Female Refugees Research Articles

Problem-Solving Skills Groups for Female Syrian Refugees in Lebanon: A Study of a Mental Health Intervention

Abstract Since the outbreak of the Syrian civil war in 2011, Lebanon has witnessed an influx of over one million refugees. This has placed a serious strain on Lebanon’s mental healthcare system, creating the need for an efficient intervention for refugees. Health workers were recruited from various centres and trained to deliver a module of 12 sessions in problem-solving skills in group format. Then, they recruited female Syrian refugees and Lebanese women to form groups and deliver the intervention in the host communities. Results showed that levels of anxiety and depression, as reported by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist screening tool, seemed to decrease significantly after the intervention. An additional outcome was that most of the participants felt supported by other women. These results demonstrated that a direct and short intervention with female refugees can lead to measurable improvements in their mental1 health and was perceived by participants as highly beneficial.

Protecting Autonomy of Rohingya Women in Sexual and Reproductive Health Interventions

Protecting Autonomy of Rohingya Women in Sexual and Reproductive Health Interventions

Work-related injuries among Syrian refugee child workers in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon: A gender-sensitive analysis.

BackgroundSyrian refugees in Lebanon have endured increasing hardships since the onset of the Syrian war in 2011, with many resorting to child labor. Working refugee children endure socioeconomic deprivation and harsh working conditions. This study explores the relationship between working conditions and the reporting of injuries among male and female Syrian refugee children in Lebanon and the related gender differences.Methods and findingsA cross-sectional survey of Syrian refugee children working in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon was conducted in 2017. Face-to-face interviews with children (8 to 18 years) collected sociodemographic information and testimonies of their work experiences. Logistic regression tested the association between reporting of injuries and risk factors including school enrolment, field of work, means of transportation to work, age started working, number of working hours, multiple jobs, work pressure and hazards, and abuse. Analyses were stratified by gender.Of the 4090 surveyed working children, the majority reported working in agriculture (75.8%). Around a third (31.4%) reported being injured at work with a higher proportion in males. The most common reported injuries were cuts and wounds (44.9%), with males showing a higher proportion for all types of injuries compared to females. Nearly one fifth of reported injuries (19.8%) required medical attention in a hospital, with males reporting higher proportions than females for most types of injuries. The study findings revealed the association of multiple risk factors with an increased odds of reporting an injury, which included working in more than one job (AOR, 1.71; CI, 1.20–2.43; p = 0.003), working under pressure (AOR, 1.64; CI, 1.36–1.97; p<0.001), the use of sharp or heavy objects (AOR, 1.88; CI, 1.58–2.24; p<0.001), and experiencing physical abuse at work (AOR, 2.46; CI, 1.97–3.08; p<0.001). The odds of reporting an injury increased with every additional hour of work per day (AOR 1.08; CI, 1.02–1.14; p = 0.006). Most of these findings persisted in the male and female stratified models, with few exceptions. Males who went to work in a pickup truck had significantly lower odds of being injured than those who walked (AOR, 0.65; CI, 0.51–0.83; p = 0.001); this finding did not reach significance for females. Having longer work hours per day was significantly linked to higher odds of injury for females (AOR, 1.07; CI, 1.02–1.12; p = 0.008); but not for males. The main limitations of this study were its cross-sectional design and the use of self-reported variables.ConclusionsThis study is the first to obtain direct testimony on work-related injuries and working conditions, exploring gender differences, among Syrian refugee children in Lebanon. Results demonstrated the association between the occurrence of injury and multiple risk factors highlighting their strenuous working conditions, with some differences detected between males and females. Many injuries can be prevented through direct safety interventions and proper implementation of child labor policies. Multidimensional interventions are essential to address the complex evolving challenges facing refugees.

