Female Norms Research Articles

The Westerman Aboriginal Symptom Checklist – Youth Version: national data from a clinical sample of Aboriginal youth

ABSTRACT Objectives To produce national clinical norms for WASC-Y, examine the internal consistency of the WASC-Y scales, compare scores from a clinical sample with previously published community sample data, and test the degree to which other scales predict the Suicide Scale. Method We analysed WASC-Y data from 1226 Aboriginal youth who had presented to mental health services between 2007 and 2022 and compared their scores to the original community norms. Results Our sample shows a higher level of mental health risk than does the normative sample that varied according to gender. We found high levels of suicidal behaviour in the clinical sample: 41.5% admitted to thoughts of suicide and 25.0% reported one or more suicide attempts. One in 23 reported a high likelihood that they would attempt suicide again. Knowing someone who has suicided was associated with higher Suicide Risk. Linear modelling showed that Suicide Risk is predicted by a combination of all other WASC-Y scales and gender, with females at higher risk than males. There is emerging evidence that Cultural Resilience provides some mitigation of Suicide Risk. Conclusions Our data provide the first culturally and psychometrically valid national mental health profile of Aboriginal youth accessing mental health services, including separate clinical norms for males and females. Aboriginal youth present with serious levels of suicide and mental health risk that urgently require improved access to clinically and culturally competent services. Our findings provide evidence of construct validity, in that scale scores showed meaningful associations with each other and with other variables in expected ways.

Bone Density in Transgender Youth on Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy.

Some transgender youth are treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) followed by testosterone or estradiol, which may impact bone mineral density (BMD). This cross-sectional study of transgender youth (n = 56, aged 10.4-19.8 years, 53% assigned female at birth [AFAB]) utilized total body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to evaluate BMD Z-scores, and associations between GnRHa duration, body mass index (BMI), and BMD. Participants on GnRHa alone (n = 19, 14 assigned male at birth [AMAB], 5 AFAB) at the time of the study visit were 13.8 [12.8, 15.3] (median [IQR]) years old, had been on GnRHa for 10 [5.5, 19.5] months, and began GnRHa at age 12 [10.4, 12.6] years. Total body BMD Z-score for individuals on GnRHa monotherapy was -0.10 [-0.8, 0.4] (AFAB, female norms) and -0.65 [-1.4, 0.22] (AMAB, male norms). AFAB participants (n = 21) on testosterone were age 16.7 [15.9, 17.8] years, had been on testosterone for 11 [7.3, 14.5] months, and started testosterone at age 16 [14.8, 16.8] years; total body BMD Z-score -0.2 [-0.5, 0] (male norms) and 0.4 [-0.2, 0.7] (female norms). AMAB participants (n = 16) were age 16.2 [15.1, 17.4] years, had been on estradiol for 11 [5.6, 13.7] months, and started estradiol at age 16 [14.4, 16.7] years; total body BMD Z-score -0.4 [-1.1, 0.3] (male norms) and -0.2 [-0.7, 0.6] (female norms). BMD Z-score was negatively correlated with GnRHa duration (male norms: r = -0.5, P = .005; female norms: r = -0.4, P = .029) and positively correlated with BMI (male norms: r = 0.4, P = .003; female norms: r = 0.4, P = .004). In this cross-sectional cohort, total body BMD Z-scores were slightly below average, but lowest in the AMAB group on GnRHa monotherapy.

Amelioration, inclusion, and legal recognition: On sex, gender, and the UK's Gender Recognition Act

Amelioration, inclusion, and legal recognition: On sex, gender, and the <scp>UK</scp>'s Gender Recognition Act

Objective assessment of tapering of the fingers in adults.

