand them. This research suggests that the way we move goes beyond just physical mechanics—it's also connected to how society thinks about and defines gender roles. In challenging conventional ideas, this research suggests that the way we walk isn't just about our bodies, but also about the larger social ideas of what it means to be masculine or feminine. This study invites us to rethink how our bodies and societal ideas about gender interact. In doing so, it reveals a hidden conversation through which our bodies communicate, shedding light on the intricate relationship between our physicality and the cultural symbols that shape our experiences as human beings.

Using Video Vignettes to Understand Perceptions of Leaders

Video vignettes are one form of virtualized vignettes that may build upon traditional text vignettes and enable research participants to see and experience a unique scenario that is better translated visually than through a written text. This study examined using video vignettes to study perceptions of leaders. Participants watched virtualized, video vignettes depicting a male leader expressing either a masculine, gender-conforming expression or a feminine, gender-nonconforming expression. Participants evaluated these leaders on measures of leadership likability and leadership effectiveness. Results demonstrated that the videos of the masculine male leader were perceived as more likable and more effective than the videos of the feminine male leader. This relationship was not moderated by gender-related expectations the participants had. This finding reveals that there is a prototypical expectation that male leaders who depicted masculine expressions are more likable and effective. Additionally, we also found that the participant’s individual ideologies of gender-related expectations and conformity expectations were related to the results in unique ways. When the participant believed an ideal leader should have higher versus lower feminine traits, those participants also rated both leaders more positively regardless of the type of gender expression that was depicted in the video vignettes. In contrast, participants with strong expectations that others should conform to gender norms in social situations generally rated both leaders more negatively, regardless of the gender expression in the video vignette. The results are discussed in detail and the benefits of using virtualized and video vignettes are discussed.

Defeminization of practicing dentists: A national perspective

Madam, The dental profession has witnessed a progressive shift where female dentists are becoming more prevalent in many countries, including Pakistan. This trend, known as the feminization of dentistry1, can be attributed to changing societal and economic perceptions, increased acceptance of diverse gender roles, and the recognition of the benefits of adopting feminine traits in the dental profession.2 In Pakistan, the transition began in the early 1990s when the quota system limiting seats for women in medical and dental schools was abolished. Currently, around 70% of undergraduate dental students in Pakistan are female.2 However, despite the promising number of female dental students, there is a significant drop in postgraduate training and professional practice. Only 5% of graduating female dentists pursue postgraduate training, and only half of the registered female dentists work.3 The reasons for this decline include a glass ceiling effect, which hinders women's advancement in their careers, the lack of female representation in leadership roles, the absence of female mentorship at the postgraduate level, and dual family and domestic responsibilities. Additionally, female dentists may face bias and preference towards their male counterparts in high-status specialities, impacting their promotional opportunities and patient preferences.4,5 Persistence of societal pressure and traditional gender roles also contribute to the dropout rate of female dentists in Pakistan. Many young women are often pressured to prioritize family obligations over professional commitments, leading them to leave the dental profession early. Moreover, the absence of part-time options further limits their ability to balance family responsibilities with dental practice. To address these challenges and enable the sustained involvement of female dentists, several measures are necessary. Increasing female representation in leadership roles, make leadership part of the educational curriculum, providing mentorship opportunities, and establishing strong social support systems for women are crucial. Reforms should also focus on improving ergonomics in dental practice, highlighting cultural loopholes for gender biases, equity issues and implementing policies that support working mothers, such as flexible working hours, adequate maternity leave and family care facilities. While efforts have been made to increase the number of female dental students, there is still a long way to go in creating an inclusive and supportive environment for practicing female dentists in Pakistan. By addressing the root causes of the gender disparity and implementing necessary reforms, Pakistani society can break the glass ceiling and allow future generations of women to contribute fully to the field of dental healthcare.

The paradox of challenging and reinforcing stereotypes in women’s sport sponsor communication

ABSTRACT In recent years, women’s sport has experienced sustained growth, resulting in a positive shift in media coverage and increased attention from corporate sponsors. Past research has extended our understanding of the challenges, objectives and motivations of sponsors however, less is known with respect to whether sponsor communication perpetuates a gender-based narrative. In addressing this research gap, this study examines women’s sport sponsor communication to understand how gender stereotyping manifests in messaging around sponsorship objectives and women’s sport/athletes. Findings show that sponsor communication of objectives mirrors the traditional social roles held by women (centred on a communal orientation), while agentic gender traits associated with masculinity emerge in communication around women’s sport/athletes. Our study highlights the importance of message framing in sponsor communication and the need for simultaneously embracing and valuing both feminine and masculine traits. This is an important step towards creating a balanced narrative around women athletes and women’s sport.

