Female Sphere Research Articles

Internship in obstetrics and gynecology by interns of the 2nd year of education on the base of maternity home № 1, Odessa

Annotation. Internship in obstetrics and gynecology is carried out in accordance with the Internship Regulations. Internship in obstetrics and gynecology consists of educational and practical parts, conducted according to individual curricula. The purpose of the work is to analyze the organization and peculiarities of internship training by intern doctors of the 2nd year of training in the specialty of obstetrics and gynecology. 12 second-year interns are undergoing an internship in obstetrics and gynecology on the basis of maternity hospital No. 1 in Odesa. The educational part of the internship program of the second year of study in obstetrics and gynecology is three months (15.6 ECTS credits / 468 hours and is conducted under the supervision of employees of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of ONMedU who work on the basis of the maternity hospital. The educational part includes: Course 4 About benign diseases in gynecology (7 credits / 210 hours); Course 5 is devoted to the problems of reproductive medicine (4 credits / 120 hours); Course 6 - study of urogynecological problems (2 credits / 60 hours); Course 7 - study of precancerous pathology of the female sphere (1 credit / 30 hours); the additional program is dedicated to emergency medicine - in the amount of 1.6 credits / 48 hours. Practice of practical skills also takes place in the equipped simulation classes of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the clinical base of maternity hospital No. 1, the Department of Simulation Medicine. the practical part of the internship is 8 months (1248 hours). The level of mastery for each competence, practical skill is determined in the range from A to D. The mandatory number of manipulations, operations is controlled by the curator in accordance with the recording in the operational log, the manipulation log and is approved by the supervising department in the Diary of an intern. An urgent issue is the need to ensure professional development of personal qualities of specialists, acquisition of new knowledge and skills. The interaction between the teacher and the internal obstetrician-gynecologist consists in the use of modern technologies, increasing the quality of success and evaluation.

Men have to be competent in something, women need to show their bodies. Gender, digital youth cultures and popularity

ABSTRACT Social media represents a significant part of digital youth culture, providing young people with models, symbolic resources, and space for self-presentation and reputation management. This study explored how the ideal of entrepreneurialism, which marks the social media logic of attention and visibility, is appropriated by young people in ways that allow them to challenge or reaffirm traditional gender and sexual norms. This research was based on empirical material collected through online workshops involving 12 Italian schools (42 classes and about 900 students), in which we asked participants to join in an activity to create fictional accounts that could become popular with their peers. Our analysis shows that young people discursively construct gender and sexual norms, frequently reproducing dominant cultural discourses on gender and heteronormativity. Young people’s discourse focuses on the apparent feminization of the internet and a perception of social media platforms as belonging to the female sphere. The feminization of the internet leads to a discourse that concerns men’s need to link technical competence, professionalism, and masculinity in order to perpetuate the stereotypical portrayal of women as bearers of an innate sexual power that compensates for their perceived lack of digital skills.

Female consumer entrepreneurship in Asia: capabilities for micro-entrepreneurial success and the role of coaching and training

Purpose The direct selling model adopted in the beauty and cosmetics industry puts female consumer entrepreneurs at the heart of the business model. A neglected phenomenon in female entrepreneurship, this study aims to focus on female sales agents’ capabilities that are linked to sales performance and examine which capabilities might be shaped and enhanced through coaching and training in an emerging economy context. Design/methodology/approach Survey data were generated from a sample of 249 female sales agents who agreed to participate in a coaching and training programme run by a focal firm. Data were collected in two phases to investigate the capabilities linked to sales performance pre-intervention and the impact of coaching and training on the relationships between the capabilities and sales performance post-intervention. The time-lag data were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling. Findings For female sales agents, self-efficacy and sales experience have a significant positive effect on adaptive sales performance both before and after the coaching and training intervention. In contrast, intellectual capital and self-motivation had a non-significant relationship with sales performance before the intervention. However, after the intervention, the relationship between these variables became positive and significant. Originality/value The study demonstrates the effects of pre- and post-coaching and training on female consumer entrepreneurs’ capabilities and the links to sales performance. These findings add critical empirical knowledge on how female consumer entrepreneurship may be developed and the role of entrepreneurship for female empowerment in the Asian context. Collectively, the findings bring to the fore the female sphere in consumer entrepreneurship research in emerging economies.