Mild proximal-to-distal tapering of the fingers is a relatively common trait in humans. When more extreme, finger tapering is a feature observed in many genetic syndromes. The range of variation for finger tapering in the general population is not well understood, and sex differences in the degree of tapering, while suspected, have not been documented. Part of the difficulty is a lack of objective methods to evaluate finger tapering. In the present report, we developed a tapering index based on linear measures derived from digital hand scans. We measured this index in a sample of 166 male and 166 age-matched female adults. We then looked at correlations both among fingers and with demographic and anthropometric variables, followed by tests for sex differences. We observed weak correlations between tapering and age, height and weight. Correlations between pairs of fingers tended to be more in the moderate range and were highest among the middle three fingers (ranging from 0.34 to 0.64). Tapering tended to increase slightly moving radially across the hand from the fifth finger to the second finger. Males showed less tapering than females for all fingers, with statistically significant differences involving the left second finger (p = 0.003), left fifth finger (p< 0.001), right second finger (p = 0.038), and right fourth finger (p = 0.021). Finally, we established baseline norms for both males and females out to three standard deviations. Our results indicate that finger tapering is present, to some degree, in most of the population and that the trait can be measured using a relatively simple and non-invasive method. These findings may have relevance for fields as diverse as medical genetics, forensics, and industrial design.

OR13-4 Bone Mineral Density in Transgender Youth on Gender Affirming Therapies

Abstract Background 2% of youth identify as transgender. Many have puberty blocked with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa), followed by testosterone (T) or estradiol (E2). Bone mineral density (BMD) effects of these therapies are understudied. Objective For youth on GnRHa alone or T or E2 +/- GnRHa, to evaluate: (1) BMD z-scores; (2) BMD z-score differences for those +/-GnRHa; and (3) associations between GnRHa duration and BMD z-score. Methods Cross-sectional study of transgender youth (n=56 age 10.4-19.8 years, 53% female sex assigned at birth) undergoing total body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic Discovery A). Data are presented as median and interquartile range, group differences evaluated with Mann Whitney U tests and associations with Spearman correlations. Results BMD z-scores on GnRHa alone (n=19) were -0.5 (-1.4, 0.3) using male norms and -0.8 (-1.7, 0.3) using female norms. BMD z-score for transgender males (TM) on T (n=21, 5 with past GnRHa): -0.2 (-0.6, 0.0) using male norms, 0.4 (-0.3, 0.8) using female norms. BMD z-score for transgender females (TF) on E2 (n=16, 6 on current/past GnRHa): -0.4 (-1.2, 0.3) using male norms, -0.2 (-1.0, 0.7) using female norms. TM on T with prior GnRHa had significantly lower BMD z-scores than TM on T alone (p=0.004); but no differences for TF on E2 +/- GnRHa. GnRHa duration was inversely correlated with BMD z-score (male norms: r=-0.5, p=0.005, female norms: r=-0.4, p=0.029). BMD z-score was unrelated to length of T/E2 therapy or sex steroid concentrations. Conclusions Longer durations of GnRHa therapy were associated with worse BMD z-scores. Presentation: Sunday, June 12, 2022 11:45 a.m. - 12:00 p.m.

The personality and cognitive traits associated with adolescents’ sensitivity to social norms

Little is known about the personality and cognitive traits that shape adolescents’ sensitivity to social norms. Further, few studies have harnessed novel empirical tools to elicit sensitivity to social norms among adolescent populations. This paper examines the association between sensitivity to norms and various personality and cognitive traits using an incentivised rule-following task grounded in Game Theory. Cross-sectional data were obtained from 1274 adolescents. Self-administered questionnaires were used to measure personality traits as well as other psychosocial characteristics. Incentivised rule-following experiments gauged sensitivity to social norms. A series of multilevel mixed effects ordered logistic regression models were employed to assess the association between sensitivity to norms and the personality and cognitive traits. The results highlighted statistically significant univariate associations between the personality and cognitive traits and sensitivity to norms. However, in the multivariate adjusted model, the only factor associated with sensitivity to norms was gender. The gender-stratified analyses revealed differences in the personality and cognitive traits associated with sensitivity to norms across genders. For males need to belong was significantly negatively associated with sensitivity to norms in the multivariate model. By comparison, emotional stability was negatively associated with sensitivity to norms for females. This study reinforced the findings from an earlier study and suggested female adolescents had higher levels of sensitivity to norms. The results indicated no consistent pattern between sensitivity to norms and the personality and cognitive traits. Our findings provide a basis for further empirical research on a relatively nascent construct, and bring a fresh perspective to the question of norm-following preferences among this age group.

