Female Pigeons Research Articles

Serum Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis-Susceptible and Resistant Pigeons.

Summary1) Using the agar precipitation method and low temperature fractionation for determination of beta-lipoproteins, amounts of beta-lipoproteins, total lipides, phospholipides, and cholesterol in serum of atherosclerosis-susceptible and resistant breeds of pigeons were compared. The agar precipitation method seems a reliable method for estimating levels of beta-lipoprotein cholesterol in serum. 2) No significant differences were seen when male birds of the 2 breeds were compared. Lipoprotein levels of females varied within wide limits, probably due to phospholipemia associated with egg-laying activity. Such activity is accompanied by increased proportion of cholesterol in beta-lipoproteins. At time of egg-laying, total lipides and total phospholipides (but not total cholesterol) are increased in the serum. Thus, such cyclic changes appear to produce a more “favorable” (i.e., lowered) cholesterol/phospholipide ratio. In contrast to cholesterol-fat fed chicks, female pigeons of susceptible breed are not...

Avian Medullary Bone

SINCE the report by Kyes and Potter1 that the marrow cavities of the tibia and femora of female pigeons become filled with endosteal bone during the laying cycle, this phenomenon has been the subject of intensive study in the sparrow2, duck3 and domestic fowl4,5, as well as in the pigeon6,7. This highly labile medullary bone appears to serve as a readily available store of calcium for the calcification of the egg shell. It has been studied almost exclusively in the long bones of the legs, though Zondek8 found it also in the vertebral column of young cockerels after treatment with œstrogen.

Radiocalcium as an indicator in the study of the action of estradiol on calcium metabolism.

IT HAS been known, since the observation of Kyes and Potter (1934), that during ovarian f ollicular activity the endosteal cavity of long bones of female pigeons and other birds becomes filled with abundant bony trabeculae. Landauer et al. (1938) reported that it is possible to produce this type of new bone formation in pigeons by estrogen (folliculin) injections causing the bone marrow to be resorbed and replaced by newly formed organic trabeculae which later become calcified. Riddle and Reinhart (1926) ascertained that the blood calcium content of female pigeons undergoes a marked elevation in the period just preceding egg-shell formation and that the hypercalcemia is maintained until shell formation is completed. Riddle and Dotti (1936) produced similar effects on the blood calcium content of normal and of castrated or hypophysectomized pigeons and doves by the administration of estrogenic hormones.

On Partial Melanism Associated with Parathyroid Enlargement in Pigeons

Five cases of non-genetic partial melanism were observed in adult female domestic pigeons. One similar case was observed in an old male hybrid (Zenaida x Zenaidura) dove after it became unable to fly. Two physiological conditions, slight exposure to sunlight and enlargement of the parathyroids, were known to be associated with all of these six cases of melanism. It is considered probable that these conditions were also responsible for previously reported instances of melanism in caged wild birds. In two instances plucked melanistic feathers were replaced by normal feathers following the administration of a concentrate of cod-liver oil (vitamin D). Parathyroid enlargement is shown to occur regularly in young pigeons reared on a mixed grain diet in the absence of direct sunlight (vitamin-D deficiency). Grossly defective ossification of the bones (rickets) of many such pigeons is reported.

Changes in medullary bone during the reproductive cycle of female pigeons

Changes in medullary bone during the reproductive cycle of female pigeons

THE EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND BONE MARROW OF MICE

THE OBSERVATION by Kyes and Potter (1934) that female pigeons had a cyclic ossification of the marrow spaces associated with the maturation of the ovarian follicle has been the basis for much research work upon the effect of estrogens and androgens on calcification and ossification in various species of organisms. Zondek (1937) first observed that when mice were given injections of estrogens in large amounts the marrow spaces were invaded and largely replaced by bone. Arnold (1937) and later Tyslowitz (1941), Castrodale and his coworkers (1941) and Crafts (1941) demonstrated that large doses of estrogens caused a severe anemia, purpura and death in both male and female dogs. No change of significance was noted by Tyslowitz (1941) in the peripheral blood picture of the rhesus monkey after prolonged administration of large doses of estrogens. Crafts (1941) noted only a slight anemia in the rhesus monkey after the administration of 10 mg. of stilbesterol daily over an extended period.

