Female Swimmers Research Articles

Pay for Performance in the Pool: Sink or Swim?

In the shadow of Title IX's 50th anniversary in 2022, it is fitting to investigate whether female elite swimmers are rewarded the same way male swimmers are. This article thus contributes to the growing literature on gender differences in performance and pay in sport. Our article frames this question in a unique way, as we compare the extent of economic exploitation of women and men in elite swimming. Are female swimmers “underpaid” relative to their marginal revenue products at the same level as their male counterparts?

Neither an Individualised Nor a Standardised Sodium Bicarbonate Strategy Improved Performance in High-Intensity Repeated Swimming, or a Subsequent 200 m Swimming Time Trial in Highly Trained Female Swimmers.

Inconsistent swimming performances are often observed following sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion, possibly because the time taken to reach peak blood buffering capacity is highly variable between individuals. Personalising NaHCO3 ingestion based on time-to-peak blood bicarbonate (HCO3-) could be a solution; however, this strategy is yet to be explored in swimming, or adequately compared to standardised NaHCO3 approaches. Therefore, six highly trained female swimmers ingested 0.3 g·kg BM-1 NaHCO3 in capsules to pre-determine their individual time-to-peak blood HCO3-. They then participated in three experimental trials, consisting of a 6 × 75 m repeated sprint swimming test, followed by a 200 m maximal time trial effort after 30 min active recovery. These experiments were conducted consuming a supplement at three different timings: individualised NaHCO3 (IND: 105-195 min pre-exercise); standardised NaHCO3 (STND: 150 min pre-exercise); and placebo (PLA: 90 min pre-exercise). Both NaHCO3 strategies produced similar increases in blood HCO3- prior to exercise (IND: +6.8 vs. STND: +6.1 mmol·L-1, p < 0.05 vs. PLA) and fully recovered blood HCO3- during active recovery (IND: +6.0 vs. STND: +6.3 mmol·L-1 vs. PLA, p < 0.05). However, there were no improvements in the mean 75 m swimming time (IND: 48.2 ± 4.8 vs. STND: 48.9 ± 5.8 vs. PLA: 49.1 ± 5.1 s, p = 0.302) nor 200 m maximal swimming (IND: 133.6 ± 5.0 vs. STND: 133.6 ± 4.7 vs. PLA: 133.3 ± 4.4 s, p = 0.746). Regardless of the ingestion strategy, NaHCO3 does not appear to improve exercise performance in highly trained female swimmers.

Comparative Analysis of Performance Anxiety and Aggression in Swimmers and Para swimmers

Background: This study compares performance anxiety and aggression between female swimmers and female para-swimmers. It aims to identify significant differences and provide recommendations for enhanced psychological support for both groups. Objective: To compare and analyse performance anxiety and aggression levels between para and able-bodied swimmers, identify key contributing factors, and develop recommendations for improved psychological support and coping strategies for both groups. Method: This study involved a total of 50 national-level subjects, consisting of 25 female swimmers and 25 female para-swimmers, to identify previously unknown psychological drawbacks. All participants were aged between 18 and 30 years. Tests were administered to assess psychological variables including Aggression and Competitive State Anxiety as well as influencing factors in their sports careers. Result: The analysis revealed that female swimmers had significantly higher levels of aggression (M = 80.04, SD = 14.72) and competitive state anxiety (M = 19.35, SD = 3.01) compared to female para-swimmers, who had lower scores in both areas (aggression: M = 72.04, SD = 13.77; anxiety: M = 17.08, SD = 5.91). T-tests showed significant differences in aggression (t = 2.02, p = 0.048) and anxiety (t = 2.99, p = 0.004) between the two groups, indicating that female swimmers experience higher levels of both psychological variables than female para-swimmers. Conclusion: Female swimmers show significantly higher levels of aggression and competitive state anxiety compared to female para-swimmers. These findings highlight the need for targeted psychological support to address these elevated levels and improve overall athlete well-being and performance.