Feminist sex-positive art on Instagram: reorienting the sexualizing gaze

ABSTRACT Instagram has been identified as potentially offering opportunities for feminist activism and resistance against limiting normative ideals surrounding femininity and the body. Extending this work, this article examines a corpus of illustrations shared to Instagram by feminist sex-positive artists. Locating these representations within the constraints of a platform where gendered norms and hierarchies are predominant, we ask how and to what extent these visual and discursive digital representations may be representative of more transgressive constructions of feminine sexuality. To address these questions, we employed a qualitative feminist methodology, combining content analysis with critical discourse analysis of Instagram posts (n = 200) from a small sample of influential feminist artists (n = 10). Four key discursive strategies were identified: making the female body visible/refusing censorship, desexualizing the naked female body, diversifying feminine and sexual desirability norms and centering female pleasure and enjoyment. Our findings demonstrate how a current sex-positive movement on Instagram aims to re-orient the gaze through illustrations, to subjectify rather than objectify women.

An Examination of the Sex-Specific Nature of Nutrition Assessment within the Nutrition Care Process: Considerations for Nutrition and Dietetics Practitioners Working with Transgender and Gender Diverse Clients

An Examination of the Sex-Specific Nature of Nutrition Assessment within the Nutrition Care Process: Considerations for Nutrition and Dietetics Practitioners Working with Transgender and Gender Diverse Clients

Pengaruh Stres Kerja Dan Kepribadian Terhadap Produktivitas Kerja Pada Unit Keuangan Dan Norma Perempuan Di Kemenakertrans

This study aims to determine the effect of work stress and personality on work productivity at KEMENAKERTRANS financial staff and female norms. The method of analysis used in this study is by multiple linier regression analysis method. Population used in this research is 200 employees KEMENAKERTRANS with sample 54 because only take at part of finance and part of woman norm, by using Random Sampling method. Data processing technique using partial test method (t-test) and simultaneous significant test (f-test). The results obtained in this study indicate that partially work stress and work productivity have no (negative), partially personality and work productivity have positive effect, and that work stress and personality simultaneously have positive and significant effect to work productivity.

Naviguer entre normes masculines et féminines en entrepreneuriat : les défis des entrepreneures burkinabè1

Cette étude examine la capacité des entrepreneures burkinabè à pérenniser leur activité dans le secteur formel du commerce et des services, sachant qu’elles doivent faire face à différentes formes de subordination et d’exclusion, dont l’articulation complexe n’a pas encore été clarifiée (Marlow, 2019). En tant que femmes, elles doivent négocier les normes masculines du secteur formel. En tant que cheffes d’entreprise établies, elles sont en interaction avec les normes féminines survivalistes dotées d’une véritable légitimité dans le pays. Dans ce contexte, comment naviguent-elles entre ces deux régimes de genre ? Notre approche qualitative interprétative met en regard ce que les femmes disent faire pour pérenniser leur activité et comment elles commentent leur action. Nous mettons en évidence le fait qu’elles parviennent à tirer le meilleur parti des deux univers entrepreneuriaux, masculins et féminins. Cette navigation est possible, car elles opèrent un travail approfondi des normes masculines du secteur formel et des normes féminines survivalistes, en y adhérant et en s’en distançant. Dans ce double jeu, elles éprouvent un sentiment d’incongruité et de duplicité vis-à-vis des deux communautés. Cela peut limiter de nombreux échanges, qui leur permettraient de donner plus de sens à ce qu’elles ont entrepris pour nourrir une vision stratégique.