Survey of violence against women at a refugee settlement in Uganda

Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) can have long-term repercussions on the mental and physical health of survivors. The threat of SGBV increases for women and girls in times of crisis and is on the rise in humanitarian emergencies. For example, women in refugee camps are at risk of SGBV. Associate Professor Tamaki Hatano is working to promote awareness of this situation and help establish a future where SGBV is eradicated. In her work, she conducts interviews with female refugees in order to hear their stories and learn of their experiences. At present, Hatano is studying the Kiryandongo Refugee Settlement in Uganda. Although her work has been interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, in 2015 and 2016 she visited the Settlement and interviewed 30 women. In doing so, she found that SGBV, including rape and violence in the form of theft and threats, is pervasive. This work also highlighted the impact of SGBV on physical and psychological health and how it can alter life paths. This work confirmed to Hatano that there is a need for improved systems in place, including the establishment of a culture in which women feel safe reporting SGBV and also feel assured that their experiences will be taken seriously and that they will be protected. In enhancing awareness and understanding of SGBV, Hatano envisions a future where it is eradicated.

Gendered integration? How recently arrived male and female refugees fare on the German labour market

Objective: This paper examines gender differences in the labour market integration of newly arrived refugees in Germany. In particular, we focus on the heterogeneity in employment rates among female refugees.&#x0D; Background: Previous research has demonstrated that refugee women are disadvantaged on the labour market not only compared to their male counterparts, but also compared to other immigrant women. So far, however, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the specific disadvantages of refugee women.&#x0D; Method: Using data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees, we analyse the labour market participation of refugees who migrated to Germany between 2013 and 2017. To test our theoretical assumptions, we apply logistic regressions.&#x0D; Results: Our results show that compositional differences in qualifications, family structure, institutional support, and networks can partly explain the gender gap in labour force participation that disadvantage refugee women. We find substantial variation in the importance of different determinants for the labour market outcomes of men and women.&#x0D; Conclusion: As the gender gaps in labour supply could be fully attributed to the theoretical mechanisms offered in the literature, further research is needed to disentangle female refugees' employment behaviour.

Effect of peer counselling on acceptance of modern contraceptives among female refugee adolescents in northern Uganda: A randomised controlled trial.

BackgroundThe unmet need for contraceptives among refugee adolescents is high globally, leaving girls vulnerable to unintended pregnancies. Lack of knowledge and fear of side effects are the most reported reasons for non-use of contraceptives amongst refugee adolescents. Peer counselling, the use of trained adolescents to offer contraceptive counselling to fellow peers, has showed effectiveness in increasing use of contraceptives in non-refugee adolescent resarch.ObjectiveTo determine the effect of peer counselling on acceptance of modern contraceptives among female refugee adolescents in northern Uganda.MethodsA randomised controlled trial carried out in Palabek refugee settlement in northern Uganda, May to July 2019. Adolescents were included if they were sexually active or in any form of union, wanted to delay child bearing, and were not using any contraceptives. A total of 588 consenting adolescents were randomised to either peer counselling or routine counselling, the standard of care.ResultsAdolescents who received peer counselling were more likely to accept a contraceptive method compared to those who received routine counselling (PR: 1·24, 95% CI: 1·03 to 1·50, p = 0·023). Adolescents whose partners had attained up to tertiary education were more likely to accept a method than those whose partners had secondary or less education (PR: 1·45, 95% CI: 1·02 to 2·06, p = 0·037). In both groups, the most frequently accepted methods were the injectable and implant, with the commonest reasons for non-acceptance of contraception being fear of side effects and partner prohibition.ConclusionOur data indicates that peer counselling has a positive effect on same day acceptance of modern contraceptives and should therefore be considered in future efforts to prevent adolescent pregnancies in refugee settings. Future peer counselling interventions should focus on how to effectively address adolescents’ fear of side effects and partner prohibition, as these factors continue to impede decision making for contraceptive uptake.

Zwischen Verlust und Aneignung von „Heimat”: Transatlantische Reflexionen deutscher Revolutionsflüchtlinge nach 1848/49

After the defeat of the Revolutions of 1848/49, about 3,000–4,000 emigres from German-speaking countries fled to the United States. Their loss of Heimat was initially connected to their changed legal and administrative status. Yet, after arriving in the United States these refugees had to cope with the consequences of their loss of Heimat on a daily level. Building on current research in the field of transatlantic migration history, this article follows three steps: First, it analyzes the role of spatial comparisons between America and Europe as part of the group’s strategy to adapt their lives to different localities. Second, it addresses the (often marginalized) perspective of female refugees and how they discussed the loss of their homeland. Finally, it rethinks the legal-political paradigm of amnesty as the sole incentive for the return migration of revolutionary emigres. In doing so, this article shows that the revolutionary emigres’ reflections about Heimat were as much influenced by their global entanglements as by their local rootedness.

