Female Senior Research Articles

Leadership through a gender lens: Disparities in Dental Research.

This study aimed to analyze the 100 most-cited papers in Dentistry, with a focus on female leadership in dental research. Papers were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS- CC) in the category 'Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine'. Gender was assessed through WoS-CC, Scopus, ResearchGate, social media, institutional websites, and software that assigns gender according to first names (https://genderapi.io). Characteristics of authors in leadership roles were retrieved, such as affiliation, publication history, citations, H factor, and i500. The 100 most-cited papers in Dentistry were authored by 394 researchers, 326 (82.7%) men, and 68 (17.3%) women - there were 4.8 male authors for each female. Among the lead authors, there were 11.3 males for each female. Among female senior authors, there were 7 males for each female. Among lead/senior authors of the 100 most-cited papers (first and last authors, respectively), 18 were women. There was an increase in the participation of women in the top cited papers regardless of authorship role across the six decades, with a peak of two female authors in the first decade of the 21st century. For female authors in leadership roles, their publication history shows the time between their first and last papers in WoS-CC ranged from 4 to 42 years for lead authors and 1 to 39 years for senior authors. Women were found to be largely underrepresented as leaders of the 100 most-cited papers, highlighting pervasive gender inequalities in dental research publications.

Female author representation differs between journals from the United States of America, Europe, and Asia: a 10-year comparison of five medical disciplines

To provide information for targeted support of female scientists, the objective of this study was to evaluate how female authors are represented in journals of five medical disciplines with varying rates of female physicians from the United States of America (USA), Europe, and Asia. For this retrospective bibliometric study 15 representative gynecologic, pediatric, radiologic, urologic, and surgical journals from the USA, Europe, and Asia were selected from the Web of Science database. From these, all n = 24182 publications of the years 2007/2008 and 2017/2018 were included. Gender and affiliations were assigned to first and senior authors using a software (Gender API, Passau, Germany), native speakers, and a web-based search. For statistics mixed logistic and multinomial logistic regression were applied. In pediatrics, radiology, and urology, highest female first and senior author shares were consistently found in journals from the USA. In European journals proportions across all disciplines tripled (odds ratio 2.96 [95% CI 2.60–3.37], P < .0001). Asian journals showed three-times fewer female authorships than journals from the USA or Europe and the smallest increase (1.36 [1.11–1.66], P = .0026). Compared to the proportion of female physicians within each specialty, female first authors remained underrepresented in Asian journals and female senior authors in journals of all regions. In journals from the USA most female authors originated from institutes within the USA (36.2%), in European journals from the USA (21.1%) or Europe (21.7%). Women from Asian institutes were worst represented in journals of all regions with lowest rates in Asian journals (9.4%). In conclusion female first authors remained underrepresented in Asian journals, female senior authors and women from Asian institutes in journals from all regions. Programs for gender equality in science are thus particularly necessary to support female senior authors, for Asian journals, and women from Asian institutes.

가족구성원의 생애변화와 노년기 생산적 활동 참여

The importance of productive activities and roles in society of older adults has been recognized in the contemporary aging societies. Although existing studies have revealed that individual human capital is an important factor in the productive participation of the elderly, the influence of the family has not been systematically considered. Using data from the 2th to 6th wave of Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing(KLoSA), this study examined the effect of the individual and family characteristics on economic activities among older adults. The results are as follows. First, as a result of analyzing all the elderly, only individual human capital characteristics had a significant effect on participation in economic activities. Second, as a result of analyzing male and female older adults separately, it was confirmed that individual characteristics and family characteristics had a significant effect on participation in economic activities. In particular, children's participation in the labor market related to the life changes of family members was an important factor influencing the economic activities of the elderly. Third, when transitioning from a state with some or all children not participating in the labor market to a state with all children participating in the labor market, it was found that male seniors are less likely to participate in economic activities while female seniors are more likely to participate in economic activities. Based on these research results, academic and policy implications were discussed.

