Female Social Roles Research Articles

How to Enhance Female Self-Perception and Social Role Awareness in Adolescent Education Through The Second Sex

This paper explores how Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex can be utilized in adolescent education to enhance female self-perception and social role awareness. The Second Sex critically examines the socio-cultural construction of femininity, arguing that gender roles are not innate but socially imposed. By integrating Beauvoir’s insights into the educational curriculum, young women are encouraged to critically analyze the external narratives shaping their identities and societal roles. The paper discusses key themes from The Second Sex, such as the myth of the “Eternal Feminine,” the socialization of girls, and the critique of traditional gender expectations. It highlights classroom strategies, including reflective writing, media analysis, debates, and collaborative learning, which empower students to challenge conformity, build critical thinking skills, and redefine their roles in society. Through this approach, educators can foster a supportive environment that inspires young women to actively shape their identities and resist restrictive societal norms, ultimately contributing to a more equitable and self-aware generation.

Reading Between the Lines: a Critical Analysis of Representation in English Textbooks for Telangana State Government Schools

This paper discusses the presence of gender bias in English textbooks used in government schools in Telangana, South India. The analysis covers various aspects, including the representation of male and female characters, social and domestic roles assigned to them, the order of appearance in phrases, and the visual representations in illustrations. The key findings include an uneven distribution of male and female characters, with males predominating. Males are assigned a wider range of social roles, while females are often portrayed in stereotypical domestic roles such as homemakers. The order of appearance in phrases tends to favor males. In visual representations, females are shown more frequently engaging in housework, while males are depicted more often in activities outside the home, suggesting a gender imbalance. The biased and stereotypical gender representation in the textbooks may influence young learners' perceptions and contribute to gender disparity in society. Hence it is recommended that instructional materials may be revised to provide quality education without biases.

Anita Desai’s Fasting, Feasting: Gender and Social Roles

ABSTRACT: Anita Desai’s tenth novel, Fasting, Feasting deals with themes of deprivation, abundance and being trapped in society's claims. It also deals with male and female roles in two completely different cultures, Indian and American cultures. The contrast in the novel can be understood from the novel’s title. The pressures and expectations placed on the different characters in the novel show the contrast in the social roles men and women are expected to fulfill, both in India and in the United States. While men are expected to be hard working, academic, and successful, the social value of women is dependent on their submissiveness, domestic abilities, beauty and child bearing. Aruna and Uma are raised, educated, and groomed only with marriage in mind. When the multiple attempts of MamaPapa to arrange a marriage for Uma fail, it becomes Uma’s job to take care of her baby brother, Arun, and later her aging parents. Mama’s identity is tied in with her role as the wife of an important man, and she seldom disagrees with him. Anamika meets the social expectations of female submission—yet, abused to death, Anamika experiences the ultimate loss of freedom that threatens all women who are forced to fulfill the feminine ideal. Dr. Dutt and Mira-masi both represent women who, independent of family and men, defy female social roles. Men also lose their free will and individual expression to the social roles they must fill. American society as portrayed in the novel also places gendered expectations onto its members, particularly in regards to male and female beauty. Mrs. Patton, like her daughter Melanie, is burdened by American ideals of female perfection and beauty, which are obsessed with dangerous degrees of thinness and over-tanning. Mr. Patton and Rod similarly fulfill the traditional Macho American stereotype of athleticism and hard work. Like Papa, Mr. Patton assumes passive control over the members of his household. Mrs. Patton, like Mama, appears to have no other identity beyond wife and mother.