“The Queer Optics of the Vietnamese Diaspora: Reframing the Visual Archive in ‘The opposite of looking is not invisibility. The opposite of yellow is not gold.’”

Vietnamese diasporic artists who came to the U.S. post 1975 actively engage with the silences, losses, and distortions that fracture and fragment their families’ histories, memories, and images. My analysis argues that the photographic installation “The opposite of looking is not invisibility. The opposite of yellow is not gold” by Hương Ngô and Hồng-Ân Trương participates in this project of imaginative remembrance and reconstruction. I theorize how the installation produces a queer optics that unsettles our reliance on prescribed understandings of Vietnamese female refugees as compliant participants in the myth of the model Asian minority. This queer optics uses three techniques to literally and ideologically reframe Vietnamese diasporic female agency: deconstruction of family albums, juxtaposition of photos and text, and creation of a queer of color gaze of intimacy. This optics produces a countervisuality of affective knowledges about relationality and futurity, displacing normalized practices of looking with new interpretative possibilities.

Screening Tools for Mental Disorders Among Female Refugees: a Systematic Review

Female refugees are particularly vulnerable to mental disorders but assessment may be complex and challenging. Various screening tools have been developed for this population, but little is known about their usefulness. The main aim is to examine the literature on the effectiveness of screening tools for mental health problems among female refugees.Systematic review of PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase to locate all published work. Comprehensive search terms were used and inclusion and exclusion criteria were formulated.The initial search yielded 877 articles, of which 757 were removed after titles and abstracts were reviewed. Then, 121 full-text versions of articles were examined and 96 excluded according to the criteria. A total of 25 articles were included in this systematic review in accordance with the PRIMSA guidelines. Twenty screening tools were evaluated.There is a lack of tools used to screen refugee women, and in particular those in emergency settings. Cultural factors may not be accounted for in the development of screening instruments. Further research in this field can help inform public health policies to address social, educational and occupational inclusion for refugee women in different contexts.

Health outcomes in young adulthood among former child refugees in Denmark, Norway and Sweden: A cross-country comparative study.

This study aimed at comparing several health outcomes in young adulthood among child refugees who settled in the different immigration and integration policy contexts of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The study population included refugees born between 1972 and 1997 who immigrated before the age of 18 and settled in the three Nordic countries during 1986-2005. This population was followed up in national registers during 2006-2015 at ages 18-43 years and was compared with native-born majority populations in the same birth cohorts using sex-stratified and age-adjusted regression analyses. Refugee men in Denmark stood out with a consistent pattern of higher risks for mortality, disability/illness pension, psychiatric care and substance misuse relative to native-born majority Danish men, with risk estimates being higher than comparable estimates observed among refugee men in Norway and Sweden. Refugee men in Sweden and Norway also demonstrated increased risks relative to native-born majority population men for inpatient psychiatric care, and in Sweden also for disability/illness pension. With the exception of increased risk for psychotic disorders, outcomes among refugee women were largely similar to or better than those of native-born majority women in all countries. The observed cross-country differences in health indicators among refugees, and the poorer health outcomes of refugee men in Denmark in particular, may be understood in terms of marked differences in Nordic integration policies. However, female refugees in all three countries had better relative health outcomes than refugee men did, suggesting possible sex differentials that warrant further investigation.

Hypertension and Its Associated Mental Health Challenges Among Female African Refugees in Durban, South Africa.

Hypertension is a serious medical condition that leads to various adverse health complications when left untreated. In addition to psychological challenge that female migrant refugees are exposed to premigration, they encounter barriers to care postmigration from xenophobia that affects their hypertension. We investigated the extent and mental health drivers of hypertension in refugees in Durban, South Africa. We interviewed 178 adult female African help-seeking refugees/migrants for hypertension (blood pressure ≥130/90 mm Hg) and mental health challenges (e.g., adverse childhood experience [ACE] and depression using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale). Eighty-six percent (n = 153) of participants were hypertensive, and based on the adjusted regression models, exposure to at least one ACE (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-7.26) and depression (aOR, 3.54; 95% CI, 1.10-11.37) were associated with hypertension, independent of smoking, alcohol, obesity, and physical exercise status. Hypertension and its associated mental health challenges are overlooked conditions in this population, with further efforts for screening being needed.