Educational Intervention Improves Female Athlete Triad Awareness in Female Collegiate Swimmers

Introduction: The Female Athlete Triad (Triad) is characterized by high energy expenditure and low caloric intake, leading to dysregulation of menstruation and bone metabolism. Triad-associated relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) adversely affects performance and mental health. Risk factors are underrecognized in swimmers, who are less likely to present with bone stress injuries because of swimming’s non-weightbearing nature. Our objective was to quantify knowledge about the Triad and REDs among collegiate swimmers and demonstrate the value of educational intervention. Methods: Members of two Division III women’s varsity swim teams completed a Qualtrics survey, consisting of 35 Triad and REDs questions, and 13 demographics questions. Participants then attended an in-person, 20-minute educational session focused on Triad risk factors and prevention, after which they completed a post-session survey. The post-session survey contained 13 additional questions using a Likert scale, where 1=Strongly Agree and 5=Strongly Disagree. Pre- and post-session data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: Thirty-one swimmers were included. Pre-session, 9.7% of respondents named one or more Triad components, compared to 96.8% after (p&lt;0.0001). 9.7% could define the REDs acronym pre-session, compared to 87.1% after (p&lt;0.0001). Participants better understood the Triad post-session (mean Likert score=1.23) and found the session helpful (mean=1.23), but in a hypothetical scenario, felt relatively uncomfortable contacting medical staff about Triad symptoms (mean=1.87, p=0.0002). Of the 35.5% who believed they may be experiencing Triad components, 72.7% indicated the session motivated them to seek help. Conclusions: Female collegiate swimmers’ low baseline Triad and REDs knowledge improved significantly after an educational intervention. Survey responses highlighted the importance of heightened Triad awareness, but also its continued stigmatization. The session encouraged swimmers with self-identified Triad symptoms to seek help, underscoring the importance of continued education efforts, especially in sports where the Triad is underrecognized.

Analysis of the fastest backstroke age group swimmers competing in the World Masters Championships 1986–2024

Backstroke has been thoroughly investigated in the context of sports science. However, we have no knowledge about the nationalities of the fastest age group backstroke swimmers. Therefore, the present study intended to investigate the nationalities of the fastest backstroke swimmers. For all World Masters Championships held between 1986 and 2024, the year of competition, the first and last name, the age, and the age group, and both the stroke and the distance were recorded for each swimmer. Descriptive data were presented using mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values, and confidence intervals. The top ten race times for each swimming distance and sex were identified for descriptive purposes. Nationalities were then grouped into six categories: the top five nationalities with the most appearances in the backstroke swimming top ten times by distance each year and one group consisting of all other nationalities. The Kruskal–Wallis test compared nationality differences, followed by Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons to identify specific distinctions. Between 1986 and 2024, most age group backstroke swimmers (39.6%) competed in the 50 m event (11,964, 6206 women, and 5,758 men), followed by the 100 m event (32.3%, n = 9764, 5157 women, and 4607 men), and the 200 m event (28.1%, n = 8483, 4511 women, and 3,972 men). Germany had the highest number of top ten female swimmers in the 50 m backstroke distance. Brazil had the highest number of top ten male swimmers in the same distance. The USA had the highest number of female and male swimmers among the top ten in the 100 m and 200 m backstroke distances. Germany and Great Britain were the only countries with swimmers in the top ten for all female backstroke distances. Brazil, the USA, Italy, and Germany were the countries that had swimmers in the top ten for all male backstroke distances. In summary, the fastest backstroke age group swimmers originated from Germany, Brazil, USA, Great Britain, and Italy, where differences between the sexes and race distances exist.

THE LOW SERUM FERRITIN AS AN INDICATOR OF INADEQUATE NUTRITION IN INTERNATIONAL-LEVEL FEMALE SWIMMER

Introduction: Iron deficiency is a common feature in athletes, and optimizing iron levels may become a contributing factor to improved athletic performance. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate body iron stores and their relationship with sports performance. It also sought correlations between the swimmers’ hematological, hormonal, anthropometric, and functional status and their sports achievements. Methodology: The research involved 19 athletes (11 women and 8 men) from the Bulgarian national swimming team. They were tested for maximal aerobic capacity on a cycle ergometer and had blood samples taken to determine iron status and hematological and hormonal markers. Their swimming achievements (Swimming points) were evaluated as a percentage of the world records in the respective discipline. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the female and male swimmers for Unbound Iron Binding Capacity (UIBC) and ferritin. A higher UIBC in women indicated lower iron levels in them. Among female swimmers, five had ferritin levels below 40 ng/mL. In women, a highly reliable correlation between the Swimming points and ferritin concentration (r = .68) was observed. All male swimmers had ferritin values above 40 ng/mL, and there was no reliable correlation between ferritin concentration and Swimming points, probably because ferritin was in the optimal range and is no longer a significant performance factor. Conclusions: In swimmers, the optimal serum ferritin concentration is probably in the range of 40–90 ng/mL. Many female swimmers have a relative iron deficiency with sub-optimal ferritin values. In competitive female swimmers, low ferritin level is an indicator of both iron deficiency and inadequate diet. It can be expected that an adequate nutritional regime in athletes with low ferritin values will lead both to the replenishment of iron stores and to an increase in muscle mass and, ultimately, to an improvement in sports performance.