Mother, Warrior, and Prophet: The Myth of Kim Jong Suk in DPRK Cinema

In the late 1970s, North Korean propaganda began to increasingly idolize various members of the Kim Il Sung family. Among the hagiographies of the so-called bloodline of Mt. Paektu is that of Kim Jong Suk (1917–1949), the first wife of Kim Il Sung and the mother of Kim Jong Il. Although her cult has attracted the attention of many scholars, this is the first study on the representation of Kim Jong Suk on the screen. The article provides an analysis of five movies dedicated to her, created between 1979 and 1985. All were written by Paek In-jun, the most important screenwriter in Kim Jong Il’s film production unit. The image of Kim Jong Suk in cinema is highly idealized and she is ascribed attributes that exceed typical human capacities; however, cinematic representations of her are careful not to suggest any that might be interpreted as supernatural. Kim Jong Suk is a master in both the male and female spheres. She is a compassionate mother, healer, and nurturer, and at other times as ruthless, merciless warrior. The Mother-Warrior figure she represents refers to paradigms popular in the Communist sphere, and Kim Jong Suk’s selflessness is characteristic of the so-called hidden heroes of North Korean cinema. The uniqueness of Kim Jong Suk lies in her close relation with Kim Il Sung, not as a wife but as his most faithful follower. It makes her a convincing messenger of his messianic role.

How to Be a Perfect Woman: The Evolution of Italian Renaissance Female Portraiture and Decorum

Renaissance portraiture represents more than the sitters. These images portray complex conceptualizations of identities, layered amalgams of the personal and political; dynastic and economic; amorous and pious; and present, future, and eternal. In the late fifteenth century, side profile portraits were the norm, characterized by the superiority of aloofness and nonchalance. Typically commissioned by husbands to celebrate marriages, these portraits memorialize the brides’ domesticity, piety, and above all, chastity. With Leonardo da Vinci’s groundbreaking Mona Lisa of ca. 1503 came the revolutionary change in female portrait composition, widely imitated by masters of the time. Females portrayed after this transition engaged the viewers directly, deviating from the previous detachment. These portraits are focused on harmony, with the prevalence of triangular formations along with scenic backdrops. The early sixteenth century saw another shift in female portrait ideals: artists were no longer constrained by traditional female decorum, but rather focused on exploring feminine sexuality. Belle Donne paintings and various counterparts grant viewers intimate insights into the lives of Renaissance women, whose sexuality was celebrated in the private sphere but remained taboo in public. Eventually, as more female art patrons rose to power in the mid-sixteenth century, the practice of female portraiture ceased to be dominated by male patriarchy, becoming rather a part of the female sphere. In this paper, I explored the evolution of female portraiture in chronological order, tracing the shift in feminine decorum along the way, ending with a survey of the connection between the art world and the literary realm.

Memory as a women’s space in the novel “The Museum of Abandoned Secrets” by O. Zabuzhko

The subject of the research is the conceptualization of memory as a female sphere in the novel “The Museum of Abandoned Secrets” by O. Zabuzhko. The key problem of the study is the interpretation of the image of women in the novel in the context of national and generational memory. The objective of the research is to explore the female domains associated with the space of memory and to highlight the peculiarities of the image of women as keepers of memory. The descriptive, hermeneutic, and intertextual analysis methods have been employed to achieve the objective. The novelty of the research lies in the examination of female images in the novel from the perspective of the burden of representation (N. Yuval-Davis) and considering the conceptual positions of O. Zabuzhko outlined in the essay “A Woman Author in Colonial Culture, or Necessities for Ukrainian Gender Mythology”. As a result, it was established that the sphere of memory in the novel “The Museum of Abandoned Secrets” is associated with such female domains as: special female creativity (artistic transformation of destroyed household items in the works by Vladyslava Matusevych); girls’ game of “secrets”; the private space of home, which is opposed to the space of “official truth”; intimate relationships and pregnancy. Women appear as keepers of national memory and reproducers of the nation itself (through their ability to give birth), as well as bearers of mystical knowledge about the past. The study traces the anti-colonial discourse of “The Museum of Abandoned Secrets” in a distinct synthesis of gender and national issues. The woman in O. Zabuzhko’s novel is “burdened” with the burden of representation — her bodily being represents the national dignity of her country. Accordingly, the mistake in choosing a man is perceived as a tragic mistake of the heroine (Olena Dovhan), which her heiress (Daryna Hoshchynska) must atone for. The image of Olena Dovhan is seen as a variant of the iconic image of Kateryna, which embodies colonised Ukraine. In contrast, we observe in the image of Daryna Hoshchynska a distinct type of heroine whose intimate life is a space of decolonisation. In the intimate relationship between Daryna and Adrian, the reconstruction of family memory takes place, which reflect collective memory — the memories of the Holodomor and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army’s liberation struggle. The culmination of this relationship is Daryna’s pregnancy, which represents the liberation of Ukraine-woman from the rule of foreigners and gives hope for victory in the war against the coloniser. The study of the gender aspect of postcolonial memory allows for broad prospects within feminist literary studies, literary memory studies, and other fields.