Cortical Visual Impairment as a Manifestation of Hepatic Encephalopathy in a Young Child: A Case Report

Cortical visual impairment (CVI) is an extremely rare manifestation of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), which refers to neuropsychiatric abnormalities as a result of impaired detoxification function of liver. A 16-month-old female Syrian refugee who developed jaundice 4 weeks before referral to our hospital was diagnosed with hepatitis A based on her clinical presentation at a local facility. Overtime, her jaundice worsened, her lower limbs became edematous, and the family noticed sleep disturbances and irritability. On admission to a local hospital, she was deeply jaundiced and irritable, but showed no stigmata of chronic liver dysfunction. During hospitalization, the patient lost the ability to track objects and eventually her sight. However, the results of fundoscopic and neurological examinations were normal, except for a fine tremor. Her laboratory workup showed elevated liver enzymes and ammonia, and a prolongation of prothrombin time. Brain imaging revealed an abnormal signal intensity which is suggestive of metabolic etiology. The patient was diagnosed with CVI secondary to HE and transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit. After a few days of HE management, ammonia levels dropped and vision recovered. In conclusion, CVI may indicate HE in children.

A multidimensional measure of wellbeing among youth: a cross-sectional study of the Palestinian refugee youth in Lebanon

BackgroundIncreasing refugee populations worldwide highlight the need for development indicators that cover refugees, especially as they tend to be excluded from national statistics. Refugee youth face double exclusion, as most wellbeing indices are not youth-specific. We developed a youth wellbeing index (YWI) for Palestinian refugees in Lebanon (PRL) and Palestinian refugees from Syria (PRS) living in Lebanon, with the aim of providing a snapshot of youth wellbeing to inform evidence-based youth-specific development strategies. MethodsThe YWI was developed and its data generated using information from the 2015 survey of PRL and PRS, which was approved by the American University of Beirut Institutional Review Board. The wellbeing of PRL (n=3940) and PRS (n=1581) aged 15–29 was measured using the YWI, which examines five wellbeing dimensions: educational attainment, health, housing, active education or employment, and access to information. Scores for each of the five dimensions are scaled to [0, 1], and YWI is their arithmetic mean. The data enable us to look at the YWI by gender, by camp residence, and by narrower age bands to detect any generational differences within youth. Findings are reported using sampling weights for representativeness. Findings4 years after displacement (2011–2015), PRS youth showed lower levels of wellbeing (YWI=0·56, 95% CI 0·55–0·57) than PRL youth (YWI=0·65, 95% CI 0·64–0·67). Although money-metric poverty was significantly higher inside than outside camps for both PRL youth (inside camps, 75·00%, 95% CI 71·55–78·15; outside camps, 61·98%, 55·26–68·27) and PRS youth (inside camps, 93·89%, 90·56–96·1; ; outside camps, 88·72%, 85·35–91·39), there was no such disparity in the YWI for PRL youth (inside camps, YWI=0·65, 95% CI 0·63–0·66; outside camps, 0·66, 0·62–0·69) or PRS youth (inside camps, 0·55, 0·54–0·56; outside camps, 0·57, 0·54–0·59). Young male refugees had significantly higher YWI (PRL, 0·66, 95% CI 0·65–0·68; PRS, 0·57, 0·56–0·59) than young female refugees (PRL, 0·64, 0·62–0·66; PRS, 0·55, 0·53–0·56). Young female PRL and PRS scored significantly higher for education (PRL, YWI=0·60; PRS, 0·61) than young male refugees from these populations (PRL, 0·48; PRS, 0·47), but significantly lower on active education or employment (PRL, 0·45; PRS, 0·18) than the young male refugees (PRL, 0·72; PRS, 0·47). Older PRS scored higher on the YWI education dimension (20–24 years age group, 0·61; 25–29 years age group, 0·50) than their PRL peers (20–24 years age group, 0·53; 25–29 years age group, 0·45), but the reverse was true for the 15–19 years age group (PRL, 0·60; PRS, 0·53). InterpretationResidence inside versus outside camps showed no significant differences in wellbeing based on the YWI, whereas money-metric poverty was higher inside camps, which suggests a need to move beyond assistance policies based on money-metric measures alone. The female edge in educational attainment is reversed when considering active education or employment, signalling the need for gender-specific strategies for the school-to-work transition for both PRL and PRS. The reversal of the educational edge of PRS over PRL in the 15–19 years age group is another concerning indicator of the cost of conflict for PRS that persists even four years after their displacement. FundingUNRWA funded the 2015 survey data collection and the Economic Research Forum funded the development of the YWI.