Analysis Mixed Traits of Jo March That Affect Her Gender Identity

The objective of this research is to reveal and explain the mixed traits through Jo March character and to understand the impact that influence her gender identities. This research employs qualitative analysis method and applying the theory of Robert DiYanni character and characterization, gender stereotypes and sex role inventory which invented by Sandra Bem. This theory has a purpose to analysis the gender issues which contained in this film. The result shows that the main character, Jo March has the characterization of self-sufficient, brave and principled woman through DiYanni point of view. Moreover, the research discovered that Jo March adopts both mixed traits which is both masculinity and femininity traits in woman’s body that made them include to androgyny. Her masculinity traits are independent, strong personality, assertive and analytical, while her femininity traits are affectionate, compassion, sensitive and warm. This mixed traits that possessed in Jo breaks the stereotype that female character constantly depicted inferior role, however in this research it demonstrates that Jo not only dominate by masculine traits yet she balanced her feminine traits as well. In this context, it affects her relationship with Laurie, the male character by leads the relationship to frustration and regret between them.

“Persons of the Sex are True Wonders”: Gabrielle Suchon on Difference and Political Wonders

Gabrielle Suchon’s Treatise on Ethics and Politics offers surprising descriptions of sexual difference for an ostensibly feminist work. Stereotypically feminine traits—such as excessive emotions, chattiness, and deception—are compared to earthquakes, storms, wildfire, and apparitions. Although these descriptions may seem off-putting to modern readers, I argue that in offering these unflattering descriptions of women, Suchon is making a novel intervention in debates about the nature of sexual difference. In the Renaissance and Early Modern period, the salient question about feminine difference was whether it was a preternatural deformity, and specifically a monstrosity. While most pro-woman authors argued that women were not preternatural, Suchon argues the affirmative, claiming that “persons of the sex are true wonders.” In doing so, Suchon presses on a tension at the heart of scholastic conceptions of women while also provoking an emotional response that might encourage men to reconsider whether patriarchal practices are truly to their advantage.

Changing society, changing research: integrating gender to better understand physical and psychological treatments use in chronic pain management.

Treatment of chronic pain should be multimodal and include pharmacological, physical, and psychological treatments. However, because various barriers to physical and psychological treatments (PPTs) exist, a better understanding of biopsychosocial factors leading to their use is relevant. This study aimed to explore the association between gender identity, gender-stereotyped personality traits, and the use of PPTs in chronic pain management. The ChrOnic Pain trEatment cohort, a self-reported data infrastructure resulting from a web-based recruitment of 1935 people living with chronic pain (Quebec, Canada) was analyzed. Gender identity was operationalized as women, men, and nonbinary. Gender-stereotyped personality traits were measured using the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (feminine, masculine, androgynous, undifferentiated). A checklist of 31 types of PPTs that can be used for chronic pain management was presented to participants (yes/no). From the 1433 participants, 85.5% reported using at least one PPT. Hot-cold therapies (43.4%), exercise (41.9%), and meditation (35.2%) were the most frequently used PPTs, but most popular PPTs were not the same among women and men. Women reported a significantly higher use of PPTs in general (87.2% vs 77.2%; P < 0.001). Multivariable and interaction analyses showed that identifying as a man decreased the odds of reporting the use of PPTs (odds ratio: 0.32, 95% confidence interval: 0.11-0.92) but only among participants who scored high on both masculine and feminine personality traits (those classified as androgynous). The high prevalence of PPTs use found in our study is positive. Our results are relevant for a more personalized promotion of PPTs for chronic pain management.

Agency, communion, and the shifting gender norms in American society? A registered report

Agency and communion are core personality variables with relevance to narrative approaches to personality and well-being, in addition to having gendered connotations. Agency has long been associated with masculinity, and communion with femininity. In fact, gender role scales measure concepts related to agency and communion to define stereotypical masculine and feminine traits. However, previous findings showed that 18-to-29-year-old women and men did not differ on a scale of communion, whereas 30–40-year-old women and men did. This study attempts to replicate these findings 10 years after the data were initially collected and to clarify whether the findings support developmental and/or cohort-related trends for gender and communion.

