Female Pronouns Research Articles

Literature as Worldly Action

Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate how the various declinations of public and private dissent represented in a contemporary work of African literature, The Death of Vivek Oji (2020) by Akwaeke Emezi, can be read as an instance of literature’s world-making capacity. As the novel’s title anticipates, The Death of Vivek Oji reconstructs the life of its eponymous protagonist and the events that led to their death (Vivek is a non-binary, transgender person and both male and female pronouns are used to refer to them). Emezi’s novel is set in Nigeria during the late 1990s and the narrative actively engages in a representation of the socio-political situation of the country back then, covering the impact that the sudden death of the head of state, Sani Abacha, had on the population. Throughout the novel, dissent is depicted on two levels: on the one hand, it appears as an expression of democratic desire through the public protests against the country’s politics, as well as acts of violence against and among ethno-religious groups; on the other hand, there is also a parallel representation of private dissent in terms of the affirmation of one’s own identity. Vivek’s decision to not cut their long hair becomes, therefore, a form of personal opposition against society’s pre-imposed gendered constructs. In this sense, if the social stigma attached to members of the LGBT community is personified by the incapacity of Vivek’s parents to accept and understand their non-binary child, Vivek’s friends represent a communal act of resistance against such an oppressive social system. Ultimately, the opposition between public and private dissent finds its climax in Vivek’s death, in its causes and consequences. Building the critical analysis of the novel upon recent conceptualisations of literature as an active force that provokes dissent (Cheah 2016, Burns 2019), this paper demonstrates how Emezi’s narrative uses representations of public and private dissent to contest the current world in order to engage in the construction of a more equal one.

Against the Harm Argument for Censorship: On the Abuse of Psychology and the Dismissal of Rights

Several recent arguments trying to justify further free speech restrictions by appealing to harms that are allegedly serious enough to warrant such restrictions regularly fail to provide sufficient empirical evidence and normative argument. The two recent arguments critically examined here confirm this picture. Ann E. Cudd tries to make all kinds of clearly protected free speech responsible for “trauma.” However, she misrepresents the psychological studies she relies on and her account legitimizes anti-speech violence on a massive scale, which renders it morally absurd. Melina Constantine Bell tries to combine John Stuart Mill and psychological studies to argue that sexist and racial jokes and slurs produce severe harm and should therefore be restricted. Yet the studies are flimsy and the picture of Mill unrecognizable. I will, then, address, as a corrective to the one-sidedness of those who warn against the alleged harms of free speech, the harms imposed by compelled speech, using the topical example of compelling people to use female pronouns for males who claim to be women. I show that this practice is abusive and wrongful. I conclude with a reminder about the nature of liberal democracy. Its raison d’être is not protection from harm per se but the safeguarding of freedom. There are no convincing reasons to further restrict or, especially, to compel speech, but every reason to defend free speech.

Implicit Gender Bias in the Clinical Judgment of Psychopathy and Personality Disorders among Licensed Psychologists in the USA

The role of implicit gender bias in the assessment of mental disorders remains a contentious and consequential issue. Inaccurate assessment of psychopathy and personality disorders (PD) among health care professionals can have deleterious consequences with respect to treatment access and planning, as well as legal decision making within forensic settings. Using a quantitative cross-sectional experimental design, 180 licensed psychologists from the USA were recruited via email using non-probability convenience sampling. Implicit gender bias was measured by randomly assigning participants to one of two experimental conditions (i.e., male vs. female pronoun case vignette). While adjusted logistic regression models confirmed significant associations between gender pronoun of case vignette and clinical judgment of PDs, this was not supported for psychopathy. Licensed psychologists were significantly more likely to render a judgment of borderline PD in the female, compared to the male, gender pronoun condition. Conversely, they were significantly more likely to render a judgment of antisocial PD in the male, compared to the female, gender pronoun condition. These findings suggest that despite progress in the understanding of gender role behaviors, personality disorders, and clinical training protocols, implicit gender bias persists among licensed psychologists in the USA.