Specific aspects of considering the age of female swimmers age in a process of long-term training and sports excellence planning

Specific aspects of considering the age of female swimmers age in a process of long-term training and sports excellence planning

The Myometric Assessment of Achilles Tendon and Soleus Muscle Stiffness before and after a Standardized Exercise Test in Elite Female Volleyball and Handball Athletes-A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Background: The high prevalence of injuries in female athletes necessitates a course of action that not only enhances research in this field but also incorporates improved prevention programs and regular health monitoring of highly stressed structures such as tendons and muscles. Since myometry is already used by coaches and physiotherapists, it is important to investigate whether tissue stiffness varies in different types of sports, and whether such measures are affected by an acute training session. Methods: Myometric measurements of the Achilles tendon (AT) and soleus muscle (SM) were performed in the longitudinal plane and relaxed tendon position. In total, 38 healthy professional female athletes were examined, applying a quasi-experimental study design, with subgroup analysis performed for different sports. To investigate the stiffness of the AT and SM, 24 female handball and volleyball athletes performed a standardized maximal incremental performance test on a treadmill. In this subgroup, myometric measurements were taken before and after the exercise test. Results: The measurements showed no significant difference between the mean pre- (AT: 661.46 N/m; SM 441.48 N/m) and post-exercise stiffness (AT: 644.71 N/m; SM: 439.07 N/m). Subgroup analysis for different types of sports showed significantly lower AT and SM stiffness in swimming athletes compared to handball (p = 0.002), volleyball (p = 0.000) and hammer throw athletes (p = 0.008). Conclusions: Myometry can be performed on the same day as an acute training session in healthy female professional volleyball and handball athletes. Female swimmers have significantly lower AT and SM stiffness compared to female handball, volleyball and hammer throw athletes. These results show that the stiffness differences in the AT and SM can be assessed by myometry.

Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool for Early Detection of Exercise-Induced Oxidative Damage in Female Athletes.

Although blood still remains the most commonly utilized medium to detect increased levels of oxidative damage induced by exercise, saliva diagnostics have gained increasing popularity due to their non-invasive nature and athlete-friendly collection process. Given that the contribution of various phases of the menstrual cycle to the levels of oxidative damage may differ, the aim of this study was to evaluate an agreement between salivary and plasmatic levels of lipid peroxidation products in female swimmers in both the follicular (F) and luteal (L) phases of the menstrual cycle at rest and following exercise. Twelve well-trained female swimmers aged 19.6 ± 1.1 years old were examined. We measured diene conjugates (DCs), triene conjugates (TCs), and Schiff bases (SBs) in lipids immediately after their extraction from both saliva and blood plasma. All female swimmers were studied two times each, in the two different phases of one menstrual cycle, before and after high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Salivary and plasmatic levels of DCs, TCs, and SBs significantly increased post-exercise compared to pre-exercise, in both the F and L phases. A high positive correlation was observed between the concentrations of DCs, TCs, and SBs in the saliva and blood plasma of participants in the F and L phases, both at rest and following HIIE. Ordinary least products regression analysis indicates that there was no proportional and differential bias in the data. The Bland-Altman method also declares that there was no differential bias, since the line of equality was within the 95% confidence interval of the mean difference between salivary and plasmatic levels of DCs, TCs, and SBs in female swimmers, in both the F and L phases, before and after HIIE. There was also no proportional bias in the Bland-Altman plots. Thus, this is the first study to report a high agreement between the quantifications of DCs, TCs, and SBs in the saliva and blood plasma of female swimmers in both the F and L phases, at rest and following HIIE.

