Female Physical Education Research Articles

Training Female Bodies for New India: Women’s Physical Education between Global Trends and Local Politics in Colonial South Asia, c. 1900–1939

This paper explores the emergence of modern female physical education in late colonial India in the period between the beginning of the twentieth century and the late 1930s. Focusing mostly on physical training schemes directed at middle-class, upper-caste Hindu girls and women, the study provides detail about the role played by a variety of Indian and non-Indian historical actors that were committed to the spread of female physical fitness. It demonstrates that, despite different ideological tendencies, political agendas and methods, the extent to which these actors shared beliefs and assumptions about the fit female body is striking. The paper also makes it clear that it is necessary to move away from national or imperial lenses that have hitherto occluded the global interconnections and border-crossing trajectories at play when analyzing discourses and practices of female physical education in South Asia in the period under purview.

Comparison of the effect of life skills education and acceptance and commitment on happiness and responsibility of physical education students

Happiness and responsibility are among the components on which students' mental health, performance and success depend. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effect of life skills education and acceptance and commitment on the happiness and responsibility of physical education students. A semi-experimental design was conducted (pre-test and post-test) with two experimental and one control group. 45 female physical education and sports teaching departments students in Kilis (Turkiye) with lower scores on the Oxford Argyle (1990) Happiness Questionnaire and the California Psychological Responsibility Scale (CPI-R), were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into two experimental groups (15 people in each group) and one control group (15 people). For the first group, life control education (8 sessions; week 2 one-hour session) and the second group, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (8 sessions; week 2 one-hour session) was applied and the control group did not receive any education. Prior and after the education, the subjects completed the Argyle (1990) Oxford Happiness Questionnaire and the California Psychological Responsibility Scale (CPI-R). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the mean scores of students' happiness and responsibility in the acceptance and commitment group compared to the life skills education group and in the life skills education group compared to the control group in the post-test increased significantly (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the results showed that commitment and acceptance education is more effective than life skills education in increasing the responsibility and happiness of physical education students.

THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE AND NON-COGNITIVE SKILLS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS

This study aimed to find out the impact of physical activity in development of cognitive and non-cognitive skills of the physical education students. All male and female physical education students at northern Panjab were the population of current study. Thus, there is dire need to carry-out pragmatic research on theme of sports education and its relationship with cognitive and non-cognitive skills. The Likert scale was used for data collection which cover all aspect of sports and validity and reliability was done accordingly. The collected data was then put into SPSS to tabulate and arrange the data to attain the desired results. Findings of this study revealed that the score of participants and non-participants at both ends between male and female was different. Findings further revealed that the physical activity played a partial role between sports, cognitive and non-cognitive skills among youth of physical education. The physical activity was tested positive and significant in relationship with sports and cognitive skills. This study thus confirmed the significant connection between physical activity and sports in-between cognitive and non-cognitive skills.

Creative management of physical education lesson time for middle school teachers in Maysan governorate schools

The research aims to identify the level of creative management of the classroom by male and female teachers of physical education in middle schools in the centre of Maysan governorate and how to invest the lesson time in an ideal way. Maysan (the centre) for the intermediate stage, numbering 159 teachers and teachers for the academic year 2021-2022, were chosen deliberately. The researcher used the statistical bag (sps) to treat the data statistically. However, the researcher concluded that there is a generally positive image of the creative management of the classroom for male and female physical education teachers in terms of managing the time specified for the lesson. The researcher recommended the necessity of appropriate preparation for male and female teachers in a culture of administrative creativity.

Job Satisfaction of Physical Education Teachers in Slovakia

Many studies have confirmed that job satisfaction is one of the important factors that maintain a high level of performance. The aim of this study was to analyze job satisfaction among physical education teachers in Slovakia. This was a cross-sectional intraindividual ex post facto research. 139 male and 173 female Slovak physical education teachers participated in this study, 165 of them were employed at primary schools and 147 of them worked at secondary schools. To get the empirical data, the method of questionnaire and interview was used. It has been shown that job satisfaction of physical education teachers in Slovakia are differentiated in terms of gender, but are not differentiated from the point of view of age and of the type of school. The obtained results shows that male physical teachers working in schools have better job satisfaction than their female counterpart (χ2=10.308, p<0.01%). The findings suggest that job satisfaction of physical education in Slovak teachers is low. This research was realized out within the project VEGA, No. 1/0523/19 „Telesná a športová výchova a jej kvalita a potenciál v podpore zdravia z pohľadu žiakov, učiteľov a rodičov“ [“Physical and Sports Education and its Quality and Potential in Promoting Health from the Perspective of Pupils, Teachers and Parents”].