Jungian personality type preferences of female and male Hungarian leaders.

In this study, we investigated the personality type preferences of female and male Hungarian non-managerial individual contributors, middle managers, and executives. We aimed to investigate the preferences among successful females and males (i.e., executives) compared to non-executives. The preference distinctions between successful females and males were also analyzed. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using the Jungian-based Golden Profiler of Personality (GPOP) questionnaire (N = 5,376; 2,678 females, 2,698 males; average age 35.98 with an SD = 8.977). Executives scored higher in extraversion, intuition, thinking, perceiving, and calm preferences compared to middle managers and individual contributors while scoring lower in sensing and tense preferences. Extraversion, intuition, and feeling preferences were more prevalent among female executives than both male executives and women in general. Our findings suggest that Hungarian female executives' personality preferences align with either stereotypically feminine traits (intuitive and feeling) or male executive-like preferences (extraverted, sensing, thinking, and judging combination). We also discussed the influence of cultural norms and expectations on the personality preferences of female and male executives. Our results are in line with prior research conducted in the Western context, however, the gender differences are more striking. We concluded that men have a reasonable chance of success across a spectrum of personality preferences as they ascend the hierarchy, while women need to exhibit specific preferences to be successful on the same journey. The self-descriptive and cross-sectional nature of our data spell limitations, therefore we suggest conducting future longitudinal studies, including explanatory and contingency variables (e.g. perceived cultural norms).

Challenges faced by women military officers in the South African National Defence Force: A case study of the Hoedspruit Air Force Base, Limpopo

abstract The military has a deep-rooted masculine culture. One of the aspects of this masculinity, which is hegemonic in its cultural dominance, is the perspective on and perception of femininity. The masculine behaviour resents the weak; therefore, soldiers are trained not to complain or project any feminine traits, such as being caring and nurturing, or displaying ‘softness’). Soldiers need to be able to do without emotions like empathy or showing emotions of regret in order to be able to function appropriately as soldiers. Feminine attributes are looked upon as ‘weak’ or ‘soft’. For instance, attributes such as sensitivity and compassion are deemed to be in contrast to the military culture. This article aims to elucidate the challenges faced by women military officers in the South African National Defence Force in Limpopo Province. It does so by applying the liberal feminist theory. The researcher used feminist qualitative research methods and an exploratory research design, with snowball sampling used to identify 15 female officers for in-depth interviews (6 women) and a focus group discussion (9 women). Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. The findings revealed that women military officers face challenges such as gendered discrimination, racial discrimination, vigorous basic military training, and exclusion from participation in decision making. There is still much need for improvement when it comes to addressing the challenges faced by women in the military.

Minority of Male Teachers in Kindergartens as a Result of Gender Stereotypes in Society

The phenomenon of the minimum number of male kindergarten teachers is increasingly visible in Indonesia, so that people increasingly think that kindergarten teachers are a woman's profession. This results in an imbalance of gender roles in Kindergarten. Discussion of gender-related issues in kindergarten is considered too commonplace and often escapes society's attention. The aim of this research is to describe and analyze gender stereotypes which result in a minority of male teachers in kindergarten. Not only that, this research also provides an alternative view of the role of a man as a teacher in kindergarten. This research is a literature study that uses a qualitative approach. The results of this research are stereotypes that grow and develop in society regarding male kindergarten teachers, including; firstly, kindergarten teachers are attached to feminine traits, while men are attached to masculine traits, secondly, the assumption is that male kindergarten teachers are "gay", thirdly, the kindergarten profession which is not financially promising is not suitable for men who are charged with the role of "backbone", fourth, men must have challenging work, while the profession of kindergarten teacher is a profession that is not challenging and has low risk.

Transformational women leadership: a road to sustainable development goal of women empowerment