ICRE Top Research Abstracts

ICRE Top Research Abstracts

Counselling Services and Mental Health for International Chinese College Students in Post-Pandemic Thailand

Research has proven that counselling services are essential to solving the troubles in the mental health of international Chinese students in the post-epidemic stage. Online questionnaires were implemented for about 1000 international Chinese college students from three universities in Thailand. Results showed that female junior and senior students who stayed in post-pandemic Thailand longer than others were likely to suffer from mental health disorders. In addition, in Thailand, counselling has a significant positive association with the mental health status of the students. Therefore, it is recommended in this study that Thai universities should provide more counselling services to support students in focusing on education and adjusting or adapting to the environment abroad.

HPV vaccination: Intention to participate among female senior high school students in Ghana

IntroductionCervical cancer is the second most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among women in Ghana. HPV vaccination is expected to be added to the national vaccination schedule in 2023. This study aimed to: i) describe intentions to participate in HPV vaccination and ii) explore factors associated with vaccination intentions among female senior high school students in Ghana. MethodsFemale students (aged 16–24) were recruited from 17 senior high schools in Ashanti Region. A cross-sectional anonymous self-report paper-and-pen survey assessed students’ HPV vaccination intentions using three items, and a range of correlates (individual, parent/family, social networks, service provision). Descriptive statistics were calculated for vaccination intentions, and correlates of intention scores (where higher scores indicate stronger intentions) were explored with a linear mixed-effect model. ResultsOf 2400 participants, 64% (95%CI: 62%, 67%) agreed with at least one vaccination intention item. Uncertainty and disagreement with at least one item were endorsed by 51% (95%CI: 49%, 53%) and 44% (95%CI: 42%, 46%) of students, respectively. One-quarter of the students (25%, 95%CI: 23%, 26%) agreed, 12% (95% 11%, 13%) disagreed, and 11% (95%CI: 10%,13%) indicated uncertainty, on all three vaccination intention items. Vaccination uptake was 4.5%. Students were likely to have higher vaccination intention scores if: they had stronger beliefs about vaccine effectiveness; vaccination was recommended by parents, religious leaders and service providers, and vaccinated peers; and it was free. Students were likely to have lower vaccination intention scores if they perceived barriers to vaccination (e.g., side effects). ConclusionsWhile two-thirds of students had some intention to participate in HPV vaccination, vaccine hesitancy (i.e., uncertainty or disagreement) was apparent. Alongside the rollout of a free national vaccination programme, messaging about vaccination benefits and effectiveness targeting students, as well as parents, religious leaders, service providers and peers would be beneficial given their influential role in students’ vaccination intentions.

Abstract 10490: Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Research Are Influenced by Senior Investigator Gender

Introduction: The clinical presentation and management of cardiovascular diseases has been shown to be sex-specific, yet, historically, cardiovascular research participants have been predominantly male. One cause for this discrepancy could be gender-based bias on the part of studies' senior investigators. Methods: We screened 749 randomly selected clinical research articles from 8 top cardiovascular research journals, published between 2015 and 2020. We predicted the gender of senior investigators by using the genderize.io gender-coding algorithm. We then used t-tests to determine the relationship between putative senior author gender and number of study participants of each sex. Results: Cardiovascular research cohorts were 39.74% female. Compared to studies senior-authored by men, cohorts of female senior-authored studies included 11.36% more female participants (p&lt;0.0001, 37.84% vs 49.44%). This difference was preserved across several study types ( Fig. 1A ). Only 15.49% of articles were written by female senior authors and the proportion of female to male senior authors did not change over time (p=0.93; Fig. 1B ). The proportion of female participants in a study did however significantly increase between 2015 and 2020 (p=0.011, Fig. 1B ). Conclusions: In cardiovascular research, the gender of the senior author of a study is predictive of the study’s sex composition: female senior authors are more likely to author studies that include higher proportions of female participants. Over time, the proportion of female to male participants in cardiovascular research studies is increasing. Figure 1. Percentage of women in study cohorts, ( A ) segregated by study type and gender of senior author and ( B, right ) segregated by senior author gender and year. ( B, left ) Percent of female seniors by year. Bars represent mean and standard error. p&gt;0.05=ns, p≤0.05=*, p≤0.01=**, p≤0.001=***, p≤0.0001=****.

Analysis of Gender-Based Authorship Trends in Leading Pain-Medicine Journals Over 10 Years.