Effects of Simultaneously Combined Whole-Body Electrostimulation and Plyometric Training on Vertical Jump Performance, 20 m Sprint-Time and Handgrip Strength

Abstract Introduction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a 6-week low intensity plyometric training (PT) + whole-body electrostimulation (WBES) combined program, compared with traditional PT, on vertical jump performance, 20 m sprint-time and handgrip strength. Material and methods. 10 male and 10 female Physical Education students were randomly allocated to a control (CON) or an experimental (EXP) group. Both groups performed a 6-week low intensity PT 3 days per week, and during the third day, PT was simultaneously combined with WBES in the EXP group. Countermovement jump (CMJ) height, CMJ peak power, 20 m sprint-time and handgrip strength were measured before (pre-test) and after (post-test) the training period. Repeated measures ANOVA was performed to identify differences after the training program. Effect sizes (ES) were assessed using Hedge’s g. Results. No significant differences between groups were observed at post-test. CMJ height and CMJ peak power significantly increased in both groups, with greater ES in the EXP group (p < 0.001, g = 0.68; p < 0.001, g = 0.70, respectively). 20 m sprint-time significantly improved in both groups, with greater ES in the CON group (p < 0.001, g = −1.68). Handgrip strength also increased in both groups, but ES were minimal. Conclusions. Both training methods demonstrated to be a good strategy to improve CMJ performance and 20 m sprint-time. The most effective training method for improving CMJ performance was PT + WBES combined program, and traditional PT obtained better results in 20 m sprint-time.

Coping with Stress and Burnout in the Physical Education Teaching Profession

The article describes a study of coping strategies of Physical Education (PE) teachers and their role in the process of burning out. It highlights the role of gender differences in coping strategies.
 Female PE teachers apply mostly coping strategies like Fighting, Social support, wishful thinking, alleviation of outcomes, and Assuming responsibility, actions following the plan. They use the least likely Distancing.
 Male PE teachers frequently use the strategies Concentration on the task, actions following the plan, and Fighting. Successively, they use Accepting responsibility, and the least likely Reduction of tension.
 Some strategies derived in the research effectively cope with burnout in the PE teaching occupation and others are ineffective and may even lead to a depersonalized treatment of students.

Measuring the Degree of Feet Arches Curvature for Male and Female Physical Education Students as a Function of Sitting and Standing Positions

The study aimed to identify the degree of curvature of the feet arches for male and female Physical Education students at Al-Quds University (AQU) and Palestine Technical University – Kadoorie (PTUK), as a function of sitting and standing positions, as well as to identify the difference in the degree of curvature of the right and left feet due to sitting and standing positions attributed to the variables of university type, subjects’ gender and weight. Both measurement and analysis methods were used; the study sample consisted of (151) male and female students from both Physical Education Departments distributed as follows: (58) male and (45) female students from AQU and (48) female students from PTUK-Ramallah selected randomly. To answer the study questions, the scientific and statistical coefficients have been used. Our results showed that the differences in the left foot arch curvature for AQU students are at an average rate of (44.71%) compared to that of female students at PTUK by (49.78%) which is very close to the level before and in the absence of statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05≥α) in difference of degree of curvature of the right and the left feet from the two positions between students at Physical Education Departments attributed to the institution, gender and weight. The researchers recommend conducting a footprint examination for all students as a requirement to join the physical education departments and not to rely on the naked eye as an evaluation tool, since the height of the feet arches does not mean that student is fit to join the physical education program. It is possible that the height of the arches exceeds the normal limit and therefore will be a disorder similar to flat foot

Abilities of cardio respiratory system and physiological variables of female physical education teacher and sedentary female teacher: A proportional study