Purpose To promote gender equality, world leaders at the UN came up with Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG5). It proposes to eliminate discrimination against women by providing them with similar opportunities for reaching leadership positions. Hence, this study aims to examine the contribution made by women transformational leaders to their employees’ performance. The study seeks to emphasize the role played by female leaders in the on-job performance of employees and their mental well-being by encouraging intrinsic motivation among them. Design/methodology/approach For the purpose of data collection, a questionnaire was sent through Google Forms to the employees who had females as their superiors or in the decision-making position. Data from a final sample of 517 respondents was gathered, on which SEM was applied to analyze the direct impact of transformational women’s leadership on employee performance and the indirect impact through the mediation of intrinsic motivation. Findings The study found that by having feminine traits, women are stronger transformational leaders as they encourage individuals to be self-motivated instead of getting stimulated because of some external incentive. Also, such a leadership style ensures better work performance and mentally healthier employees. In addition, transformational women's leadership creates a better work environment by inspiring a teamwork culture instead of individualism. Practical implications The study has implications for not just researchers but other stakeholders as well. The study is useful for organizations as it directs them to hire and promote more women for leadership positions. Also, the results hint that people prefer working for women-led organizations as it will ensure a healthier work atmosphere. Originality/value There are many studies from earlier times related to transformational leadership. However, female leadership and the role it plays for employees have not gotten their fair share of attention. Thus, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the present work is one of the very few where contributions made by women transformational leaders have been assessed.

Personal Construct Theory and Parents’ Perceptions of Developing Girls Through Sport

Despite increased participation across all sporting contexts, many sports are still thought to be more or less appropriate for female athletes to engage with based on biologically or socially constructed characteristics (Plaza et al., 2017; Abadi &amp; Gill, 2020). Further, the persistence of gender stereotypes continues to impact the participation levels of girls in sport; particularly in traditionally masculine sports (Tucker Center, 2018; Staurowsky, 2016). Given the influence parents can have in dictating their children’s participation in sport (Dorsch et al., 2020), the objective of the present study was to explore how parents perceive their daughters’ participation in traditionally boy-dominated sport. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight parents of daughters currently engaged in traditionally boy-dominated sports at a competitive level. A laddering interview technique—based on the personal construct theory—was used as a basis for the interview guide (Bourne &amp; Jenkins, 2005). This technique allowed the interviewer to elicit participants’ higher-level constructs, revealing their overarching values more effectively. Three themes were constructed through the assessment of the interviews, these being that parents believe participation in non-traditional girls’ sport provides young female athletes with (a) the capability to identify gender inequality more easily, (b) opportunities to face unique challenges and shed the perceived limitations imposed upon girls, and (c) opportunities to express less stereotypically feminine traits and, therefore, to grow. These results suggest that parents of daughters who participate in traditionally boy-dominated sports perceive these sports to contribute to building several positive aspects of their daughters’ development.

Exploring Human-Centric Attributes of Smartphone Set and Their Influence on Brand Advocacy by the Customers: Testing the Moderating Role of Gender Identity

This paper investigates the impacts of human-centric brand attributes and their associated dimensions on advocacy by the consumers. This study also tests the moderating role of gender identity of the consumers on the above stated issue. The paper adopted a mixed mode approach where at first a primary list of attributes was purified based on the qualitative comments of academics and industry experts. Later on, authors collected 861 primary quantitative data from young consumers of a developing country and analyzed those through structural equation modeling. This study offers a 29-attribute eight-dimensional brand personality and WOM model for smartphone brands. Results revealed that quick problem solver, empathetic, professionalism, trustworthy, and competent are the preferred human-centric attributes among the young customers while choosing a smartphone brand. Results also found that gender identity plays a significantly differentiating role while spreading positive WOM for a smartphone brand. Young users with masculine identity emphasize on sociability and intellectuality dimensions and their associated human-attributes while promoting positive WOM regarding the smartphone brand. Users with feminine traits on the other hand share more about emotionality and physicality aspects of the brand during advocacy.

Heterosexual Men's Visual Attention to Nude Images Depicting Cisgender Males, Cisgender Females, and Gynandromorphs.

Gynandromorphophilia refers to sexual attraction and arousal to feminine males, who may or may not have breasts, and who retain their penises. Previous research has suggested that some capacity for gynandromorphophilia may characterize males who are gynephilic (i.e., sexually attracted and aroused to adult females). This study examined Canadian cisgender gynephilic men's (n = 65) visual attention and subjective ratings of sexual arousal when presented with nude images of feminine males with, and without breasts, masculine males, and feminine females. Visual attention was assessed using an infrared eye-tracker. Subjective arousal to feminine females was highest, followed by subjective arousal to feminine males with breasts, feminine males without breasts, and masculine males. However, subjective arousal to feminine males without breasts and to masculine males did not differ significantly. The patterning of visual attention to images of females was unique, in that participants were equally likely to attend first to the face, chest or genitals. These areas also elicited relatively greater fixation durations and counts. Although participants fixated onto the chests of feminine males with breasts for longer durations than those of masculine males, most of the differences between feminine males, with and without breasts, were non-significant. These results suggest that female sex-based traits play a more primary role in gynephilic men's sexual arousal than feminine gender-based traits.