فاعلية العالج المختصر المركز على الحل في خفض اإلدمان على مواقع التواصل االجتماعي لدى عينة من الالجئات السوريات في األردن

This study aimed at exploring the effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) in reducing addiction of social networking sites among a sample of Syrian female refugees studying at the schools of Irbid Governorate, Jordan. Participants were 30 Syrian female refugees in grades from seventh to tenth. They were randomly assigned to two equal groups: Experimental group received SFBT and control group didn’t receive any treatment. All participants receiving SFBT met for a total of eight 80-minute treatment sessions. To achieve the objective of the study, a scale for measuring addiction of social networking sites was used. The data was analyzed using t-tests and one-way MANOVA. Results showed that there were significant differences between the two groups in the total scores and in the mean scores on all subscales in posttest and follow-up test, where the experimental group scored lower, indicating that SFBT was effective in reducing this type of addiction among Syrian female refugees.

Language biographies and multilingual language use: A sociolinguistic study of young refugees from Syria, Iran, and Afghanistan living in Germany

AbstractThis paper describes the individual experiences with migration-related multilingualism of young refugees from Syria, Iran, and Afghanistan living in Germany. Young refugees are a social group of particular linguistic interest because their late L2 learning takes place with limited family background and limited maintenance of heritage language and culture. These interview excerpts are connected to the current dissertation project titled“Sprachbiographien: Das Beispiel junger Geflüchteter aus Syrien, Iran und Afghanistan”(“Language Biographies: The example of young refugees from Syria, Iran and Afghanistan”). The nonrepresentative corpus of the study comprises 21 language biographical interviews with female and male refugees between 17 and 27 years. Specific guidelines were adhered to obtain insights into participants’ languages and cultural identities with a special focus on strategies of multilingual performances. The aim of this article is to show how young refugees’ language biographies are influenced by multilingual language use, based on selected samples from this survey.

Does peer-to-peer crowdfunding boost refugee entrepreneurs?

To provide new insights into the determinants of fundraising success for loans requested by refugees on a prosocial peer-to-peer (P2P) platform, this study investigates more than 180,000 business loan campaigns during 2015–2018. The leading online P2P platform offers access to financing for refugee entrepreneurs in developing countries, and the benefits are especially strong for refugees with prior borrowing experience. However, the results also reveal discrimination against female refugee entrepreneurs, compared with their non-refugee counterparts, in this P2P prosocial context. This gap should be addressed by scholars and policymakers determined to reach excluded and niche groups, including women and refugees.

The violence of uncertainty: Empirical evidence on how asylum waiting time undermines refugee health

The idea of violent uncertainty was first introduced in the New England Journal of Medicine (Grace et al., 2018) making claims about the deleterious impacts of insecure immigration status on the health of migrants. Policies of uncertainty are said to directly and indirectly create harm by impacting on individual's health via detention and public degradation and undermining healthcare services. We offer original empirical evidence indicating an association with uncertainty, in the form of asylum waiting times, on refugees' self-reported health. We devise four hypotheses that: long waiting time for asylum decisions increases likelihood of self-reported health problems and the effect persists overtime, that female refugees report higher levels of health problems resulting from uncertainty and religion moderates the association between health and uncertainty. We use data from the UK longitudinal Survey of New Refugees wherein all new refugees were sent a baseline survey immediately after receiving refugee status and then follow-up surveys 21 months later. The findings show longer asylum waiting time is associated with poor health. Female refugees were more likely to report poor emotional and physical health. The negative effect of asylum waiting time on emotional health persists 21 months post settlement and is worse for women. The hypothesisabout the ameliorating effect of religion is only partially supported. Our findings supports existing theory and qualitative studies about the deleterious effects of using policies of waiting-related uncertainty for managing migration. Given the wide use of such policies in the Global North, our work is suggestive of likely generalisability. Thus, countries with large refugee populations might want to consider our findings when developing asylum policy which minimises impact on refugee health.