Dampak Gadget Terhadap Perkembangan Fungsi Sosial Remaja Di Pertanian IV Lebak Bulus Jakarta Selatan

Teenagers whose daily lives are altered by excessive gadget use may face a variety of health and social issues as a result of their overindulgence in technology. The purpose of this study is to ascertain how teenage social function development is impacted by gadget use. This study employs descriptive approaches in a qualitative manner. Data were gathered by documenting, interviewing, and observation. Purposive sampling is the method used in this study to select informants. Additionally, this study triangulates its data in order to verify the information derived from the field findings.The study's findings show what adolescents go through in terms of social functions, including developing new, more mature relationships with both male and female peers, achieving male and female social roles, accepting and making use of their physical condition, seeking emotional independence from parents and other adults, achieving guaranteed economic freedom, making career and family-planning decisions, and developing intellectual concepts and skills that are critical for civic competence. Additionally, informants reported negative effects, such as excessive use of gadgets that waste money on everyday necessities and negatively impact teenage behavior.

Edukacja kobiet w kontekście imperialnej polityki narodowej (na przykładzie ziem byłego Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w latach 1830–1860)

The article traces the process of elaboration of education policies in women’s education in the Northwest of the Russian Empire by different agents of the imperial state on the central and local levels in the 1830s–1860s. The principal goal is not the history of education in a gendered perspective but rather the history of female social roles and national differences in this troubling imperial borderland. The ethnic and confessional markers of difference in the analysis aimed at producing a complex and dynamic picture of conjuncture of social, national, and gender discourses as well as idiosyncratic local considerations in contradictory efforts of imperial social engineering are complicated by the gender marker.

The Early Rise of Female Consciousness and Long-Term Female Labor Force Participation

In traditional culture, the gender concepts of “men dominating outside the home and women dominating inside the home” have a profound impact on the orientation of female social roles. The intergenerational transmission of these concepts may be an important reason for the low rate of contemporary female labor force participation (FLFP). Based on the publication of female periodicals during the period of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China and the survey data of China Family Panel Studies in 2010, this article finds that the awakening of early female independent consciousness and the breaking of feudal gender concepts are conducive to improving the employability of contemporary women. Research results show that FLFP rate is generally higher in regions where more female periodicals are issued from 1840 to 1949. The reason may be that the general promotion of female human capital and intergenerational transmission of concepts of equality may have important explanatory power as well as enhancement of marital quality. This article provides new evidence for the role of attitudes for local development stated by Max Weber.

The Effects of Activating Gender-Related Social Roles on Financial Risk-Taking

Previous studies observed differences between men and women in terms of their financial risk-taking. However, these differences may stem not only from the gender of the decision-maker but also from other factors, such as stereotypical gender social roles. Media content exposes both men and women to stereotypical portrayals of their gender, and this might temporarily activate thoughts related to their social roles. A question arises whether such activation might impact the way people make risky financial decisions. The present experimental study investigated whether temporarily activated gender-related social roles influence the risk-taking propensities of men and women (N = 319) in the context of gambling and investment choices. The results show that activating a stereotypically male social role (professional employee) made both men and women more prone to take financial risks relative to a control condition. Furthermore, activating a stereotypically female social role (homemaker) lowered the propensity to take financial risks in both genders for the investment domain and in women only for the gambling domain. This study contributes to the literature on gender differences in economic behavior by showing that researchers should not overlook sociocultural factors.

Critical Discourse Analysis on “Bright: An English” Textbook: Gender Equity in a Popular EFL School Textbook in Indonesia

Using Critical Discourse Analysis as an analysis tool, this study explores gender representation in the national EFL textbook “Bright: An English” for Eighth Grade Junior High School students, a book utilized in Al-Ikhlas Lambuya Junior High School’s learning and teaching process. Fairclough's three-dimensional framework was used to examine the data in this study. The study aims to see how gender roles are communicated and how gender equity is reflected in the textbook. To uncover the power imbalance or disparity between males and females, characteristics such as male and female visual representation, male and female characters, male and female social, domestic duties, male and female semantic roles, and activities were investigated. The research revealed a gender bias in favour of men in particular functions and activities, such as becoming an 'athlete,' engaging in social events, and participating in sports. On the other hand, female dominance is evident in that female students outnumber male students significantly. Nevertheless, the study discovered some equality in terms of pictorial representation, some activities, and roles. Although conventional roles and behaviours are associated with female and male genders in this book, all genders are equally portrayed in terms of social position, power, and domination. Furthermore, no ideology such as anti-feminism or masculinity is discussed in this text.