‘Perfect in her own perfection’: Women Writers in The Bell

This essay examines the role played by magazine culture in the exclusion of women writers from the traditional Irish short story canon by looking at the presence and representation of women writers in The Bell (1940–1954), Ireland’s most influential mid-twentieth century literary periodical. The magazine did much to promote aspiring short story writers, but was less willing to perform their role as cultivator of new talent typical of periodical publication when it came to women apprentices. The first part of the essay gives a general picture of women’s presence in the magazine. The second part probes the underlying assumptions with have led to the systematic curtailment of women writers, and the final section maps the wider impact of these processes on the short story canon in Ireland. Despite The Bell’s progressive and inclusive credentials, the magazine proved to be an uncongenial place for women writers: with its masculine rhetoric, its representation of authorship as a male preserve, its persistent othering of women writers, its foregrounding of male experience in its fiction, and the effects of male gatekeeping, The Bell uncritically reflected and reproduced the rigid binary divisions that separated male and female spheres in Irish society at large, and ultimately contributed to the marginalization of women writers in the short story canon in Ireland.

Effects on a hypercaloric diet ingested from weaning on sexual behavior of adult male rats

Obesity is a nutritional disorder which has spread across the world mostly due to a more sedentary life style together with an increase in dietary fat and carbohydrate. The scientific literature in the field of obesity shows an extensive amount of clinical and experimental studies dealing with etiopathogeny, intervening problems, prevention and potential intervention. Among them, many studies have examined the impact of obesity in the reproductive field, mainly in the female sphere. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a hypercaloric diet ingested from weaning interferes with the sexual behavior of adult male rats. Male Wistar rats (at 100 days of age) from the hypercaloric diet group (HD group, n=9) received a hypercaloric diet, containing 4,79 kcal/g and Control animals (n=7) were fed a normocaloric laboratory chow containing 3.78 Kcal/g. For analysis of sexual behavior, one adult male was placed in the observation cage 4 hours after the beginning of the dark phase and 10 min before (for adaptation to the environment) an adult receptive female in natural estrus was introduced. The parameters of sexual behavior (latency and quantity of mounts, intromission and ejaculation), were tape-recorded and registered simultaneously by two investigators, during a 30-min session, with light provided by a 40-watt red lamp. Concerning sexual behavior, the HD animals presented (i) a 70% increase in the amount of incomplete mounts (mounts without intromission), (ii) a 3-fold increase in the latency for the first intromission, (iii) a 27% decrease in the latency for the first pos-ejaculatory intromission, and (iv) a 26% decrease in the frequency of ejaculation. The lower reproductive performance and the tendency of fertility decrease in animals fed a hypercaloric diet from weaning to adulthood, allows us to suggest a negative interference between the ingestion of a hypercaloric diet and these reproductive parameters. Although results obtained from animals should not be directly extrapolated to humans, they may add evidence concerning the deleterious effects of a hypercaloric diet on humans and the species.

‘Mister Speaker! I therefore have no claim’ – Agda Östlund’s Entrance in the Parliamentary Debate in March 1922 in a Historical and Rhetorical Perspective