In this study, we assessed the abilities of cardio respiratory system and physiological variables of Female Physical Education Teacher and Sedentary Female Teacher. Forty (N=40) teachers of 40 to 47 years of age group (mean ± s: age = 43.93 ± 2.56 years) were purposively sampled to participate in the present study. They were further divided into two groups which includes twenty (n= 20) Female Physical Education Teachers and twenty (n= 20) Sedentary Female Teachers. All the subjects, after having been briefed about the objective and protocol to participate in this study, gave their consent and volunteered to participate in this study. Statistical technique i.e. the student ‘t’ test was applied to find out the significant differences between teachers of Physical Education and other than physical Education. To test the hypothesis, the level of significance was set at 0.05. The results revealed significant differences between the teachers of Physical Education and other than physical Education on the various Cardio Respiratory and Physiological variables on the sub-variables i.e. Peak Flow, Systolic Blood Pressure and Biceps (Body Composition). However, insignificant differences were noticed with regard to the sub-variables i.e. Body Mass Index, Breath Holding, Diastolic Blood Pressure, Supra Illiac (Body Composition), Sub Scapular (Body Composition) and Triceps (Body Composition). But while comparing the mean values of both the groups, it has been observed that Female Physical Education teachers have demonstrated better Peak Flow, Breath Holding, Systolic Blood Pressure, Diastolic Blood Pressure, Supra Illiac (Body Composition), Sub Scapular (Body Composition), Biceps (Body Composition) and Triceps (Body Composition) than the Sedentary female teachers. It can be noticed that the female sedentary teachers have exhibited more Body Mass Index than the Female Physical Education teachers.

The Reality of Physical Education Activities in Middle of West Bank Schools from the Point of View of School Principals and Physical Education Teachers: واقع الأنشطة الرياضية في مدارس محافظات وسط الضفة الغربية من وجهة نظر المدراء ومعلمي ومعلمات التربية الرياضية

The present study aims at investigating the reality of physical education activities in Middle of West Bank schools from school principals and physical education teachers point of views. To achieve this goal, the researchers applied the descriptive analytical method as it suits the nature study. The study was carried out during the academic year )2015-2016). The study covered the public, private and UNRWA schools in the education districts of Jerusalem, Jerusalem suburbs, Ramallah and Al-Bireh, Jericho and Jordan Valley schools. The population of the study included )538) male and female principals, as well as )310) male and female physical education teachers. The researcher applied the random stratified sample in selecting )144) principals and )84) teachers who participated in the study. To achieve the aims of the study, the researchers developed a questionnaire to investigate the reality of the activities performed at the schools in Middle of West Bank. The questionnaire included )5) domains with )40) items, whose validity and reliability was tested through applying the appropriate statistical procedures. The study results have shown that the mean is )4.14) which is an indicator of a high level of physical education activities. The domain of planning achieved the highest mean and )4.28) successively, followed by the domains of abilities, implication, evaluation and lastly the domain of incentives. The study results also have shown that there are no statistically significant differences at (α≥0.05 (concerning the reality of physical education activities pertaining to the variables of sex, specialization. Meanwhile, the results of study have shown that there are statistically significant differences at (α≥0.05) pertaining to physical education activities according to the variable of the directorate, and the differences were in favor of the directorate of Jericho and the Jordan Valley. In view of these results, the researchers recommend: That the physical education teachers should reinforce communication skills amongst schools administrations and the parents to enable students to participate in the physical education activities to avoid weak school achievement, and to bridge the gap between teachers and students so as to reinforce partnership and familiarity between them.

An Evaluation of the Accuracy and Precision of Jump Height Measurements Using Different Technologies and Analytical Methods

This study aims to comprehensively assess the accuracy and precision of five different devices and by incorporating a variety of analytical approaches for measuring countermovement jump height: Qualisys motion system; Force platform; Ergojump; an Accelerometer, and self-made Abalakow jump belt. Twenty-seven male and female physical education students (23.5 ± 3.8 years; height 170 ± 9.1 cm and body mass 69.1 ± 11.4 kg) performed three countermovement jumps simultaneously measured using five devices. The 3D measured displacement obtained through the Qualisys device was considered in this study as the reference value. The best accuracy (difference from 3D measured displacement) and precision (standard deviation of differences) for countermovement jump measurement was found using the Abalakow jump belt (0.8 ± 14.7 mm); followed by the Force platform when employing a double integration method (1.5 ± 13.9 mm) and a flight-time method employed using Qualisys motion system data (6.1 ± 17.1 mm). The least accuracy was obtained for the Ergojump (−72.9 mm) employing its analytical tools and then for the accelerometer and Force platform using flight time approximations (−52.8 mm and −45.3 mm, respectively). The worst precision (±122.7 mm) was obtained through double integration of accelerometer acceleration data. This study demonstrated that jump height measurement accuracy is both device and analytical-approach-dependent and that accuracy and precision in jump height measurement are achievable with simple, inexpensive equipment such as the Abalakow jump belt.