Klein, Ula Lukszo. Sapphic Crossings: Cross-Dressing Women in Eighteenth-Century British Literature

Klein, Ula Lukszo. <i>Sapphic Crossings: Cross-Dressing Women in Eighteenth-Century British Literature</i>

Fatherhood in Foster Care: A Scoping Review Spanning 30 Years of Research on Expectant and Parenting Fathers in State Care.

Over the past 30 years, there has been a surge of interest in understanding the experiences and outcomes of expectant and parenting foster youth. Despite the importance of understanding this unique population of foster youth, there remains a lack of research on fathers in foster care. Most studies of expectant and parenting foster youth focus on mothers in care, and studies that have examined fathers in care provide little insight compared to what we know about mothers. Furthermore, existing research on fathers in foster care is limited by underreporting, service engagement issues, lack of meaningful engagement data, and very little information on fathers’ involvement with their children. There is very little published research on the experience of fatherhood in foster care or on related outcomes for fathers in care such as residency with children, father engagement with children, coparental relationship quality, or the health and well-being of their children. While there have been over 60 studies and three reviews on expectant and parenting foster youth spanning roughly 30 years, the articles have primarily focused on empirical findings relating to mothers in foster care. Information on fathers in foster care has received little attention and is restricted to empirical studies. This scoping review aims to fill this gap by examining the available information on fathers in foster care. To this end, our scoping review explores empirical findings and knowledge from practice-, legal-, and policy-related literature related to fathers in foster care from peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, dissertations, white papers, and grey literature published between 1989 and 2021. Findings from 94 sources of evidence on expectant and parenting foster youth suggest that mothers in foster care are consistently the focus of the literature. If fathers in foster care are included in the literature, findings or guidance are often provided in the aggregate (e.g., parents in care). However, when aggregated, literature still focuses on mothers in care, or female pronouns are used to describe the larger expectant or parenting foster youth population. Many of the studies excluded fathers, and the primary exclusion rationale includes a lack of identified fathers in care, unreliable child welfare data on fathers, or high attrition of fathers in parenting services. In terms of information on fathers in foster care by the source of evidence, research papers often provided quantitative descriptions of fathers, practice papers focused on rights of fathers, legal papers centered on paternity establishment or paternal rights, and policy papers largely discussed the need for improved data tracking and interventions for fathers. More research is needed to support fathers in foster care as they transition out of care into early adulthood and young fatherhood.

A Study on Yukio Mishima’s Onnagata - Focusing on Gender and Sexuality Issues -

Yukio Mishima’s novel Onnagata (1957) is an important literary work that represents Mishima’s interest in Kabuki. Mangiku, the main character of this novel, is a male actor who plays female roles in Kabuki, that is, Onnagata. Masuyama, an observer of Mangiku, is intoxicated with the charm of Mangiku, who crosses the boundary of gender. The narrator in this work focuses on Masuyama and defines Mangiku’s gender.<BR> Previous studies have not offered sufficient reviews of Masuyama till date. However, this paper analyzed, in detail, how Masuyama recognizes and names Mangiku’s gender. As a result, it was found that Masuyama derives femininity from the appearance of Mangiku behind the stage, regardless of Mangiku’s gender identity, and calls Mangiku “her,” a female pronoun, after knowing about Mangiku’s same-sex love. This confusion between gender roles and sexual orientation represents a contradiction to the sexuality expressed by Onnagata, and the gender norm of heterosexuality is latent in the background.<BR> Moreover, Onnagata received relatively lesser attention among Mishima’s novels depicting male homosexuality. However, it can be said that it is worthy of re-evaluation. This is because Mishima also applied a number of motifs of his representative works, Confessions of a Mask (1949) and Forbidden Colors (1951-1953), to Onnagata. Therefore, Onnagata needs to be discussed in relation to these preceding texts.