In March 1922 the Social Democrat Agda Östlund (1870–1942) speaks as the first female member of Swedish Parliament in the Second Chamber due to her own proposal for the state to take responsibility for arranging suitable work for tuberculosis patients when they leave the sanatorium, so that they can complete their convalescence. It may seem that democracy was once and for all established when women were finally included in the Parliament. But that was not the case. The question is how Agda Östlund acts in a formative historical stage after the first democratic election, how she finds a speaking position and how her speech can be understood in relation to the negotiation of the meaning of women’s civil and democratic rights.
 This article includes a contextualisation and a text analysis where I go into how the text relates to a rhetorical situation. I see Agda Östlund’s utterances as rhetorical in accordance with the theoretical perspectives established by Lloyd F. Bitzer where the key concepts are rhetorical situation, problem, restrictions and audience. Agda Östlund uses the mother role as a rhetorical strategy, connects the issue of tuberculosis to the home and everyday environment and nursing, which are traditionally female spheres, and highlights class injustice in the possibility of completing convalescence after sanitation. The mother role and the factual and low-key argumentation have two purposes in this speech – partly to adapt to the Parliament order, and partly to present the actual issue. The rhetorical strategy is about using the mother role as a persona to make the class perspective a matter of care, nursing and compassion.
 Östlund’s entry into the Parliament debate can be described as a rhetorically fragile situation because she speaks for the very substance of her own motion while at the same time following the committee’s line, in which she herself is a part, and demands a rejection of it.

Violence as Control, Revenge, or Defense

This article analyses the universe of the traditional ballad from a perspective that problematizes gender power relations and masculinity. This universe is generally characterised by masculine domination, separation of male and female spheres, and manifest structures of power. Masculine violence, not least sexual violence, tends to be normative, especially in heroic ballads and ballads of chivalry, although other masculinities also exist. Feminine power is usually circumscribed, and feminine violence is accepted only under certain conditions. Several narrative motifs concerning masculinity, femininity, violence and power structures can be traced across different ballad types. The author analyses some of these motifs, and clusters of motifs, using the methods of re-reading, close reading and cross-reading. Examples are taken from the Scandinavian and English-Scottish ballad corpora.

Senses and Gender in Modern and Ancient Greek Healing Rituals

This article presents ethnographic fieldwork combined with studies of historical sources to explore modern and ancient healing rituals in Greece. It focuses on the importance of the senses, especially smell, taste, and sight, in relation to gendered practices and beliefs about healing. In Greece, healing rituals are generally connected with the domestic sphere where women are the dominant agents of power. Based upon the author’s fieldwork, the article presents the “female sphere” from the perspectives of female informants. It seeks to deconstruct male perceptions of women and their magic healing rituals that appear in ancient sources produced by men, by a comparison with the modern material.

Biological features of Crocus speciosus M. Bieb. (Iridaceae family)

The paper presents the results of studying the decorative species Crocus speciosus. Some features of the formation and development of male and female generative spheres are presented. It is shown that the formed anther wall is generated by the epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. The wall of the mature anther is formed by the epidermis, fibrous endothecium with fibrous thickening, and a tapetal spathella with sporopollenin orbicles. Analysis of mature pollen grains showed a rather high proportion of normal pollen grains (80%), which under favorable conditions indicates a high ability to effectively pollinate. The characteristics of the female generative sphere are also shown: three-celled ovary; anatropic, bitegmal, funicular, crassinucellate ovule; linear tetrad of megaspores; Polygonum-type of embryonic sac development. The processes of flowering, pollination and seed formation are described.

Apotropaic Bes: Egyptian terracotta figurines depicting the god Bes from the collection of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts

The article examines eight ancient Egyptian terracotta figurines of the Graeco-Roman Period, stored in the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts; three of them have not been published before. Five objects were acquired by V.S. Golenischev in Egypt, three come from other sources. The figurines are united by a common style – they were made in the form of the ancient Egyptian god Bes, standing in a tense pose with his hands on knees and, apparently, symbolizing a willingness to fight against malign forces. Most of the figurines belong to the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods, but one item should be dated earlier – to the 5th–4th centuries BC. God Bes was considered a protector in the most dangerous and critical life periods (childbirth, sleep, illness, death) and therefore gained wide popularity in Egypt. Probably, in relation to the family, Bes played the same role as the Lares in Ancient Rome, who protected the home, hearth and family. If the ancient Egyptian goddesses, for example, Isis and Taurt, contributed to female fertility and the birth of healthy offspring, then the function of Bes was broader – to guarantee effective protection of everything related to the female sphere (fertility, conception, pregnancy and childbirth). Bes is inextricably linked with the child god Horus / Harpocrates and guarded babies and children from numerous visible and invisible dangers – from evil spirits and diseases to snake and scorpion bites. Due to their apotropaic properties, Bes images become a popular symbol on various household items; in various forms, images of Bes adorned a special part of the house – the bedroom. Figurines of Bes prevail in the home context; however they are also found in burials, and associated with ability of Bes to guard the “sleep” of the deceased.