Виртуален матриархат: онлайн общности на български жени

Abstract: The paper presents the results of a study on user-generated content in groups of Bulgarian mothers on the social media Facebook. Concepts of the characteristics of a hypothetical social system of matriarchy are examined in order to trace their applicability to the studied virtual environment. The transition from the BG-Mamma forum platform to Facebook groups as the preferred environment for interaction between mothers who dominate the Bulgarian online parental communities is analysed. The specifics of online communities are considered. The study identifies thematic categories of the publications in the studied groups and reaches its conclusions through the analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators. It outlines the emerging trends in the contemporary social roles of Bulgarian women, without neglecting the limitation of the possible distinction between online identity and its offline characteristics. The theme of otherness is explored in the Bulgarian social and cultural context through an analysis of its manifestations in virtual space. The novelty in the study of otherness is also at the level of the role of Bulgarian mothers as parents and as participants in virtual groups, in which they present the topics of motherhood, fatherhood, health and upbringing of children. Otherness manifests itself at the verbal and visual level when presenting information and at the level of arguments when presenting positions and theses on these topics. Keywords: matriarchy, social media, online communities, groups of mothers on social media, female social roles.

Kobieca koncepcja „bycia-w-świecie”: źródła literackie i stan badań. Rozpoznania cząstkowe

The article is an attempt to look at the state of research in Poland concerning the study of femininity and women as well as literary sources in this field. The female concept of “being-in-the-world” is an original version, in line with the current trend of literary studies, conducted for many years, and initiated or initiated on a larger scale in the 90s of the twentieth century. The presence of a woman or her “being-in-the world” defines female experiences, family, social and national roles, love, initiation, rebellious or personal relationships, and thus refers to mythical and stereotypical phenomena rooted in culture. It is also about female learning about the world, being in reality, in culture, in literature, most often through writing, marking the experience of time.

Female teachers' child abuse reporting role in Oman: Results from focus groups

BackgroundSchoolteachers are in a good position to identify and report suspected child abuse and neglect cases; however, they still fail to report all the cases. Recently, the Sultanate of Oman, which is a collectivistic culture, mandated schoolteachers to report any suspected case. However, there is a lack of evidence known to us about the factors associated with Omani teachers' reporting behavior. Such evidence is needed to inform the interventions that are designed to enhance teachers' reporting behavior. ObjectiveThe current study was designed to address this gap by exploring the factors that affect Omani schoolteachers reporting behavior of suspected child abuse and neglect cases. Participants and settingA total of 26 participants were recruited from five basic education schools in the Muscat governorate in Oman. MethodsThis is a descriptive qualitative study. Five focus group discussions were conducted. Thematic coding was used for data analysis. ResultsThree themes were discerned from the data analysis. The factors that affect Omani schoolteachers as described by the participants were: 1) reporting within an environment of educational resource scarcity; 2) reporting within an environment of competing female social roles and their professional reporting role; and 3) reporting within an environment of complex and diverse abuse and neglect cases. ConclusionsOur findings highlight the role of culture in reporting behavior. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Donor-Funded Women\u2019s Empowerment in Tajikistan: Trajectories of Women\u2019s NGOs and Changing Attitudes to the International Agenda

This article investigates internationally funded women’s empowerment initiatives in Tajikistan. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the subsequent Tajik civil war (1992–1997), this newly independent, Muslim-majority country has experienced an influx of foreign aid, including in the field of women’s rights. Drawing on extensive fieldwork, the article analyzes the growth and diversification of local, Western-funded women’s non-governmental organizations (NGOs) between 1991 and 2020, paying attention to their leadership and aims, as well as changing perceptions of donors’ interventions. It is argued that, initially, local activists were supportive of international projects, which promoted gender equality by supporting women’s integration into the new, capitalist economy. In the last decade, however, an increasing conditionality of funding and deteriorating donor-NGO relations has fueled local contestations of the international agenda. The donor-enhanced women’s empowerment model, which fosters individual responsibility and self-reliance, is increasingly criticized for aggravating the conditions of local women in the context of a growing economic insecurity characterizing the local capitalist economy. Against this resentment, an alternative women’s empowerment model, advancing gender equity based on complementarity of male and female social roles and stressing the importance of family as a safety net against economic precarity, is gaining prominence locally.