A Study on Yukio Mishima’s Onnagata - Focusing on Gender and Sexuality Issues -

Yukio Mishima’s novel Onnagata (1957) is an important literary work that represents Mishima’s interest in Kabuki. Mangiku, the main character of this novel, is a male actor who plays female roles in Kabuki, that is, Onnagata. Masuyama, an observer of Mangiku, is intoxicated with the charm of Mangiku, who crosses the boundary of gender. The narrator in this work focuses on Masuyama and defines Mangiku’s gender.<BR> Previous studies have not offered sufficient reviews of Masuyama till date. However, this paper analyzed, in detail, how Masuyama recognizes and names Mangiku’s gender. As a result, it was found that Masuyama derives femininity from the appearance of Mangiku behind the stage, regardless of Mangiku’s gender identity, and calls Mangiku “her,” a female pronoun, after knowing about Mangiku’s same-sex love. This confusion between gender roles and sexual orientation represents a contradiction to the sexuality expressed by Onnagata, and the gender norm of heterosexuality is latent in the background.<BR> Moreover, Onnagata received relatively lesser attention among Mishima’s novels depicting male homosexuality. However, it can be said that it is worthy of re-evaluation. This is because Mishima also applied a number of motifs of his representative works, Confessions of a Mask (1949) and Forbidden Colors (1951-1953), to Onnagata. Therefore, Onnagata needs to be discussed in relation to these preceding texts.

Professors Prioritize Increasing Female Retention in Academic Physics Over Advisee's Interests.

Decades of initiatives have striven to fix the so-called “leaking pipeline” problem—persistent high attrition of women from the career/educational path toward STEM professorship. Though these initiatives call on academics to increase female retention along this path, it remains unknown whether academics actually prioritize this goal. To investigate this, we tested whether academics would prioritize female retention at the cost of a competing goal when giving career advice to students at risk of leaving the “pipeline.” We present results from a national survey in which United States professors (n = 364) responded to vignettes of three hypothetical undergraduates, rating the extent to which they would encourage or discourage each student from pursuing a PhD in physics. Professors were randomly assigned vignettes with either male or female gender pronouns. Two vignettes featured students who cogently explained why remaining in the physics pipeline would not match their individual goals and interests, while another vignette presented a student with goals and interests that clearly matched pursuing physics graduate school. Professors who received female-gendered vignettes were thus forced to choose between prioritizing striving to increase female retention in physics and acting in the best interest of the individual student. We present evidence that professors seem prepared to encourage women more strongly than men to remain in physics, even when remaining is contrary to the stated goals and interests of the student: Our logistic regression results suggest that professors have higher odds of encouraging women over men, net of vignette and other controls. We also find that male professors have higher odds of encouraging undergraduates and find no evidence that, relative to non-STEM professors, STEM professors have higher odds of encouraging women over men.

904 ‘Excuse me, Sir?’ - A Case for Compassion and Non-discrimination in Surgery

Abstract Background The delivery of compassionate and non-discriminatory care to all patients in the hospital environment is vital. Yet, this striking surgical case report demonstrates that ignorance and prejudice against transgender patients still exists, resulting in poorer health outcomes. Case presentation A 64-year-old transgender woman presented with severe epigastric pain and left arm weakness. She became haemodynamically unstable as a result of Type A aortic dissection during thrombolysis for a presumed ischaemic stroke. The patient was addressed as ‘Sir’ on multiple occasions causing her visible distress; she confided in the team that she felt judged and that her concerns were not taken seriously. When the thoracic surgery registrar was informed that the patient was transgender and used female pronouns, their reply was that this information was ‘irrelevant’ and ‘unimportant’. Conclusions Barriers to health care for transgender individuals and a focus on compassion when treating the surgical patient are discussed. A lack of education, individual ignorance and the serious nature of this case led to psychological distress and may have contributed to a delay in diagnosis. There is an urgent need to raise awareness of transgender health disparities in medical and surgical training, to ensure that all patients are treated equally, and their dignity is maintained, even in challenging and stressful situations. Appropriate engagement and leadership from senior members of the surgical team will foster non-discriminatory practices and the creation of an inclusive environment, focusing on the use of correct pronouns and addressing patient concerns.