Fieldwork and Ancient Sources

The article presents a new method for the study of antiquity: ethnographic fieldwork results combined with studies of ancient sources. The study addresses the interrelationship between oral and written sources. The pilgrimage centre located on the island of Tinos, which houses a miraculous holy icon (image) of the Annunciation of the Panagia (“the All-Holy One”, or the Virgin Mary), is central here. Many dedications in the sanctuary are memorials linked to the most famous miracle cures worked by the icon. These are written down in a church pamphlet distributed to pilgrims, and this aspect of the miracles is further illustrated by examining the sanctuary’s archive housing letters from several categories of believers, including white and black magic. We also meet the activities that most often are performed by female pilgrims, including vows, prayers and offerings, accompanied by oral sharing of stories of miracles. Women reproduce written miracles in their own way too, as they likewise do with miracles they have heard from others. Many of these share similarities to what we read about in ancient sources, generally authored by men, as well as in inscriptions telling us about the healing miracles of Epidauros, where ancient pilgrims journeyed. The article discusses some of these through a comparison in order to shed new light on the ancient world. The male-produced texts must be deconstructed and considered from a gyno-inclusive perspective by examining them in conjunction with information from the female sphere, such as the few sources authored by ancient women and the oral stories shared by modern women.

What Difference Gender Makes: Obstetricians in Nineteenth-Century Brazil

Like in most places around the world, childbirth assistance in Brazil was traditionally performed by women. In 1832, however, a law was passed requiring a license for the exercise of medicine, pharmacy, and midwifery. That event marked the differentiation between the traditional and the modern kind of childbirth assistants, leading to an increasing process of medicalization of birth. Hence, the historiography on the subject has pointed out the appropriation by men of a traditional women’s world. This article seeks to understand the gender dynamics in the birthing room by focusing on the new kind of professional that emerged in Brazil in the early nineteenth century: the “graduated midwife.” To what extent was there cooperation or competition between physicians and graduated midwives? How different were their obstetrical practices? After examining the Annaes Brasiliensis de Medicina—the official publication of the Imperial Academy of Medicine—I argue that the graduated midwife was the historical intermediate in transitioning from traditional midwifery to scientific obstetrics. Finally, I conclude that, as a woman of science, the graduated midwife filled the gap that isolated the female sphere of care from the male sphere of science, paving the road for the entrance of women in medicine in 1879.

Judaism in the Kitchen: Ritual Space of the Mountain Jewish Women of Dagestan

The article investigates the gender and ritual roles of the Mountain Jewish women of Dagestan. The research is based on fieldwork conducted by the "Sefer" Center in 2018. The author suggests that in the Mountain Jewish communities the central component of ritual life is a collective feast, but not the synagogue as it is in many other Jewish communities. Since traditionally women are responsible for preparing food, they shape and pass on the traditions of the Mountain Jews. They organize community celebrations and rites of passage. During Soviet times, the power over the ritual process transferred from the centralized male system, the synagogue, to the female sphere.

Il velo della finzione. La novella decameroniana di Arriguccio e monna Sismonda

This article analyses the novella of Arriguccio and Monna Sismonda (Decameron VII 8), studying both its specific setting and the rhetorical and literary features that shape it. The first sections are dedicated to reconstructing the historical framework that serves as a backdrop to the theme of marital deceit, i.e. marriages between parvenu merchants and women of impoverished noble families (the so-called ‘ingentilire per moglie’) that characterised thirteenth-century social ‘mobility’ in Florence. The core of the article is dedicated to the narrative mechanisms of deception and the models that may have served as inspiration for Boccaccio, with the aim of identifying the possible ties between this novella and the fabliau tradition, while at the same time analysing the intratextual connections with other stories in the Decameron (in particular, III 3 and VII 8). The study concludes by examining the complex symbolism associated with the thread and the veil, both of which are profoundly linked to the female sphere (including a comparison with III 2).