MASCULINE COPULATORY BEHAVIOR IN INTACT AND CASTRATED FEMALE RATS1

CERTAIN FEMALE ANIMALS are known to display mating reactions characteristic of the male of their species. Behavior of this type has been observed in the case of female pigeons (1), night herons (2), rabbits (3, 4), guinea pigs (5), cats (8),pigs (7, 8), cattle (9, 10), monkeys (11, 12), and chimpanzees (13). Despite the wide spread character of such ‘reversals’ of sexual behavior, exhibition of masculine mating behavior by experimentally altered females is frequently offered as evidence to sub-stantiate claims of induced sex reversal (14–19). In the case of the female rat, masculine copulatory behavior has always been regarded as either nonexistent or quite rare (17, 20,21–24). Previously the senior author (25) described 7 virgin female rats which mounted sexuallysluggish males. More recently two experienced females have been observed to exhibit the complete masculine copulatory pattern exclusive of the ejaculatory response (26).

RELATIONSHIP OF GONAD-STIMULATING ACTIVITY OF FEMALE DOMESTIC FOWL ANTERIOR PITUITARIES TO REPRODUCTIVE CONDITION

SCHOOLEY AND RIDDLE (1) have reported that anterior pituitary tissue from sexually active male and female pigeons contains more gonad-Stimulating hormone than do the glands from sexually inactive adults. This observation was based upon results obtained from the implantation of macerated glands into 2.1 to 2.7-inonth-old ring doves. Benoit (2) found that the hypophyses from drakes, artificially stimulated to precocious sexual maturity, when implanted into immature mice caused a definite increase in the size of the uterus and ovary as compared with negative effects from implants from sexually quiescent drakes. Although the gonad-Stimulating potencies of male and female chicken pituitaries have been compared by Meyer, Mellish and Kupperman (3) and the male glands found more potentat various dosage levels, the relationship between the potency of the anterior pituitary and reproductive condition has not been determined for the domestic fowl.

Calcification and ossification. Medullary bone changes in the reproductive cycle of female pigeons

Calcification and ossification. Medullary bone changes in the reproductive cycle of female pigeons

Visual stimulation and ovulation in pigeons

It has long been known that the female pigeon, unlike the carefully selected domestic hen, does not ovulate spontaneously. Harper (1904) showed that in pigeons ovulation occurs not less than 8 days after the introduction of the male to a female when both are ready for mating. He further recorded that two female pigeons when confined together may both take to laying eggs. The act of mating therefore is not necessary to induce ovulation, the mere presence of a companion sufficing. This exteroceptive stimulus to ovulation is usually regarded as exerting its influence through the pituitary. The experiment described in this paper was designed to show whether the stimulus is visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile or a combination of two or more of these alternatives. The essential part of the experiment carried the confining of two females together a stage further. Two birds were confined in adjacent cages separated by a sheet of glass, and single birds were confined by themselves but provided with a mirror. The birds were thus supplied with companions to which they had not tactile access.

SKELETAL CHANGES AND BLOOD SERUM CALCIUM LEVEL IN PIGEONS RECEIVING ESTROGENS

Fluctuations in serum calcium in doves and chickens have been associated with egg shell formation or ovarian activity (1, 2). In doves the serum calcium rises during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle (3). In the hen it has been correlated with the size of the egg (4). However, it was not until 1936 that estrogens were demonstrated to cause a rise in blood calcium (5). Kyes and Potter (6) noted that many female pigeons have solid bones, while males uniformly have marrow-filled bones. The condition of the bones was correlated with the size of the ovarian follicles. When the follicles were 2 mm. or less in diameter, the femurs contained large marrow spaces. Osseous tissue partially invaded the marrow in birds in which the follicles were more than 4.5 mm. in diameter, and bony spicules filled the marrow cavities when the follicles were 10.0 mm. or larger in diameter. The present investigation

Physiological marrow ossification in female pigeons

The Anatomical RecordVolume 60, Issue 4 p. 377-379 Article Physiological marrow ossification in female pigeons Preston Kyes, Preston Kyes Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, The University of ChicagoSearch for more papers by this authorTruman S. Potter, Truman S. Potter Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, The University of Chicago Seymour Coman Fellow of Preventive Medicine.Search for more papers by this author Preston Kyes, Preston Kyes Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, The University of ChicagoSearch for more papers by this authorTruman S. Potter, Truman S. Potter Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, The University of Chicago Seymour Coman Fellow of Preventive Medicine.Search for more papers by this author First published: November 1934 https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090600402Citations: 87 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume60, Issue4Special Issue: Includes Annual Meeting AbstractsNovember 1934Pages 377-379 RelatedInformation

The Acquisition of Male Characters by Female Pigeons

The Acquisition of Male Characters by Female Pigeons

The Acquisition of Male Characters by Female Pigeons

The Acquisition of Male Characters by Female Pigeons