Sense of Self-Worth and Executive Aspects of the Self Among Female Handball Players and Physical Education Students

Introduction. The ambiguous results of research and various contradictory conclusions resulting from them, motivate researchers to undertake further attempts at analyses that could shed additional light on personality determinants of sports success. The authors of the study made 3 dimensions of personality the subject of their research – signifi cant from the point of view of achieving high sports results: self-esteem, hope for success and self-effi cacy. Objective. The aim of the study was to investigate self-esteem and selected personality traits describing the executive functions of the self and empirical verifi cation of the relationship between variables among female handball players and physical education students. Material and methods. The study comprised 3 groups of women: the fi rst – 33 female handball players aged 15-32, players of 1st league sports teams with an average training experience of over 10 years. The second – 42 female physical education students. The control group (non-training), consisted of female 39 philology students. In total, 114 women were included in the study. The following were used: the Polish adaptation of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), the Hope for Success Questionnaire (KNS) by Łaguna, Trzebiński and Zięba, modelled on the basis of the Hope Scale by Snyder et al., and the Polish version of the Generalised Self-Effi cacy Scale (GSES) created by Schwarzer and Jerusalem. Results. Handball players do not diff er in their personality dimensions from female students of physical education, but they have greater willpower than non-trained women. In turn, physical education students, compared to the control group, are characterised by higher self-esteem, greater hope for success (greater willpower and the ability to fi nd solutions) and they have a stronger belief in their own effi cacy. Statistically signifi cant, positive correlations between self-esteem and features describing executive aspects of the self were found in all 3 groups of respondents. Similarly, in all 3 groups of women, a direct relationship between two-dimensional hope for success and self-effi cacy was observed. Conclusions. The study may be a contribution to research on the personality of handball players and have practical applications, being of interest to sports psychologists and coaches working with handball players.

HEALTH-RELATED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY REPORT CARD APPLICATIONS: AN INITIAL EXAMINATION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS’ VIEWS

The purpose of this study was to reveal whether physical education teachers' views on health-related Physical Activity Report Card Applications differ according to gender and teaching experience variables. The participants were 33 female and 58 male teachers. The mean age of teachers was 36.96 (SD= 5.75), and the mean teaching experience was 10.74 (SD= 5.64). The Physical Activity Report Card Applications Assessment Scale [PARCAAS] was used to gather data. The results of the study revealed that the scores obtained from the sub-dimensions of “Enforcement”, “Competence” and “Support” differed significantly between gender of teachers. It was also revealed that the scores obtained by female and male teachers in the sub-dimensions of "Applicability", "Impact" and "Difficulties" were similar. No significant differences were found in teaching experience on the scores obtained from the sub-dimensions of PARCAAS. Also, significant differences in “Enforcement”, “Competence” and “Support” subdimensions were found; but no difference was found in “Applicability”, “Impact”, and “Difficulties” subdimensions between female and male physical education teachers. Both male and female physical education teachers had similar views on the "Applicability", "Impact," and "Difficulties" sub-dimensions of the PARCAAS, and it was concluded that they had difficulties during the report card application. Still, they thought that PARCAAS was applicable and practical. It was supposed that physical education teachers with teaching experience of 10 years or less and 11 years and above had difficulties applying for the report card, considered themselves moderately competent, received sufficient support, and thought that report card applications were applicable and practical.

The Relationship between Physical Activity and Quality of life during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case of Female and Male Physical Education Teachers

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the physical education teachers’ leisure-time physical activity levels during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact level of the COVID-19 pandemic on their quality of life. A total of 155 physical education teachers, with an average age of 42.39, participated in the research. To collect data, the Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire and the COVID-19 Impact on Quality of Life Scale were used in the study. The results obtained in the research showed that the mean score of COVID-19 impact on teachers’ quality of life is 3.30 (minimum 1; maximum 5). This score on the scale showed that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the quality of life of teachers, above the average. The research findings showed that there was statistically no significant difference between the leisure-time physical activity levels of male and female physical education teachers and the level of impact of COVID-19 on teachers’ quality of life. It was also found that there was a negative significant relationship between teachers’ leisure-time physical activity level during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact level of COVID-19 on the teachers’ quality of life and that as the teachers’ leisure-time physical activity level increases, the negative impact of COVID-19 on their quality of life decreases. As a result, in this study, the associated role of physical activity in reducing the effects of factors that negatively affect the quality of life of individuals, including the COVID-19 pandemic, was revealed.