The Meaning of Denotation, Connotation, and Myth used in Ariana Grande’s "God is a Woman" Song Lyrics

Ariana Grande was determined to be a light on her song lyrics and no one has needed that light more than Ariana Grande herself. Her song Lyrics were loaded with deep meanings. Ariana Grande sung about relationships, love, and dating, and through it all, there were moments of meaning spread throughout. The lyric writer wanted to suggest a certain mood or emotion. This study focused on God is a woman song Lyrics. The writer took song lyrics as primary data and used qualitative descriptive method that explained descriptively how the meaning used in Ariana Grande’s God is a woman song lyrics. The theory used in the study is semiotics, in particular, is the theory used by Roland Barthes. Roland Barthes developed his theory into two levels, namely Denotation as the first level in the sign, connotation as the second level in the sign which is accompanied by a myth (marking a society). The result of this study based on Roland Barthes Semiotic’s theory in a way of denotative it is about sex and how she claims the chemistry will be so incredible that the guy is going to think she is God and in a way of connotative Ariana Grande campaigned for a struggle for gender equality and she showed off women's energy and independence. While the myth is God is a woman which this sentence represents about gender differences in life. The answer to dismantling patriarchy is not raising a matriarchy in its place. But building our understanding of, as Ariana Grande puts it, "God as a woman," will help counterbalance almost every human's internalized beliefs that our creator is a man, a father, a guy in the sky. God is our mother, our father, our parents. Come to think of it, if God can be referred to with the masculine pronoun “he”, why is not okay for us to also used the female pronoun “she” when referring to God.