The Impact of Blended Learning using the Ideas Box on the Motivation for Learning Among Non-formal Syrian Female Refugee Students in Jordan

The study aims to identify the impact of blended learning using the Ideas Box on the motivation toward learning among non-formal education female students in the Syrian refugee camps in Jordan. A semi-experimental approach was adopted; the sample of the study consisted of 30 female students enrolled in the Culture Promotion Program for Dropouts, second cycle, in the JOHUD Center for Social Support in January 2020. The experimental group consisted of 15 students who were taught the Islamic Pillars unit using the Ideas Box while the control group consisted of 15 students taught the same unit using the traditional way. Results show that there were no significant differences in mean scores of motivation between the two groups. This finding stresses the need for redesigning the current program used to teach students receiving the non-formal education to incorporate the Ideas Box into the curriculum.

An Examination of Misconceptions and Their Impact on Cervical Cancer Prevention Practices among Sub-Saharan African and Middle Eastern Refugees.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to understand cervical cancer screening and prevention practices of refugee women in San Diego, California and identify desired components of a cervical cancer screening toolkit.Methods: We conducted a qualitative study utilizing semi-structured focus groups and identified common themes via grounded theory analysis.Results: There were 53 female refugee participants from Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. Over half of all women surveyed expressed a fear of pelvic exams and loss of modesty as barriers to seeking gynecologic care, with nearly 34% avoiding routine pap tests. Of the 18 participants who were asked if they were aware of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccination, only one had heard of the vaccine and none had received it for themselves or their children. Over 60% of participants were interested in educational materials surrounding HPV and pap tests.Conclusion: There is a significant lack of knowledge regarding cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination among refugee women in San Diego, California. Refugee women in this study were interested in multi-modal educational materials as part of a cervical cancer screening toolkit.

Longitudinal Changes in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Resettlement Among Yazidi Female Refugees Exposed to Violence

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly prevalent among refugees surviving mass atrocities, especially among women. Longitudinal studies investigating factors associated with PTSD course are essential to enable adequate treatment yet widely lacking. To identify longitudinal changes in PTSD severity and posttraumatic coping among severely traumatized female refugees as well as risk and protective factors for PTSD course. This prospective cohort study took place in 14 German cities in the context of a humanitarian admission program that resettled 1000 especially vulnerable women and children from northern Iraq to Germany. Approximately 400 adult beneficiaries of the humanitarian admission program were eligible for the study. At baseline, a total of 116 of the 400 beneficiaries (29.0%) participated, with 96 (82.8%) of these women participating in the follow-up assessment. The study included a baseline assessment conducted 2 years after resettlement (September 1, 2017, to January 12, 2018) and a 1-year follow-up (August 29, 2018, to January 15, 2019). Violence and/or captivity during the 2014 genocide in northern Iraq by the so-called Islamic State. Posttraumatic stress disorder severity and coping strategies were assessed in interpreter-aided interviews using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. A total of 116 women (mean [SD] age, 32.2 [8.2] years; 115 [99.1%] Yazidi; 1 [0.9%] Christian) participated at baseline. According to the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, a high PTSD severity was found (mean [SD] raw sum score, 60.88 [15.75] of 88, with higher scores indicating greater distress), with no significant change over time. Helpful coping strategies included prayer, belief in collective strength, and belief in personal strength. Earlier symptoms of intrusions (β = 0.389, P = .007) and longer captivity (β = 0.218, P = .02) were identified as being associated with PTSD severity 1 year later. Longer captivity was associated with PTSD aggravation over time (β = 0.227, P = .04). Posttraumatic strengthening in faith (β = -0.206, P = .05) and in social relationships (β = -0.221, P = .03) were associated with a reduction in PTSD symptoms. These findings suggest that female refugee survivors of genocide are at high risk for severe and chronic PTSD beyond the initial years of resettlement. The findings provide suggestions for mental health care specialized for particularly vulnerable populations.