Correlation of Mandibular Angle and Malocclusion with Hand Grip Strength in Vertical, Horizontal and Average Grower

Background: An orthodontic treatment focuses on improving an individual's facial esthetics and functional occlusion via improved chewing patterns, muscular power, increased force, and occlusal contact area through a more efficient masticatory function. Every decision made during orthodontics treatment will be influenced by the patient’s growth pattern and /or muscle strength.&#x0D; Objectives: To evaluate the gonial Angle in vertical, horizontal and average grower, to evaluate the hand grip strength in vertical, horizontal and average grower and to correlate between gonial angle with hand grip strength in vertical, horizontal and average growth pattern.&#x0D; Methodology: We will study a patient group undergoing orthodontics treatment with vertical, horizontal, and average growth patterns in the Orthodontics Department at Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital in Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha District. The calculated sample size of the study will be 196, under criteria 49 for vertical, 49 for horizontal, and 98 for the average growth pattern. Both male and female norms for the value are to be evaluated based on the value.&#x0D; Expected Results: Hand grip strength is to be compared between average, horizontal and vertical growers. Hand grip strength would be inferior in the large gonial angle group compared to the small gonial angle group. Gonial angle is the most conspicuous determining factor of Hand grip strength. Assessment of growth pattern has a vital role in diagnosis and treatment planning.&#x0D; Conclusion: In the present study it will be an attempt to analyze effectiveness of gonial angle in vertical, horizontal and average growth pattern patients compared with hand grip strength. Subject with large and small gonial angle groups using cephalometric radiograph shall be assessed with hand grip strength. A major finding of this study is that gonial angle is one of the key factors for the strength of Hand grips.

Sustainability of Regional Factors on the Gendered Division of Housework in China

In China’s labor market, the traditional patterns of “male breadwinners, female housewives” have been changing noticeably, whereas such patterns remain unchanged in the household production field. This phenomenon greatly affects gender equality and social sustainability. Until now, most of the studies have focused on the attribution of micro-factors (e.g., individual income, education level, and time availability) to the formation of this pattern. However, the effect of macro-region factors (e.g., the regional economic development, population composition, employment, and gender norms) on the distribution of housework have been rarely studied. In this study, the data from the China General Social Survey (2015CGSS) and the China Genuine Progress Indicator Survey (2017CGPiS) of Beijing Normal University were comprehensively analyzed. On that basis, a gender norms index was first constructed to measure regional differences in gender concepts. Moreover, this study, by considering macro-region-varying factors, suggested that the synergetic effect between all of the mentioned factors could significantly impact the distribution of housework, especially in eastern China. Nevertheless, in western China, the effect of male gender norms on the distribution of housework is significantly more serious than that of female gender norms, which inspires the authors of this study to strengthen the male’s family consciousness education. All of the mentioned findings could help formulate region-differentiated policies and strategies to achieve more reasonably and sustainably distributed housework in China.

Morphometric Variations and Growth Analysis of the Side Face Profiles of Chinese Children.

We aim to use geometric morphometric methods to analyze the contours of the side face profile and its variations in 116 children in Hunan province, China, in order to reveal common morphological features and growth of the side face profiles of Chinese children. We photographed the side faces with consistent standardized procedures. Thirty-seven landmarks were recorded, which comprehensively reflected the facial sagittal plane. The collection of coordinate data regarding landmarks was conducted by tpsDig software. Other analyses, such as average shape analysis, principal component analysis, variations analysis, and allometric analysis, were conducted using tpsRelw and tpsRegr. Based on the 37 landmarks, principal component analysis was used on the profiles of boys and girls. The result shows that PC1 and PC2 account for 35.46% and 27.44% of the side face contour variations, respectively. There is no significant difference in the side profiles of boys and girls. Overlapping distributions between the boys and girls occurred. A significant difference occurs when principal component analysis was used on the side profiles of children and adults. There is a significant difference in the side face profiles between adult males and females. Adult males have a higher brow (the 8th landmark) than females, and adult females have a more curved forehead. However, the side face profiles of boys and girls around 10 years of age are generally similar, which suggests that the significant difference in side face profiles between adult males and females may be formed after the age of 10. This study is of great significance for both orthodontists and pediatricians to use different norms for kids and adults and different norms for males and females for each of those age groups.