The Level of Psychological Skills among Swimmers of Jordan National Team

This study aimed to identify the level of psychological skills of members of the national swimming team in Jordan. The descriptive methodology was used for the study. The psychological skills questionnaires were applied to collect required data, including the Emotional Intelligence Scale, Sport Motivation Scale and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. A purposive sample consisted of (21) male and female swimmers of the Jordanian national team, distributed into (13) males and (8) females. The results indicated average and high levels of psychological skills; emotional intelligence was average level; optimism was the highest, while emotional awareness was the least. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and self-esteem were high. Moreover, no significant differences were revealed in psychological skills according to all aspects, nevertheless, the emotional intelligence differed according to swimming type in favor of the free style. Recommendations for paying attention to all swimmers’ psychological aspects in relation to the physical aspect when developing sports training plans and training programs.

Caffeine Improves Sprint Time in Simulated Freestyle Swimming Competition but Not the Vertical Jump in Female Swimmers.

Caffeine (CAF) has been shown to be an effective ergogenic aid in enhancing sports performance, including vertical jump (VJ), sprint, balance, agility, and freestyle swimming performance (FSP). However, whether acute CAF supplementation improves FSP in moderately trained female swimmers has not been well documented. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of CAF intake on vertical jump, balance, auditory reaction time (ART), and swimming performance in female swimmers. In a double-blind, cross-over design, eight moderately trained female swimmers (age: 21.3 ± 1.4 years, height: 161.2 ± 7.1 cm, body mass: 56.3 ± 6.7 kg, body mass index (BMI): 21.9 ± 1.3 kg/m2, and habitual CAF intake: 246.4 ± 111.4 mg/day) ingested caffeine (CAF) (6 mg/kg) or a placebo (PLA) 60 min before completing VJ, balance, ART, and 25/50 m FSP. CAF supplementation resulted in a significantly lower time both in 25m (p = 0.032) and 50m (p = 0.033) FSP. However, CAF resulted in no significant difference in VJ, ART, and RPE (p > 0.05). Balance test results showed a non-significant moderate main effect (d = 0.58). In conclusion, CAF seems to reduce time in short-distance swimming performances, which could be the determinant of success considering the total time of the race. Thus, we recommend coaches and practitioners incorporate CAF into swimmers' nutrition plans before competitions, which may meet the high performance demands.

Dryland Performance Tests Are Not Good Predictors of World Aquatics Points in Elite Male and Female Swimmers.

Background: Swim performance can be reliant on strength and power. Standardisation of swim performance in different events, distances, and sexes can be completed using World Aquatics points, allowing for ranking of swimmers. The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to assess whether relationships between World Aquatics points and dryland markers of performance existed in male and female elite swimmers separately and combined. Methods: Dryland tests included Optojump® photoelectric cell countermovement jump, countermovement jump reach with a Vertec® system, standing broad jump using a tape measure, repetition maximum testing in the barbell back squat, barbell deadlift, and barbell bench press. Swim performance data and dryland test data on elite male (n = 38) and female (n = 20) Scottish swimmers from 2009-2017 were collected. Swim performance data were converted to World Aquatics federation points, and Bayesian linear regression analyses examined relationships between World Aquatics points and dryland performance tests: countermovement jump height (cm) using an Optojump® photoelectric cells system, countermovement jump height (cm) using a Vertec® device, standing broad jump distance (cm), relative strength (load lifted (kg) per kg of body mass) in the barbell bench press (kg/kg), barbell back squat (kg/kg), barbell deadlift (kg/kg). Results: The Bayesian estimates of change of World Aquatics points for a unit change in jump-based measures were: Optojump®-men = 0.6, women = 0.6, combined = 0.4; Vertec®-men = 4.3, women = -1.6, combined = 2.4; standing broad jump-men = 0, women = 0, combined = 0.4. Strength-based measures were: barbell back squat-men = 2.3, women = 22, combined = -2.5; barbell deadlift-men = -5; barbell bench press-men = 41.8. Conclusions: Dryland performance tests are not good predictors of World Aquatics points and should rather be used for assessing training quality and monitoring injury risks.

Inter-limb differences in upper quarter mobility/stability are not associated with performance in competitive swimmers.