낭만주의와 여성의 시민권: 젠더와 문화, 공동체 의식

This study aims to explore how women’s citizenship against patriarchy and gender inequality is reflected in the works of Romanticism. The principal element is to analyze gender, culture and community spirit in the works of the Romantic writers Mary Wollstonecraft, William Blake, Anna Barbauld, and Amelia Opie. As radicals, all of them wanted to pursue women’s citizenship against the stereotyped gender roles amid the revolutionary period. Wollstonecraft enthusiastically attempted to get the gender equality of female social roles. Blake attempted to recover gender identity against dichotomous gender roles through his protagonist Thel and Oothoon. Barbauld prophesied of the British empire’s end and Opie desired a peaceful community without racial discrimination. It is impossibility to appreciate the hope of women achieving citizenship without approaching the new values of race, class, and gender in British Romanticism.

Women's Liberation in Meiji Japan: Ruptures in Cultural Conceptions of Female Education, Social Roles, and Political Rights

In 1872, the Meiji government issued the Education Act aiming to provide basic public education for boys and girls. The clash between Confucian ideals of women and the recently introduced Western literature on female liberation divided opinions among scholars. Having been influenced by the writings of British thinkers such as John Stuart Mill or Herbert Spencer, Japanese male and female thinkers proceeded to enlist various arguments in favor of female schooling and equal rights. Despite their advocating the right of women to attend schools, as well as their general agreement regarding the favorable results that girls’ education could bring to the nation, it is possible to identify key differences among scholars concerning the content of girls’ education and the nature of women’s rights. This paper focuses on Kishida Toshiko, an important female figure in Meiji politics who fought not only for female education but emerged at the forefront of activism in her advocacy of women’s political rights and universal suffrage, showing the clear influence of British suffragette Millicent Garret Fawcett.

O envelhecimento dos corpos e a questão dos gêneros: um estudo comparado de “A égua”, de Marcela Serrano, e “As tardes de um viúvo aposentado”, de Teolinda Gersão

O presente artigo discute o envelhecimento dos corpos femininos e masculinos por meio dos contos “A égua”, de Marcela Serrano, e “As tardes de um viúvo aposentado”, de Teolinda Gersão. Debate-se sobre as diferentes implicações sociais desse envelhecimento em ambos os sexos, considerando-se o corpo como uma produção sócio-histórica, a fim de mostrar como o patriarcado influencia tanto sua forma quanto seu comportamento. Assim, a partir da construção discursiva e narrativa dos textos, busca-se mostrar como o corpo configura-se como o eixo sob o qual se constrói e se problematiza a divisão entre os papéis sociais do feminino e do masculino.

Gender role in pain perception and expression: an integrative review

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Gender seems to play a role in influencing the response to experimental pain, although this influence is not very clear yet. Therefore, the objective of the present review was to investigate the contribution of the gender construct (gender identity/role) in the experience of pain through the selection and analysis of clinical studies on the subject. CONTENTS: A search was carried out in the databases Medline (via Pubmed), LILACS (via BVS), and PsycINFO. The search used the following descriptors: gender identity, pain, gender role combined by the Boolean operator AND/OR (gender identity) AND pain AND gender role AND pain, in English, Portuguese and Spanish. At the end of the selection, 11 studies were included for this review. All the investigations recovered on the subject are clinical laboratory studies. Regarding the influence of the gender identity and its role in pain perception, most of the studies (91%) show that this variable was a contributing factor to the differences observed in perception (tolerance/pain threshold) and the need to communicate the pain. CONCLUSION: In experimental pain, a higher degree of femininity or female social roles are associated with lower thresholds and less tolerance to pain, as well as a greater natural tendency to communicate pain sensation. These results are independent of the type of stimulus, ethnicity, or sexual orientation.