Portraying the Aztec Past: The Codices Boturini, Azcatitlan, and Aubin

Portraying the Aztec Past examines three interrelated Mesoamerican manuscripts created by sixteenth-century Nahua tlacuiloque (artist-scribes): the codices Boturini, Azcatitlan, and Aubin. The author, Angela Herren Rajagopalan, provides close analysis of each manuscript while also examining their intersections with and departures from one another. Through this comparative approach we learn the ways their creators utilized Indigenous and European modes of representation, writing, and making to communicate identity and sociopolitical alliances.Chapter 1, the introduction, discusses the state of scholarship on each manuscript and the author’s unique contributions, which include close analysis of their materiality, production, and, most importantly, the relationship between the three manuscripts.Chapter 2 focuses on what the author calls the “pictographic paradigm” of Codex Boturini, alternatively titled the Tira de la peregrinación de los Mexica. The codex, which remains unfinished, displays traditional Indigenous features in the use of amatl paper in a screen-fold format, and features black and red as dominant colors. Rajagopalan’s hands-on expert knowledge of the manuscript really shines through here with her examination of erasures, pentimenti, and various adjustments made by the tlacuilo over time. These clues lead to hypotheses about the author’s sources (pictographic or oral) and how the annals of Mexica history were carefully crafted to highlight Aztlan as their place of origin, the tutelary patron god Huitzilopochtli, and the celebration of the fifty-two-year calendar cycle with the New Fire Ceremony, all touchstones of Mexica identity. This chapter’s findings are particularly important for Codex Boturini’s relationship to the Codices Azcatitlan and Aubin, which unfold in subsequent chapters.Chapters 3 through 5 examine Codex Azcatitlan from various angles. Chapter 3 delves into a connoisseurship of Mesoamerican manuscript making that reveals a long and close familiarity with the objects. Rajagopalan differentiates between two hands, and the well-placed illustration details help the reader to quickly gain acuity. Curiously, the author refers to the tlacuiloque as male throughout the book. Scholars such as José Rabasa (2011: 2–3) have suggested that women were also artist-scribes, and he used female pronouns for the tlacuiloque of the Codex Telleriano-Remensis. Whatever their gender, Rajagopalan’s third chapter allows the reader a look into the period eye and hand of the tlacuiloque. By differentiating the hands, we are able to discern the various voices in the manuscript. The author attributes the manuscript to a master/apprentice relationship likely fostered at the Colegio de Santa Cruz Tlatelolco. She argues that the manuscript’s explicitly Tlatelolca-centered version of the Mexica past was drawn from Codex Boturini but was manipulated, perhaps through improvisation, or perhaps inspired by the tlacuilo’s knowledge of the Annals of Tlatelolco.Chapter 4 further cements the Tlatelolca voice of Codex Azcatitlan by focusing on the cosmic hero Don Martín Ecatl (or Ecatzin), a Tlatelolca warrior who famously captured a Spanish flag in combat. Rajagopalan spends some time comparing the codex with other sixteenth-century sources, which reveals that the Azcatitlan tlacuilo “celebrated indigenous victory and presented indigenous defeat as the inevitable result of cosmic destiny” (9). Chapter 5 delves deeper into the final postconquest pages of Codex Azcatitlan, dated 1521–27. Of particular interest is the manuscript’s relationship to oral traditions and the use of Indigenous, cyclical conceptions of time in recording the postconquest period.The final body chapter shifts to Codex Aubin, with particular interest in the ways in which the tlacuiloque was influenced by printed books. The section in this chapter titled “The Impact of Epidemic Disease” feels almost prescient in light of the current coronavirus pandemic. Here Rajagopalan highlights the individual voice of the tlacuilo, who records personal entries during the plague of 1576. During the epidemic at least two other hands appear in the manuscript, revealing the tlacuilo’s urgency to complete the annals history under the threat of disease and death. Our current pandemic, coupled with the violence by the dominant power against Black lives (a violence perhaps also familiar to the Indigenous tlacuilo), has created a similar sense of urgency, ultimately catalyzing a revolution focused on dismantling systemic racism. Beyond this compelling section, the chapter delves into the literary world of early colonial Mexico, examining the manuscript’s European codex-style construction, end papers, Latin sources, and the influence of the printed book. She argues that to protect the Indigenous subject matter within from perceived heresy, the tlacuilo deliberately adopted features of typical European books. This, perhaps the most compelling chapter in the tome, beautifully brings to life the educational context and training as well as the social factors, most notably the establishment of the Inquisition (1571), that impacted the tlacuilo and the manuscript itself.Overall Rajagopalan’s book is an excellent contribution to Mesoamerican manuscript studies and a compelling read for specialists and a more general audience alike. It is particularly notable for the focus on the materiality of the manuscripts, the artist and intended audience, and the social and political machinations that prompted their creation.