The Y Balance Test-Upper Quarter (YBT-UQ) is a cost-effective, well-established, closed kinetic chain test to assess inter-limb asymmetries in the upper quarter that could negatively affect swimming performance. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine YBT-UQ performances and inter-limb differences as well as its association with swimming performance in athletes with diverging levels of expertise. Forty female and male competitive swimmers (age range: 10-22 years) with different expertise levels (A-squad: n = 9, B-squad: n = 12, C-squad: n = 19) were tested (reach distances for the YBT-UQ) and swimming performance was calculated using the ratio of individual to world best time. YBT-UQ performances (i.e., inferolateral reach direction for the dominant arm: p = .027, ηp2 = .12 and the non-dominant arm: p = .031, ηp2 = .17) but not YBT-UQ inter-limb differences significantly differed between groups and were largest in swimmers with the lowest expertise level (i.e., C-squad). Further, YBT-UQ performances (i.e., inferolateral reach direction [r = -.68 to -.70, both p < .05] and composite score [r = -.65 to -.67, both p < .05] for both arms and medial reach direction for the non-dominant arm [r = -.64, p < .05]) but not inter-limb differences were significantly and negatively correlated with swimming performance among B-squad swimmers. Our results suggest that inter-limb differences in upper quarter mobility/stability are not influenced by the level of expertise and have no significant associations with swimming performance. However, greater reach distances were correlated with lower swimming performance for the B-squad swimmers indicating that a training-related increase in upper quarter mobility/stability could worsen swimming performance in those athletes.

The Impact of Altitude Training on NCAA Division I Female Swimmers’ Performance

In this study, we investigate the effects of altitude training on female swimmers prior to college and how that training ultimately affects perfor- mance in their college career. In particular, for female athletes training in college at altitudes above 5,000 feet, we test whether athletes that trained at altitudes above 5,000 feet prior to college had different time drops between collegiate and high school best times, compared to athletes whose pre-collegiate training was below 5,000 feet. We test the hypothesis that having trained in college at altitudes above 5,000 feet and training prior to college at altitudes above 5,000 feet compared to altitudes below 5,000 feet will result in different observed time drops between collegiate and high school best times. We considered swimmers from four NCAA Division I colleges located in Colorado at altitudes ranging from approximately 5,000 to 7,000 feet above sea level. We collected data on the best pre- collegiate and collegiate times of 167 sprint event (50 freestyle) swimmers, 164 middle-distance event (200 freestyle) swimmers, and 69 distance event (1650 freestyle) swimmers. The subjects were grouped by event specialty and whether or not they trained at altitude prior to their collegiate careers. Time improvements from best pre-collegiate times to best collegiate times between altitude groupings were computed for swimmers and event groups. We conclude that there is no significant drop in time between swimmers who swam at below 5,000 feet in altitude prior to their collegiate careers and those who swam at or above 5,000 feet in altitude.

Suzanne Berlioux, a pioneer in swimming training (1930s–1960s)

ABSTRACT Suzanne Berlioux (1898–1984) is the epitome of a self-taught swimming coach. She managed to carve out an increasingly remarkable place for herself at the edge of the pools, which was populated almost exclusively by male coaches. Her coaching career began in the late 1920s and lasted until 1972. Her exceptional longevity is, without doubt, owing to her different successes with different French female swimmers, almost all of them backstroke specialists. Because of her pragmatism, common sense, and proximity to her pupils, Suzanne Berlioux acquired a reputation and even notoriety, which translated to media recognition during the 1960s, especially after the successes of Christine Caron, her well-known protégé. But this should not let us forget how many difficulties this coach had to overcome to exist in a masculine and sometimes hostile environment.

Sleep Patterns During Pre-Competition Training Phase: A Comparison Between Male and Female Collegiate Swimmers.

While there is a rising focus on sleep issues among athletes, a notable gap exists in the comparative analysis of sleep patterns between male and female athletes. This study aims to evaluate the sleep patterns of collegiate swimmers during a specific period (pre-competition training phase) based on the National Sleep Foundation's recommendations and compares sleep differences between males and females. 15 swimmers (6 males and 9 females) completed the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) and wore actigraphy devices for 8 consecutive nights to record objective sleep patterns including bedtime, wake time, sleep onset latency, total sleep time, wake after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency. The total sleep time of collegiate male (5.0±0.4 h, 4.6 to 5.4h) and female (6.0±0.7 h, 5.5 to 6.5h) swimmers was less than 7 hours per night, and male swimmers' sleep efficiency (76.7±8.9%, 67.4 to 86.0%) was lower than the 85% standard. Male swimmers had less objectively measured sleep duration (p=0.006, d=1.66, large effect), lower sleep efficiency (p=0.013, d=1.51, large effect), and longer wake after sleep onset (p=0.096, d=0.94, moderate effect). Female swimmers had higher sleep difficulty scores (p=0.06, d=1.08, moderate effect), and there was a significant difference in the distribution of sleep difficulty scores between male and female swimmers (p=0.033, V=0.045, small effect). Collegiate swimmers exhibited poor sleep patterns during pre-competition preparation, and the sleep fragmentation of male swimmers was more pronounced. There were sex differences in both subjective and objective measured sleep patterns, with male swimmers having less sleep and low efficiency, while female swimmers experienced more significant sleep disturbances.