PEMERANAN TOKOH NORA DALAM NASKAH RUMAH BONEKA KARYA TERJEMAHAN AMIR SUTAARGA (NASKAH ASLI A DOLL’S HOUSE KARYA HENRIK IBSEN)

A translated script "Rumah Boneka" (A Doll's House) by Amir Sutaarga from the original script "A Doll's House" by Henrik Ibsen which is a criticism onto human male's egoisms and slightly exposes the gender equality to human female. Ibsen aims to reveal the wrong social statements onto female's social role and its social institutions. The main actor in this play will portray Nora by applying the "magic if" acting theory which was introduced by Constantin Stanislavsky - "as if" and "if only" kind of self-imagination where the actor imagines to be in Nora's shoes. In the application of this theory of acting, the exploration goes through certain levels of acting rehearsals to really get into the character of Nora's along with her conflicts. Key word: A Doll's House, Henrik Ibsen, Nora, Constantin Stanislavsky, Magic If.

Female Sexuality and Corporeal Agency in Christian Schad's Zwei Mädchen

A study of female sexuality and corporeal agency, Christian Schad's 1928 painting Zwei Mädchen challenges long-established notions of women's sexual desire and of the visual depiction and reception of the human body. It undermines gendered power structures, denying viewers the culturally endorsed role of the active male observer looking at the passive female figure and hence control over their visual and erotic experiences. As the models reject what Laura Mulvey termed "to-be-looked-at-ness," the painting emphasizes women's sexual independence, and autoeroticism emerges as a practice of female empowerment. Viewers are confronted with their own beliefs regarding women's sexuality as ori-ented toward men and with the transformation of male and female social roles, including in the sexual arena, taking place during the Weimar era. To analyze the work's complex visual power dynamics and the role of the averted gaze, this study draws on research from film, gender and sexuality studies, art history, and psychology.

Transformation of traditional culture: the role of the Ganda female initiation rite (Uganda)

Cultural values, traditions, ideas about male and female social roles on the African continent were passed on to children from generation to generation in the processes of socialization and enculturation. In a traditional patriarchal society, the roles of men and women were strictly divided: it was common for men to assume the responsibilities of the breadwinner and be responsible for social interrelations, while women were engaged in housekeeping and offspring.

A Test of the Three-Component Model of Gender-Based Prejudices: Homophobia and Transphobia Are Affected by Raters’ and Targets’ Assigned Sex at Birth

The present study tested a three-component model of homophobia and transphobia that differentiates between general and specifically gender-based social threats that motivate these prejudices. A sample of 187 female and 107 male heterosexual U.S. college undergraduates were randomly assigned to complete survey measures of homophobia and transphobia with either born-female (lesbian and female-to-male transgender, respectively) or born-male (gay man and male-to-female transgender, respectively) targets, as well as measures of religious fundamentalism, right wing authoritarianism, aggression, and ambivalent sexism. The participant by target-gender interaction for transphobia showed that transphobia was particularly high for male participants judging born-male transgender targets. Possibly reflecting a fear of any social non-conformity, religious fundamentalism and right wing authoritarianism were positively correlated with homophobia and transphobia regardless of participant or target gender. Possibly reflecting specific fears among men about threats to male privilege, physical aggression proneness was strongly positively correlated with homophobia and transphobia for men judging a male target. Aggression proneness was also positively correlated with homophobia for women judging a female target. Possibly reflecting specific fears among women about threats to female social roles, benevolent sexism was only positively correlated with transphobia for female but not for male participants, with no target-gender difference. Benevolent sexism was also correlated with homophobia for female participants judging a male target. These findings were largely supportive of the three-component model of gender-based prejudice.