Pauli Murray: A Personal and Political Life by Troy R. Saxby

Reviewed by: Pauli Murray: A Personal and Political Life by Troy R. Saxby Erin D. Chapman Pauli Murray: A Personal and Political Life. By Troy R. Saxby. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020. Pp. xx, 353. $34.95, ISBN 978-1-4696-5492-8.) Troy R. Saxby distinguishes his biography of Pauli Murray from the many works on the legal scholar, priest, poet, and transgender icon by emphasizing the book’s focus on Murray’s inner life, personal relationships, and evolving political viewpoints. Whereas other works on Murray’s life and career address these topics while also providing a rich history of the social movements, organizations, and activists whose campaigns and insights influenced Murray’s own, Saxby’s Pauli Murray: A Personal and Political Life concentrates on the difficult personal journey Murray undertook in the effort to disprove the many voices—familial, social, and psychological—that doubted her worth. Saxby declares that his “focus is more tilted to how Murray felt, thought, and acted rather than how the world later interpreted, and benefited from, her work” (p. xvi). According to Saxby, Murray’s “crowning success” among a slew of accomplishments is the “collection of personal papers” she had the foresight to create and maintain for posterity. Although Murray chose not to publicly disclose her lifelong “conflict” with homosexual desire and gender nonconformity while she remained alive, she left a wealth of diaries, correspondence, and notes to aid the “future biographers” whose interest she anticipated (p. xvi). Saxby finds the origins of Murray’s crippling self-doubt, the tendency to overwork, quick temper, dedication to respectability, and gendered and sexual “conflict” in her childhood. She was a daughter of the proud but impoverished Black southern middle class, the darkest child in her extremely light-skinned family yet the lightest among her peers in the segregated school she attended in small-town North Carolina. When Murray was a child, her mother may have committed suicide, and her father lost his mind, for which he was incarcerated in a segregated mental hospital where he was murdered by an orderly. Constantly afraid she, too, might grow up to be mentally unstable, Murray doggedly pursued educational advancement and conventional success both to redeem her family’s tainted heritage and to counter the racism and sexism that plagued her. Persistently arguing that “human rights are indivisible,” Murray refused to prioritize the battle against racism over the battle against sexism (p. 211). In one chapter, Saxby discusses Murray’s many applications of this axiom through her legal scholarship for the President’s Commission on the Status of Women, the American Civil Liberties Union, the Alabama case White v. Crook (1966), and her collaboration with Betty Friedan and other cofounders of the National Organization for Women. However, Saxby declines to rehearse the nuances of the legal arguments and the complex history of the mid-twentieth-century U.S. women’s movement. Instead, Saxby directs readers to other works, such as Serena Mayeri’s Reasoning from Race: Feminism, Law, and the Civil Rights Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 2011) and Rosalind Rosenberg’s Jane Crow: The Life of Pauli Murray (New York, 2017). Addressing Murray’s perennial “conflict,” Saxby refrains from “applying current labels that Murray may or may not have welcomed” (p. 67). Whether out of compliance with the heteropatriarchy of her generation or refusal to [End Page 750] expose herself to further derogation and possible criminal prosecution, Murray presented and represented herself as a woman in her adult and professional life. Saxby respects that choice, referring to Murray using female pronouns throughout the book. However, in a biography purporting to explore the inner life of such a significant and complex person, a more robust analysis of Murray’s engagement with the contemporary psychological, medical, and popular literature on sexuality and sexual identity seems warranted. Saxby’s biography might have offered a detailed history of intersecting racial and sexual sociopolitical structures in the twentieth-century United States. Instead, Saxby emphasizes the diversity of the human experience, concluding, “Murray’s writings. . . assert that all people . . . have the right to occupy the historical record and that humanity benefits from recording all of these voices” (p. 294). Erin D. Chapman George...

Implicit Gender Bias in Third-Year Surgery Clerkship MSPE Narratives

To assess implicit gender bias in surgery clerkship evaluations of third-year medical students at a large, academic hospital in the Southeast. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine has multiple branch campuses where students can complete their surgical clerkship including 1 large academic center, 1 hybrid academic and community-based practice, and 3 community-based hospitals. All residents and faculty evaluations of medical students who completed the surgery clerkship from March 1, 2018 to February 28, 2019 were analyzed. Evaluations were anonymized and names and pronouns were removed to mitigate evaluator bias. A word dictionary was created guided by previous literature and categorized descriptive adjectives into 4 categories: ability, grindstone, standout, and personality traits. Adjectives used to describe students, and references to the student using gendered pronouns or gender-fair language were coded and quantified as percentage of total evaluation word content. These percentages were compared between male and female students. A subsequent analysis was completed to assess the effects of gendered pronouns on linguistic patterns. A total of 583 evaluations from the surgery clerkship were available for 183 students (51.9% female, 48.1% male). When gender-fair language was used, there was no difference in the adjectives used to describe female and male students. Male evaluators were more likely to use female gendered pronouns compared to male gendered pronouns (3.1% vs 2.3%, p = 0.028). When gendered pronouns were present, evaluations of female students were more likely to contain grindstone adjectives but less likely to contain standout terms compared to evaluations of male students (4.4% vs 2.8%, p = 0.006; 0.6% vs 1.3%, p = 0.006). For students who have completed their surgical clerkship, the language patterns in evaluations differ between female students and male students. When the female pronoun was used, narratives contained more grindstone adjectives and fewer standout adjectives. Our results are consistent with previous literature and may be a manifestation of "othering" or a compensatory means of describing female students. This is potential manifestation of implicit gender bias.