Moderated Mediation of the eCHECKUP TO GO College Student Cannabis Use Intervention

Background: Cannabis use rates are rising among college students, creating a need for effective and accessible intervention options. One such intervention, the Marijuana eCHECKUP TO GO (eCTG) program, has relatively few studies investigating mechanisms of change and related outcomes. This intervention provides users with personalized normative feedback to adjust user’s normative perceptions and use patterns. The current study tested moderated mediation of program effects between the eCTG intervention condition and a healthy stress management (HSM) control condition in a college student sample of near-daily cannabis users. Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) were measured among the eCTG condition Methods: Data were analyzed from a sample of 227 students who were randomly assigned to the eCTG intervention condition or HSM control condition. Change in cannabis use frequency was measured by re-administering the baseline survey at a six-week follow-up. Multi-group moderated mediation path analysis tested the effects of the eCTG intervention on change in cannabis use frequency through PBS, descriptive norms, and injunctive norms, with multi-group categories defined by sex. Results: Direct effects indicated the intervention predicted reduced descriptive norm perceptions and cannabis use frequency. An indirect effect was found for the intervention condition on reducing cannabis use frequency through change in descriptive norms in males. Similarly, an indirect effect was seen for intervention condition on reducing cannabis use frequency through change in injunctive norms for females. Conclusions: Findings suggest changes in descriptive norms played a sex-specific mediating role in the mechanisms of change for the eCTG intervention on reductions in cannabis use frequency.

Mental Health of Iranian College Students in a Nationally Representative Sample of over 74,500 Individuals: Scale Development and Standardization

ABSTRACT This study sought to develop the College Mental Health Scale (CMHS) as a screening instrument among Iranian college students. In total, the nationally representative sample (N = 74,571) was selected to match the Iranian college student population throughout the country. In the first study, a conceptual framework was developed and a pool of items based on the most prevalent mental disorders in Iranian college students were devised. In the second study, psychometric properties of CMHS was examined (n = 600). The third study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase (n = 2,750), explanatory factor analysis was used for reaching a better factor structure and in the second phase (n = 2,750) the invariability of factor structure and correlation of CMHS with related measure was examined. The result revealed a 56-item measurement scale consisting of seven dimensions as the most prevalent mental disorders. In the fourth study (n = 68,471), male and female norms were developed. The CMHS has adequate reliability and validity and can be used for assessment of college students’ mental health problems in Iran.

How is masculinity ideology related to transprejudice in Turkey: the mediatory effect of femmephobia

ABSTRACT Prejudice towards trans women is an under-examined but a critical social problem in Turkey. Patriarchal femininity sanctions women who do not comply with the idealised female bodies and feminine norms. On the other hand, ideals of hegemonic masculinity necessitate that men avoid femininity. In that sense, prejudice against trans women ostensibly stands at the intersection of hegemonic masculinity ideology and femininities that diverge from patriarchal feminine norms. Therefore, this study examines the mediatory effect of femmephobia in the link between masculinity ideology and prejudice towards trans women as measured by negative affect and social distancing motivations. Results indicate that femmephobia significantly mediates the relationship between the endorsement of masculinity ideology and prejudice towards trans women. Among three mandates of masculinity ideology, the endorsement of the antifemininity mandate was the most solid indirect predictor of negative affect and social distance through femmephobia, followed by mandates of toughness and status, respectively. Although participant gender does not have an indirect effect on the outcome variables, it has a direct effect on men’s social distancing intentions but not on negative emotions. The results are discussed in the light of existing literature which intersects with the devaluation of femininity.