Authorship of peer-reviewed publications is important for academic rank, promotion, and national reputation. In pain medicine, limited information is available for authorship trends for women as compared with men. The objective of this study was to describe trends of female authorship data in the 5 pain journals with the highest impact factors over a 10-year period. We analyzed data for January, April, and October in 2009, 2014, and 2019. For each article, the following information was recorded: journal name, journal month, journal year, article title or article PMCID, total authors, total female authors, total male authors, total authors of unknown gender, presence or absence of a female first author, and presence or absence of a female last/senior author. Authorship for 924 articles was reviewed. When a man was senior author, women were first author on only 27.9% of articles (P<.001). A woman was 2 times as likely (57.2%) to be first author when a woman was the senior author (P<.001), pointing to the potential impact of female senior authors. An article with 50% or more female authors was 76.4% more likely to have a female senior author (P<.001). The results demonstrate the influence of a senior female author on the likelihood of an article's having a female first author. When men were the senior authors, women were half as likely to be first authors. The total number of female authors changed very little between 2009 and 2019.

Trends in the Gender of First and Senior Authors of Original Research Publications in the Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology

<h3>Study Objective</h3> To assess the trend in the proportion of female first and senior authors in the Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology (JMIG) over time. <h3>Design</h3> Retrospective cohort study. <h3>Setting</h3> Original research publications in JMIG in 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. <h3>Patients or Participants</h3> First and senior (last) authors of publications. <h3>Interventions</h3> The likely gender of first and senior authors were determined through a validated algorithm used widely in medical publishing (genderize.io) and, when necessary, follow-up internet search. <h3>Measurements and Main Results</h3> We confirmed the likely gender of first and senior authors from 316/355 publications. Five articles had one author (all male). The percentage of articles with female first authors increased over time, with 7%, 30%, 43%, and 53% articles having female first authors in 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. When compared to 2005, the odds of female first authorship were significantly higher at the latter two timepoints (2010: OR 2.6, p=0.06; 2015: OR 4.7, p=0.001; 2020 OR 6.8, p<0.001). The percentage of articles with female senior authors also increased over time, with 20%, 24%, 22%, and 36% of articles having female senior authors. However, when compared to 2005, the odds of female senior authorship were not significantly higher at each time point (2010: OR 1.2, p=0.67; 2015: OR 1.1, p=0.91; 2020: OR 2.1, p=0.08). Overall, 43 (14%) of articles had female-female, 42 (14%) had male-female, 83 (27%) had female-male, and 143 (46%) had male-male coauthors. Articles with female senior authors were significantly more likely to have female first authors (43/85, 51%) than articles with male senior authors (83/226, 37%, p=0.02). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Women have made significant gains as first but not senior authors in Original Research publications in JMIG. Future exploration of this phenomenon will correlate gender of authors with the gender breakdown of the field. Intentional monitoring of the gender diversity of authors may contribute to increased equity in medical publishing.

A Proposed Teaching Model Based on the Semiotic Approach in Teaching English Literature and its Effectiveness in Developing Creative Writing and Deep Understanding Among University Students

The study sought to find out the effectiveness of a proposed teaching model based on the semiotic approach in teaching English for developing creative writing and deep understanding among university students. To achieve the study aim, the mixed approach; quasi experimental approach with pre-posttest one group design was adopted and snowball focus group interviews was carried out. The sample of the study consists of (30) female senior students who study the course of World literature " Goat Days Novel" at Al-Aqsa University in the second term of the year 2021.T-Test paired sample, Effect size and efficiency were used. Pearson and Spearman correlations, Split-half technique and Difficulty and Discrimination Coefficients were used to establish the tools' validity and reliability. The study concluded that: there are statistically significant differences at (α ≤ 0.05) between English literature students' mean scores in the pre and post application of creative writing and deep understanding tests, in favor of the post application. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed teaching model based on the semiotic approach is more than 0.14 according to Eta-Squared ratio. Finally, the proposed teaching model efficiency is more than 80%/70.

Research trends in Australia and New Zealand Nephrology: basic science and gender equity in peril.