GENDER EQUALITY IN ONLINE ENGLISH BOOK IN READING AND WRITING MATERIALS

This study is to find out whether the writing and reading material is gender biased in the online English book published by British Council. The researchers used qualitative method by using content analysis technique. The data are collected through document review. The research focused on the analysis of six aspects which suggested by Logsdon, they were number of female/male in character, in the linguistic Equal on she and he as pronouns, one’s profession, gender role and behaviors, female and male on which focus on public and domestic role, female and male which focus on art talent, sport ability, and intellectual competence in art and sport in online English book. The result of research showed that the percentage of female is higher than male in the aspects female pronouns in writing material, gender roles (public role) in reading material, art, and sport talent in both of reading and writing material. And the percentage of male are higher than female in the aspects male characters in reading material, female pronouns in reading material and intellectual competence in reading material. It can be concluded that online English books written by the British Council are still found with inequality gender.

Of Caring Nurses and Assertive Police Officers: Social Role Information Overrides Gender Stereotypes in Linguistic Behavior

Three studies demonstrated the expression of gender stereotypes in linguistic behavior. In Study 1, participants composed sentences describing a person by freely choosing from female- or male-dominated occupations, female or male pronouns, and communal or agentic traits. In Study 2a, participants chose traits to describe a person identified by a female- or male-dominated occupation and in Study 2b by a female or male pronoun and noun. In Study 3, participants chose traits for a person identified by both a female- or male-dominated occupation and a female or male pronoun. In general, participants chose more communal and fewer agentic traits for sentences containing a female- (vs. male-) dominated occupation and a female (vs. male) pronoun or noun. However, participants described women and men in the same occupation as similarly agentic or communal, demonstrating the primacy of role over sex information as predicted by social role theory.

(Mis)matching: Journalistic uses of gender pronouns and names can influence implicit attitudes toward transgender people, perceived news content credibility, and perceived reporter professionalism

The emerging transgender phenomenon has ignited the national debate on journalistic practices of reporting on transgender issues. This study, via an experiment, investigates the effects of the journalistic uses of gender pronouns and names. The findings revealed that among the participants exposed to stories using male names, female pronouns elicited more negative implicit attitudes toward transgender people. Using the transgender subject’s preferred pronouns elicited more perceived news content credibility and perceived reporter professionalism.

Cleaning mums and brave policemen: gender representation and gender-inclusive language in EFL teaching materials in Lithuania

Gender representation in textbooks used for teaching English as a foreign or second language (EFL/ESL) has been analysed extensively and in various countries since the 1980s. According to most studies (e.g. Hellinger 1980; Porreca 1984; Ansary and Babaji 2003; Pihlaja 2007; Lee 2016), females tend to be underrepresented and depicted in stereotypical ways, which risks reinforcing gender clichés in students (Britton and Lumpkin 1977; Peterson and Lach 1990). To date, only a few studies (Brusokaitė and Verikaitė-Gaigalienė 2015) have focused on gender representation in teaching materials used in Lithuania; moreover, teaching materials other than textbooks remain underexplored. Using corpus analysis tools and criteria adapted from previous analyses of gender representation and language use in textbooks, this study takes a both quantitative and qualitative approach to the analysis of two EFL exercise books and two EFL test books published in Lithuania between 2005 and 2017 and currently available on the Lithuanian book market. More precisely, areas of investigation were the numerical visibility of males and females, stereotypical contexts in which characters appear, and strategies used by the authors to make the language more gender-inclusive.&#x0D; The results show that males are more visible numerically: not only are there more male than female characters in all four books, males are also more likely to be named first in paired constructions. With regard to stereotypical contexts, both males and females tend to be represented in traditional gender roles: males are typically represented as leaders, the breadwinners of the family and the main decision-makers; females, on the other hand, are depicted as working in stereotypically female professions or in the home domain, and they are more often described as weak, fearful and in need of assistance. Moreover, there is very little variation with regard to the traditional image of a family, typically consisting of a mother, a father and two to three children. As for the use of gender-inclusive language, the use of certain (e.g. naming both male and female pronouns when referring to a person of unknown gender), yet not all available strategies (e.g. singular they) could be observed. These findings suggest that the authors were heavily influenced by the strategies that exist for the Lithuanian language. The language used in the four books can, therefore, be said to differ to some extent from both actual language use (Pauwels 2001; Romaine 2001; Baker 2010) and the language used in teaching materials employed in countries where English is spoken as a first or second language (Jacobs 1999). Finally, this article recommends authors of future teaching materials to pay more attention to the representation of males and females and to also give importance to deviation from what is generally seen as the norm. Arguably, this would provide children with a more truthful picture of contemporary British and North American societies, and help to teach them that diversity is a positive feature.