Popular cultural representations of postfeminist religiosity in the International Christian Fellowship: an analysis of the \u201cLadies Lounge 2021\u201d webpage

Femininity and female gender roles in conservative religious environments are highly disputed topics both within communities of faith and in sociological discourse. In light of social transformations of gender perceptions in the past decades, conservative Christians have had to reevaluate traditional understandings of womanhood in societies that have become steeped in popular culture and thoroughly mediatized. Taking this development as a point of departure, this article examines how femininity is represented in the International Christian Fellowship, particularly on its “Ladies Lounge” webpage. Advertising an annual event geared exclusively towards women, the website’s landing page contains images and text that we examine by means of visual and textual sequence analysis. Our research results reveal that women are depicted as sensually attractive and self-confidently professional while at the same time being relegated to an exclusively female sphere within (but not beyond) which they wield authority and influence. As such, femininity is represented as self-empowering, but only within a specific, postfeminist framework. This ambivalent depiction of women’s agency challenges conservative Evangelical values at the same time as it affirms them. In this sense, the study contributes the growing body of literature on gender and Evangelicalism.

The Imprints of Women's Education in Nanyang: Graphics of Nanyang Female Intellectuals in Early Modern Chinese Pictorials and Magazines and its ignificance

<p>教育一直是南洋華人念茲在茲的民族事業，早在一九零八年即有女子學校。除了近現代南洋書籍與報刊的新聞或文化記述，上海出版的畫報雜誌亦偶見南洋知識女性圖像。這些照片提供我們回溯近現代南洋微觀卻具體的小歷史。本文因而嘗試通過近現代刊物中的南洋女子圖像，勾勒南洋知識女性的面貌以及圖像所凸顯出來的南洋知識女性教育與校園生活。這些畫報與雜誌中刊出的多為女教員與女學生身影。知識身份成為她們姿容重要的添加物，展現了知識女性新氣度、時代精神及積極展現自我的自覺。一些畫報也突出女運動員的英姿風貌，強調女性得以步入現代化的教育方式，注重女性身體健康與自我超越。此外，通過女學集體照，我們可以看見隨著時間逐漸增長的人數以及女學生大型集體活動如運動會、演劇、西式體操等，拓展女性身體的公共空間。</p> <p> </p><p>Prior to the formation of the Federation of Malaya, the Chinese community which has settled in Nanyang sees education as a very important issue. Hence in 1908, the girls’ schools were established. There are images and accounts which depict the condition of women’s education in Nanyang, either in the local news report or cultural narrative. Occasionally, there are also some photos of Nanyang female intellectuals published in Shanghai’s pictorials and magazines. This paper examines the graphics of Nanyang female in pictorials and magazines, and tries to highlight their educational environment and life in schools. These visual materials mostly feature female principals, teachers and students, which exhibit the lively character of female intellectuals. Besides that, the print media also drew attention to the heroic appearance of sportswomen, emphasized the women’s ability to integrate themselves well in the modern education system and responded with a consciousness on physical health and self-transcendence. Furthermore, group photos of their participation in gymnastics, sports competition and drama performance were also published on the pictorials and magazines. The increase of female participants in large-scale group activities as presented in this paper shows the expansion of the female public sphere in that era.</p> <p> </p>

Развитие женского гаметофита и эмбриогенез интродуцированных видов Picea А. Dietr. в таежной зоне (Карелия)

The aim of the research was to establish features in macrosporogenesis, macrogametogenesis, and embryogenesis in Picea species (native species P. abies and introduced species P. canadensis and P. pungens) in the Botanical Garden of Petrozavodsk State University (middle taiga subzone). To study the development of the generative sphere, shoots with generative buds and strobiles from the southwestern side of the crown were cut from 10 trees and fixed in a mixture of alcohol and glycerin. The development of the female gametophyte and the embryo was studied with constant preparations. Preparations for anatomical examination of the kidneys were prepared according to standard methods. In this case, double fixation in glutaraldehyde and osmium was used, wiring through alcohol and acetone, and encapsulation in epoxy resin. Sections with a thickness of about 1 μm were prepared on an ultramicrotome and stained in a 1% aqueous solution of methylene blue. Studies have established that in mid-May, the female gametophyte is still at a free stage, and by the beginning of June it already has a cellular structure. Embryogenesis begins in late July and ends in the second decade of August. In introduced species, various deviations are observed in the development of the female generative sphere and during embryogenesis. The main ones are the degeneration of the female gametophyte at the free-nuclear stage and the destruction of archegonia at the stage of proembryogenesis. For this reason, from 37 to 51% of the seeds of introducers are devoid of the embryo. The largest percentage of empty seeds and the most recent stages of the passage of the main stages of morphogenesis are observed in P. pungens. This indicates the least degree of adaptability of the generative sphere of this species of introducer to new conditions.