Basic science research remains fundamental to progress in clinical care, understanding of disease pathophysiology and underpinning the evolution of personalised medicine. Exposure to research is pivotal to educating students, but a declining profile of basic science research has the potential to erode research capacity further. The capacity for women to engage in research and remain in academia long term is continually challenged by negative gender-based experiences and institutional barriers. The authors explored themes and authorship of abstracts presented at Australia and New Zealand--based nephrology conferences, as a surrogate marker of trends in research activity and gender engagement. Basic science research and female senior authorship declined during the study period, which has serious implications for the future of nephrology.

Trends in authorship demographics for manuscripts published in endocrine journals - A 70-year analysis

Background: Over the previous few decades, trends in author demographics have significantly changed. Such trends have already been studied for many sub-specialties but endocrinology is among the few branches that are yet to see an analysis of such trends. This paper aims to fill this gap. Methods: Journal of Endocrinology and General &amp; Comparative Endocrinology are two landmark journals that publish articles from around the world. Each decade during the 70-year period from 1961 to 2021 has been examined in this study. Funding source, first author – senior author gender, their demographics and proportion of papers with at least one female author were the parameters considered while studying each publication. It was predicted that the number of female authors per paper would increase with time, as would the range of degrees held by the authors, demographical variations in authorship, and the funding source. The aim was also to determine the distribution of female first authors and senior authors in endocrinology journals over a 70-year period, as well as to check the gender combinations using the Punnett square. Results: Female first authors rose from 7% to 29.6% (p&lt;0.0006) between 1961 and 2021, whereas female senior authors rose from 15.6% to 22.2%. Despite women's small contributions to first and senior authors, female participation rose from 17.48% (25/143) to 70% (170/250) between 1961 and 2021. Male-Female and Female-Male combinations rose with Chi-Square = 124.6, (p&lt;0.0001). Europe and the Americas had the most female academic medical contributors (p&lt;0.0001) Regardless of author status, female participation rose from 17.48% in 1961 to 68% in 2021. Conclusion: In papers published in endocrinology journals, there was a rising trend in female contributions to academic medicine. Even with the large growth of female endocrinologists, there is still a disparity in why the increase in female authors is comparably fewer.

Structural Equation Modeling-Based Multi-Group Analysis: Examining the Role of Gender in the Link between Entrepreneurship Orientation and Entrepreneurial Intention

This research examines the role of gender in the link between entrepreneurship orientation and entrepreneurial intention. More exactly, the research examines the differences between male and female senior students in relation to the effect of risk-taking, innovativeness, and pro-activeness on their entrepreneurial intention. For this purpose, a quantitative research method was conducted through a self-administered questionnaire to a sample of students at King Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) by AMOS software showed a significant positive direct impact of risk-taking on entrepreneurial intention and a significant positive indirect impact through innovativeness and pro-activeness for the structural model of male and female. In the comparison between the two groups using multi-group analysis, the results showed that impacts of risk-taking and innovativeness on entrepreneurial intention were found to be positive and significant in the two groups and the differences in p-value were significant. This means that there are significant differences between males and females in relation to the impact of risk-taking and innovativeness on entrepreneurial intention. These differences were because males were found to be more risk-taking than females whereas females were found to be more innovative than males. On the other side, the results confirmed no significant differences between the two groups in relation to the effect of pro-activeness on entrepreneurial intention. The findings of the study have noble implications for scholars and policymakers, which we have discussed and elaborated on.

What is the gender representation in authorship in later phase systemic clinical trials in biliary tract cancer (BTC)? - a retrospective review of the published literature

ObjectivesFemale physicians in medicine are increasing, but disparities in female authorship exist. The aim of this study was to characterise factors associated with female first (FF) and female senior (SF)...

S1304 Female Representation in the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Literature