현대 한일어 3인창 여성 대명사 그녀와 彼女 연구

현대 한일어 3인창 여성 대명사 그녀와 彼女 연구

The ‘firstness’ of male as automatic ordering: Gendered discourse in Southern African Business Studies school textbooks

There is little contention that gender equity continues to be a challenge in many societies across the Southern African region. Dominant discourses that perpetuate inequality are often reflected in school materials such as textbooks, which have the potential to socialise girls and boys into particular gender performances. The aim of the study being reported on was to examine representations of gender in a sample of Business Studies school textbooks. The textbooks were selected from four Southern African countries: Swaziland, Lesotho, Zimbabwe and South Africa. The study employed a sociolinguistic analytical framework, namely critical discourse analysis and was guided by the tenets of feminist poststructuralism in the analysis of this phenomenon. The findings of the study reveal superficial content changes in the texts under study. Gendered ideologies continue to prevail in a remarkably overt fashion. One key finding was at a semantic level, namely the mention of the male pronoun first in sentences and conversation and not the female pronoun, having the likely effect of endorsing the principle of the ‘firstness’ and superiority of the masculine. In the order of two words paired for sex such as ‘Mr and Mrs’, ‘brother and sister’ and ‘husband and wife’, the masculine word came first. This automatic ordering is likely to reinforce the second-place status of women. The article concludes with a discussion on the implications of these findings for pedagogy and the textbook publishing industry. The findings also have the potential to ignite debate, as it relates to re-imagining the programmatic curriculum (school textbooks) as a contested genre.

Kynferðiseinelti og mótun kvenleikans í íslenskri skólamenningu

Kynferðiseinelti er einelti sem beinist að kynferði þess sem fyrir því verður, undir þeim formerkjum að viðkomandi sýni ekki viðtekinn kvenleika eða karlmennsku. Einelti af þessu tagi hefur lítið verið skoðað með fræðilegum hætti hérlendis. Í greininni er fjallað um kynferðiseinelti og upplifun ungmenna sem hafa af því reynslu. Eigindlegum rannsóknaraðferðum var beitt en gagnasöfnun fór fram í formi hálfstaðlaðra einstaklingsviðtala. Tekin voru viðtöl við níu ungmenni sem upplifað höfðu kynferðiseinelti á skólagöngu sinni í grunn- og framhaldsskólum. Niðurstöðurnar benda til þess að kynjamisrétti meðal unglinga sé yfirleitt hunsað í skólamenningu þeirra skóla sem um ræðir og að síður sé tekið á því einelti sem beinist að kynferði brotaþola en öðru einelti. Kynferðisleg áreitni og druslustimplun eru meðal birtingarmynda kynferðiseineltis og virðast eiga þátt í mótun kvenleikans. Niðurstöðurnar benda enn fremur til þess að nauðsynlegt sé að vinna með skólamenninguna í heild til þess að hægt sé að taka á og fyrirbyggja kynferðiseinelti.