Deconstruction of Gendered Dialogues in English Language Students Textbook for Grade 12 Senior High School

Education plays a significant role in maintaining or deconstructing patriarchal gender constructions in society. Within this ambivalent arena, this study aimed to analyze the representation of gender constructions in a textbook for grade 12 Indonesian EFL students published by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Indonesia in 2018. The textual analysis proposed by McKee is used to analyze the data. Language functions attributed to the two genders are used as the parameters to find their feminine or masculine depiction based on Lakoff (1973) and Coates (2013) combined with Millet’s Sexual Politics. The study revealed that the textbook shows gender deconstructions towards language functions used in female-only, male-only and mixed sex dialogues. The deconstruction of the stereotypes can be seen from the presence of feminine traits in male characters, such as asking for information and producing more phatic and expressive utterances than females. In contrast, female characters are depicted to be dominantly produced masculine traits, such as being knowledgeable by giving more information than men and dominating in conversations. Although, at some points, the characters are still associated with stereotyped gender traits, the efforts to deconstruct traditional images of both genders need to be appreciated even though they still seem ambivalent.

How Women Attack: Candidate Reliance on Feminine and Masculine Traits in Campaign Negativity

We develop a framework to identify how women use negative messages in political campaigns. We argue that women will be more likely to use contrast negativity, messages that include a negative message against an opponent and a positive message about the candidate sponsoring the ad, rather than attack negativity, messages that only criticize an opponent. We also identify how feminine and masculine traits emerge in negativity—a strategy we call gendered trait negativity. We analyze gendered trait negativity in television ads from the Wesleyan Media Project (WMP) for House, Senate, and gubernatorial races from 2010 to 2018. Using logistic regression models, we find that women use contrast messages more than attack messages when running against a man. Second, we find that women are more likely to highlight feminine traits over masculine traits in negative messages when their opponent is a man relative to when their opponent is a woman.

MASKULINITAS YANG FEMININ PADA SOSOK AYAH DALAM LIRIK LAGU VIRGOUN “Saat Kau Telah Mengerti”

This study analyzed the characteristics of father masculinity as represented in the lyrics of Virgoun’s song "Saat Kau Telah Mengerti". The lyric describes father as a strict, firm and leading figure. But the expression of his feeling to his child describes his feminine side. A father seems to have a unique masculinity. The data was obtained by transcribing Virgoun’s song "Saat Kau Telah Mengerti" and then analyzed it using Van Dijk's critical discourse analysis. The results of the study found that father’s masculinity is different from what is required by hegemonic masculinity of patriarchal society. Hegemonic masculinity defines a man as the one who is free from feminine traits. In this lyric, father is a man with dual roles as husband and parent. It gives him a feminine masculinity. As the head of the family, he constructs a tough, assertive, and domineering attitude. While the fact that he is a parent instills a sense of affection, love, and the desire of caring children. masculine and feminine traits negotiated within him. His strict attitude is not merely the manifestation of masculine traits required by gender discourse, but an attitude driven by love for his child. Femininity infiltrates his masculinity and coexist within him.

MASKULINITAS YANG FEMININ PADA SOSOK AYAH DALAM LIRIK LAGU VIRGOUN “Saat Kau Telah Mengerti”

This study analyzed the characteristics of father masculinity as represented in the lyrics of Virgoun’s song "Saat Kau Telah Mengerti". The lyric describes father as a strict, firm and leading figure. But the expression of his feeling to his child describes his feminine side. A father seems to have a unique masculinity. The data was obtained by transcribing Virgoun’s song "Saat Kau Telah Mengerti" and then analyzed it using Van Dijk's critical discourse analysis. The results of the study found that father’s masculinity is different from what is required by hegemonic masculinity of patriarchal society. Hegemonic masculinity defines a man as the one who is free from feminine traits. In this lyric, father is a man with dual roles as husband and parent. It gives him a feminine masculinity. As the head of the family, he constructs a tough, assertive, and domineering attitude. While the fact that he is a parent instills a sense of affection, love, and the desire of caring children. masculine and feminine traits negotiated within him. His strict attitude is not merely the manifestation of masculine traits required by gender discourse, but an attitude driven by love for his child. Femininity infiltrates his masculinity and coexist within him.