Introduction: Despite making up greater than 50% of medical students, women continue to be underrepresented in the fields of gastroenterology and hepatology. According to a 2017 survey by the Association of American Medical Colleges, only 17% of attending gastroenterologists were women. This underrepresentation is present in both the clinical and research environments. We conducted a literature review to determine trends in female author representation in the gastroenterology and hepatology literature. Methods: We reviewed all original articles published during 2012 and 2017 in four national gastroenterology and hepatology journals (Gut, Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis, Hepatology, and Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology). The sex of the authors were recorded. Results: In total over the two years, 1,414 articles were reviewed. Author sex could not be determined for 8 first authors, 9 supplemental authors, and 6 senior authors. Of the studies for which sex of the first author could be determined, 39.5% (556) had a female first author and 60.5% (850) had a male first author. 87% (1,227) of studies had at least one female supplemental author, while 12.7% (178) had only male supplemental authors. 21.5% (302) of studies had a female senior author and 78.6% (1,106) had a male senior author. The increase in percentage of female authors from 2012 to 2017 was significant for articles with at least one female supplemental author (83.1% to 91.8%, p=0.001) and for articles with female senior authors (18.8% to 24.3%, p=0.016). There was a statistically insignificant increase in percentage of female first authors (38.0% to 41.3%, p=.231). Conclusion: Male first and senior authors outnumbered female authors in the examined literature, though the difference decreased in the examined years. The higher percentage of female first authors compared to senior authors is likely related to the near equal representation of females in student and trainee roles, which the first author is more likely to be. The lower proportion of female senior authors may be attributed to the limited female representation in research faculty positions. As women continue to gain representation in senior roles, further research may measure how female authorship continues to change over time.

S1511 Gender Differences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology Authorship: 2000-2020

Introduction: Considering peer-reviewed publications affect female's practice and career in gastroenterology and hepatology field, barriers to female's publishing must be removed. In this study, we aimed to describe gender trends of first and last authors in published manuscripts of gastroenterology and hepatology journals from 2000 to 2020. Furthermore, we assessed the predictors associated with female authorship. Methods: Ten highest impact factor gastroenterology and hepatology journals were selected on the basis of the 2020 Web of Science InCite Journal Citation Report impact factor rankings. Using the online archives on each journal's website, we reviewed all original research manuscripts published in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. Gender of first and last authors was determined using a validated algorithm, genderize.io. We described female first and last authorship percentages by journal and by year of publication. Linear by linear association trend test was used to evaluate for gender trend over time, while logistic regression analysis was performed to identified predictors of female first and last authorship. Results: Overall, 7,853 first authors with 2,138 females (27.2%) and 8,034 last authors with 1,156 females (14.4%) were included in final analysis. The proportion of female first authors in the selected journals combined increased from 20.7% (383/1852) in 2000 to 32.8% (370/1128) in 2020 with a statistically nonsignificant time trend (P value for trend = 0.054). Similarly, the proportion of female senior authors increased from 9.8% (182/1852) in 2000 to 17.5% (222/1271) in 2020 (P value for trend = 0.058). On multivariable analysis, journal, year of publication, and author’s continent remained significantly predictive of female first and last authorship. Conclusion: Overall, gender disparities persist within gastroenteroly and hepatology original publications, and the rate of improvement may be slowing. Today, the challenges facing women in the fields of gastroenterology and hepatology are yet to be overcome.

Female Authorship Trends Among Articles About Artificial Intelligence in North American Radiology Journals.

Purpose: To examine trends in female authorship of peer-reviewed North American radiology articles centred around artificial intelligence (AI). Method: A bibliographic search was conducted for all AI-related articles published in four North American radiology journals. Collected data included the genders of the first and last (senior) authors, year and country. We compared the trends of female authorship using Pearson chi-square, Fisher exact tests and logistic regression models. Results: 453 articles met the inclusion criteria. Among these, 107 (22.3%) had a female first author and 97 (27.3%) had a female senior author. Female first authors were over three times more likely to publish with a female senior author. Among the four journals, the CARJ had the highest proportion of female senior authors at 45.5%. The only significant temporal trend identified was an increase over the years in female senior authors in Radiology. Twenty-four countries contributed to the included articles, with the largest contributors being the United States (n = 290) and Canada (n = 30). Of the countries contributing more than 15 articles, there were none with above 50% female authorship. Conclusions: Female authors are underrepresented in AI-related radiology literature. However, there has been an encouraging recent increase in female authorship in AI-related radiology articles trending towards significance. There is a great opportunity to improve female representation in AI with intentional mentorship and recruitment. We urge more platforms for female voices in radiology as AI becomes increasingly integrated into the radiology community.