Determination of flexibility and mobility levels for female physical education students and motor asymmetry analysis

Background and Study Aim. The aim of the study is the determination of flexibility and mobility levels (norm values) for female physical education students and analyses of the motor asymmetry.
 Material and Methods. In the study, 10 female physical education and sport students whose mean body weight was 59.3 kg and body height were 167.7 centimeters were included. Flexibility and mobility performance was measured by using tests such as a Forward-Backward Split (FBS0), Leg Raise forward (LRF0), Leg Raise Sideward (LRS0), Side Spit (SS0), Arm-Trunk Angle (AT0), Seat and reach hip angle degree (SRHA0). Data analysis in the study was made by using the IBM SPSS statistics 26 program. To handle the results of the study, the Independent-samples T-test and percentile(s) statistics were used. Norm values were given in four categories (20th, 40th, 60th, 80th) and middle fifty (50th). Calculation of the angle degrees was made by using the Kinovea-0.9.4-x64.exe program.
 Results. The findings have shown that the forward-backward split and leg raise forward angle degree when the right leg was ahead is significantly higher (better flexibility) than the forward-backward split and leg raise forward angle degree when the left leg was ahead (p<0.05). However, differences in the leg raise sideward angle degree in the right and left leg were not statistically significant (p>0.05).
 Conclusions. The study determined the level (norm values) of flexibility and mobility of female physical education students. The right leg flexibility and mobility level resulted to be significantly higher in comparison to the left leg.

Examination of nutritional knowledge levels of physical education and sports stakeholders in gender variable: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and Study Aim. Nutrition knowledge is related to dietary behavior in athletes. Therefore, it may also have an impact on performance. Athletes with better nutrition knowledge have more healthy dietary habits. This meta-analysis study focused on the impact of gender on the nutrition knowledge levels of physical education and sports stakeholders. Material and Methods. This study adopted a meta-analysis research design, which is used to analyze, synthesize, and interpret quantitative findings from an array of studies through advanced statistical techniques. A meta-analysis involves combining the findings of studies carried out in different places and at different times on the same topic and obtaining a quantitatively accurate result based on a large sample. This study employed the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA, v. 2.0) to determine effect sizes and the variance of each study and to compare groups. Cohen’s kappa intercoder reliability and outlier tests were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results. We focused on 31 studies with a total sample size of 4575. We calculated the effect size of each study. We found a statistically significant effect size in favor of female stakeholders (d = 0.15; 95% CI -0.22 -0.09) in the fixed effects model, which was a weak result according to Cohen’s classification. We determined a statistically significant effect size in favor of female stakeholders (d = 0.15; 95% CI -0.29-0.01) in the random-effects model. These results suggest a slight difference in nutrition knowledge levels between male and female physical education and sports stakeholders. This result can pave the way for further research. Conclusions. It is understood from the physical education and sports stakeholders that there is a weak difference in the nutritional knowledge levels of women compared to men. It is thought that people who study on sports nutrition and nutrition programs will benefit from the present finding. In addition, it is estimated that the researches to be carried out on the relevant subject will take the current study as a reference.

Acute Effects of Moderate versus High-Intensity Strength Exercise on Attention and Mood States in Female Physical Education Students.

The presumed benefits of exercise/physical activity on the brain are an important public health issue. However, the experimental approach to understanding the effects of physical activity on the brain, and more particularly on cognitive functions, has only been studied recently. In particular, females remain underrepresented in the research, despite having a specific training/exercise adaptation/response. The aim of the present study was to examine the acute effects of high- and moderate-intensity strength exercise (3 sets of 8–10 repetitions and 3 sets of 6 repetitions, respectively, with each session lasting approximately 30 min) on attention and mood states in female physical education students. Forty-six female physical education students (Mage = 20.02 ± 1.05 years, MBody Mass Index = 21.07) volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided into three groups: a moderate-intensity strength exercise group (MISEG: n = 15), a high-intensity strength exercise group (HISEG: n = 16), and a control group (CG: n = 15). Attention and psychological states were assessed using the d2 test, Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) questionnaire, respectively, before and after each session. The data showed that in the MISEG attention increased, in terms of concentration (p = 0.05). RPE values, fatigue and confusion were higher for the HISEG than the CG (p < 0.05) and the MISEG (p < 0.05). Vigour was higher for the MISEG than other groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, moderate-intensity resistance exercise is an appropriate method to improve attention in female participants. The elevated cognitive performance may be due to the changes in RPE and mood states (fatigue, vigour and confusion subscales).