Response to "Sleep Patterns During Pre-Competition Training Phase: A Comparison Between Male and Female Collegiate Swimmers" [Letter

Response to "Sleep Patterns During Pre-Competition Training Phase: A Comparison Between Male and Female Collegiate Swimmers" [Letter

Investigation of Factors Related to Sport-Specific Compulsory Element Execution in Artistic Swimming.

Artistic swimming is an Olympic sport requiring a high level of fitness, as well as technical skills, artistry, flexibility, a good sense of rhythm, remarkable lung capacity and physical strength. The artistic swimming of adolescents has been largely untouched by the scientific community, so training this group based on scientific data is difficult. Due to the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, this study aimed to measure the technical elements, strength parameters, and swimming performance of young artistic swimmers and to compare swimming performance and strength with the quality of artistic element performances. Hungarian female junior artistic swimmers (14.36 ± 1.01 year) participated in this study. Swimming tests were performed, and three basic elements (body boost, barracuda, and vertical position) were scored. A negative correlation was found between 100 m freestyle swimming times and vertical position scores, as well as between 50 m breaststroke leg swimming times and body boost scores. Moreover, three months of breaststroke leg swim training resulted in improvements in body boost performance. In addition, a positive correlation was found between mean hand grip strength and barracuda scores, as well as between vertical position scores. According to the results of three months of breaststroke leg training, swimming practice improves artistic swimming performance by itself. A correlation was found between strength parameters and the execution of synchro elements, showing the importance of complex training strategies in this sport.

Effects of different initial speeds on subsequent glide and underwater undulatory swimming

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the effect of different initial speeds on the performance during underwater undulatory swimming (UUS). The study included 13 female swimmers. Each participant was asked to perform a 15-m maximum UUS, starting with four different push-off speeds. The experiment was recorded using three underwater cameras; subsequently, a two-dimensional motion analysis was conducted. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was employed to identify the position where the UUS velocity stabilised. The findings revealed a significant difference in the average swimming velocities during the first cycle of UUS, which was attributed to the variation in initial speed (p < 0.05) while there is no significant difference in the middle and final cycles. The results of SPM analysis suggested that differences in UUS velocity became negligible after approximately 6-m position from the pool wall, regardless of variations in push-off velocity. Furthermore, it was confirmed that swimmers can reach their maximum achievable UUS velocity at approximately 5-m position, even if they fail to execute an effective push-off from the wall. These findings offer valuable insights for future UUS studies, specifically in choosing suitable cycles for analysis.

Comprehensive Study on Musculoskeletal Injuries among Swimmers in Jordan: Causes, Effects, and Prevention Strategies

No prior investigations have evaluated the musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries characteristic of swimming sport in Jordan. This study aimed to identify the most common sports injuries among male and female swimmers in Jordan. Through a survey distributed to the Jordanian Swimming Federation’s registered swimmers, 173 participants (72 female, 101 male) aged 18 to 25 completed the questionnaire. The results of the study showed that the most common injuries were arranged as follows: muscle spasms, muscle cramps, and sprains; 29.8%, 28.6%, and 17.7%, respectively. The most vulnerable areas were the Shoulder 35.3%, followed by the back 14.4 %, the knee 10.7%, and the neck 10.2%. The most common cause of injuries was Inadequate warm-up, where his percentage reached 34%, followed by Overtraining with a percentage of 27%. Reduced training intensity or frequency, impaired stroke technique, limited range of motion or flexibility, and required complete cessation of swimming had the main effectiveness of the swimming performance and training, where the percent was 34.9%, 20.8%,10.3%, and 4.3%, respectively.