Women in sustainability research: Examining gender authorship differences in peer-reviewed publications

Higher education institutions (HEIs) have been undertaking considerable efforts to embed sustainability into their system; however, there have been limited studies on the incorporation of sustainability into research. In parallel, it has been found that women have an important role in contributing to sustainability since they are more engaged and have a more holistic perspective on sustainability than men. These two phenomena have resulted in limited studies about the contribution of women to sustainability research (i.e., in scientific publishing). A bibliometric analysis of more than 39,000 documents (with 147,090 authorships) was done to fill this gap, focusing on sustainability peer-review publications in Europe between 2015 and 2020. The results show that women's presence in sustainability research has been increasing during the last years; however, there are still few female authorship publications, even in fields that have been traditionally women-oriented. In addition, their publications have been less recognized by the scientific community. The results also show substantial gender differences in terms of author leadership, where female senior researchers are more likely to mentor female junior researchers than men. Female researchers tend to collaborate nationally, but they could improve their international collaboration since this can improve their research and impact. More support should be provided to female researchers to help foster women's sustainability engagement and holistic perspectives, reduce existing negative feedback loops, and increase positive ones. Achieving gender equality is sine qua non in achieving sustainable societies.

Female senior managers and the gender equality environment: Evidence from south Korean firms

This study investigates whether the presence of women at the senior management level improves the gender equality environment in South Korea. I find strong empirical support for the proposition that when the proportion of female senior managers is large, the gender gap in terms of salary and employment decreases. Furthermore, I empirically show that once the glass ceiling is cracked at the senior management level, female managers are more likely to sit at the top level of corporate management. This is suggested as the mechanism underlying the impact of the presence of female senior managers on the gender equality environment. Finally, I document that female senior managers indirectly enhance firm performance through an improved gender equality environment, while they also directly improve firm performance.

Compromised well-being: implications on female geriatric abuse during the COVID-19 crisis in India

PurposeThis study aims to reflect on how the COVID-19 pandemic has intensified the social and economic vulnerability of Indian elderly women, thereby making them prone to varied forms of abuse and denying them of the basic rights of secured existence.Design/methodology/approachThis study was conducted by analyzing primary data from government sources that dealt with the aging Indian population and the common predicaments that elderly women experienced during the pandemic. A qualitative interview was conducted in three old-age homes in India where the experiences of 26 elderly female residents were documented for understanding their experiences during the pandemic. The secondary data collected from different newspaper articles and online resources also enabled in perusing the difficulties that they faced both at home and the caregiving space at the critical juncture of COVID-19.FindingsNearly 73% of the elderly population in the country has faced an incidence in different forms of abuse and exploitation during the subsequent waves of the pandemic. Disrespect and neglect were the most common type of mistreatment and around 23.1% reported physical assault. The elderly women were victimized further on socioeconomic grounds and their rights of living a secured and dignified life were significantly neglected.Research limitations/implicationsThe basic premise of this paper operates on the ground that the family as an institution has shunned taking care of the responsibilities vis-a-vis the elderly and therefore formal institutions have been introduced to aid in the conventional caretaking responsibilities in the Indian societal structure. This situation became all the more grave during the pandemic and therefore needed much intervention. This paper follows the theoretical lens of gender theory and case study method to analyze the data.Social implicationsThe HelpAge India report findings entail that elderly women/widows are doubly marginalized in the Indian society, and the COVID-19 pandemic has escalated the caregiver stress on manifold levels, thus exacerbating the problem. As most of the female senior citizens are economically dependent on their children and relatives, financial exploitation became one of the important premise that deprived them of a healthy living both at home and elderly caregiving institution. Despite the prevalence of certain elderly assistance schemes in the country, the older women’s needs and well-being got heavily impacted and their voice gets hardly recognized in the wider spectrum of sociopolitical events. To extend the requisite help and assistance to this socially vulnerable section, the government on September, 2021, launched a pan-India, toll-free helpline number “Elder Line” to provide relevant information on elderly legal and medical aid and guidance on procuring pension.Originality/valueAccording to the secondary findings, a significant percentage of elderly women have been susceptible to physical and emotional abuse and factors such as widowhood, economic dependency, physical infirmity, cognitive impairment along with other stressors have aggravated their exposure to ill-treatment during the pandemic span. Thus, to recognize and mitigate the existing problems affecting the elderly subjects, the government should devise the necessary protocols and adopt essential measures to ensure the welfare of the marginalized section and protect their basic rights of a holistic existence.