Treatment of Anconeus Epitrochlearis- Induced Cubital Tunnel Syndrome With Ultrasound-Guided Hydrodissection

BACKGROUND: Cubital tunnel syndrome is the second most common cause of peripheral nerve entrapment in the upper extremity, trailing only carpal tunnel neuropathy. While the roof of the cubital tunnel is most often formed by Osborne’s ligament, the anomalous, evolutionary remnant muscle, the anconeus epitrochlearis, has been previously identified as a potential cause of cubital tunnel syndrome. CASE REPORT: A 45-year-old female physical education coach noted bilateral upper extremity pain, numbness, paresthesias, and early onset exercise fatigue originating at the medial elbow and radiating down the ulnar nerve distribution. Sonographic evaluation showed evidence of a hypertrophic anconeus epitrochlearis in the right upper extremity causing compression of an enlarged, bifid ulnar nerve. The patient was treated with 3 separate ultrasound-guided hydrodissection injections, which resulted in complete resolution of her symptoms and a decrease in the ulnar nerve cross-sectional area on sonographic evaluation at 24-week follow-up. CONCLUSION: A hypertrophic anconeus epitrochlearis can cause cubital tunnel syndrome and ultrasound-guided hydrodissection is a potentially efficacious surgery-sparing treatment option. KEY WORDS: Cubital tunnel syndrome, hydrodissection, ulnar neuralgia, ultrasound

تأثیر تمرینات مقاومتی با و بدون انسداد عروقی بر سطوح سرمی برخی هورمون‌های آنابولیکی و کاتابولیکی در دختران فعال

Objectives: The effect of vascular occlusion training at different time intervals on muscle growth factors in girls is a new topic. Therefore, the effect of resistance training with and without vascular occlusion on serum levels of some anabolic and catabolic hormones in active girls. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 36 female physical education students with body mass index of 23.32± 2. 79 kg/m2 were divided into three groups of without vascular occlusion resistance training (12 subjects), with vascular occlusion resistance training (with closing of tourniquet around the proximal arm؛12 subjects) and control group (12 subjects). The training groups performed the exercises for 6 weeks and 3 sessions per week and each session for 30 minutes. Blood samples before training and 24 hours after the first training session, the sixth session and the eighteenth training session; It was collected in the fasting state. IGF-1, growth Hormone, cortisol, testosterone and insulin serum levels were measured by ELISA. To extract the results from two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures (group * time) and for intra-group comparisons, repeated measures analysis of variance was used at the level of p < 0.05.Results: There was no significant difference in the levels of any of the IGF-1, hormone growth, cortisol, testosterone, and insulin hormones between the three groups in the four measurement times (p < 0.05). Conclusion:The results showed that low-intensity with vascular occlusion training in healthy and young people can produce the same effects as without vascular occlusion and high-intensity exercises.

GENDER WISE COMPARISON OF DISORDERED EATING ATTITUDES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROFESSIONALS OF INDIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Motivation/Background: Eating disorders (ED) are serious psychological disorders characterized by unhealthy eating habits. There are a limited number of studies on eating disorders among male and female physical education professionals like teachers, coaches, and trainers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of disordered eating attitudes (EA) among the ones that are more or less associated with fitness, training and counseling the students and public in general. Method: A survey study on 83 such professionals with at least 5 years of experience was being conducted through online questionnaire. The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) was used. Results: Of the 83 participants, 20% scored ≥ 20 on the EAT-26. A significant positive correlation (p&amp;lt;.01) was found between age and body mass index (BMI) on EAT-26 scores. Conclusions: Awareness regarding appropriate nutrition in relation to body weight is needed among professionals themselves before they counsel others to begin with and must therefore be cautious about their own eating patterns in the first place.