Gender Gaps in Care Work: Evidences from Argentina, Chile, Spain and Uruguay

This paper is a comparative analysis of the gender gaps in the non-paid domestic and care work (NPDCW) undertaken in homes in Argentina, Chile, Spain and Uruguay. The explanatory factors of this gap in two-income households and their magnitude and impact on the distribution of NPDCW are analyzed using data from national time use surveys. The weakness of micro-sociological approaches and the variables related to relative resources and time availability is demonstrated using the estimation of a regression model, while the importance of approximations of gender roles and analyses that incorporate macro-sociological factors is shown. Furthermore, the findings show that NPDCW is done by women in 70% of cases with women’s incomes and time availability among the individual variables that drive change within the couple. The results show that the equalizing effects of time availability and gender ideology are stronger for women in more egalitarian countries; women in less egalitarian countries benefit less from their individual-level assets. Additional comparative analysis shows that other macro-level factors (economic development, female labor-force participation, gender norms and welfare systems) may also influence the division of this work. The results suggest that changes in individual-level factors alone may not be enough to achieve an equal division of labor in the household without a parallel reduction in macro-level gender inequality.

Promoters of Morality, Moral Mainstays, and Guardians of Cultural Superiority: The Gentry Women's Praise of Female Chastity and Expectations of Women's Social Roles and Responsibilities in Qing China

This article examines gentry women's writings on female chastity and views on relevant topics such as women's learning, education and identity in Qing China. As can be shown, their enthusiastic praise for chaste women in effect reflected their expectations of women's social roles and responsibilities. The erudite mid-Qing female scholar Wang Zhenyi established chaste women as virtuous exemplars that promoted social morals. In this way, she illustrated the meaning of “correct beginnings”, that women's upright behaviors in the inner quarters would positively influence the outer world. Also, she advocated that women should engage in learning for the cultivation of their virtue and undertake the responsibility of upholding morality. During the late Qing, when more and more “new women” transgressed the inner-outer boundary and neglected the traditional concept of womanhood, the guixiu reformers Zeng Yi, Xue Shaohui, and Shan Shili extolled chaste women as moral mainstays, whom they expected would resist the decay of female norms and save the social and ethical order. These moderate reformers recognized women's education as a foundation for strengthening the nation. Simultaneously, they defined the role of women as that of competent household managers within the “inner” family. Furthermore, based on the fact that these gentry women regarded the traditional womanly virtues, the principle of gender segregation, and the restriction of women's role to the inner sphere as symbols of China's cultural superiority, which, they insisted, must be preserved in women's education, we should conclude that in their eyes, the virtuous women who defended these cultural morals would indeed become guardians of the perceived superiority and unique nature of Chineseness as well.

Cephalometric Norms Among Qatari Females

Aims: The aims of this study were to introduce cephalometric norms for Qatari females and compare the result with previous published reports.&#x0D; Material and method: The sample consisted of 57 cephalographs with age range 18 to 25 years old. All subjects satisfied the criteria of selection. Cephalometric measurements of Qatari females were then compared with Eastman Standard norms and Arabs studies as well as reports conducted among Oriental and Black races.&#x0D; Results: The result indicates that Qatari females presented with higher mean values of sagittal and vertical relationship compared to Caucasian cephalometric norms. In terms of dental variables proclined upper and lower incisors in relation to their dental bases, and a reduction in inter-incisal angle. The soft tissue variables indicate that the lips were slightly protrusive in relation to Rickett’s esthetic line, and the nasolabial angle was less obtuse. The bimaxillary proclination and protrusion of the upper and lower incisors were existed in all Arab populations as well as in Black and Oriental races whereas the Caucasian had retrusive dentition.&#x0D; Conclusion: Due to limitation of the present study, it is difficult to draw a solid conclusion due to small sample size. Hence, large sample size is recommended for both sexes in order to establish cephalometric norms which will be of great help not only to the orthodontist but also to the oral and maxillofacial surgeon as well as the pedodontist.

Evaluation and co-relation of lower anterior facial height and soft-tissue characteristics in between genders in North Indian population: A cephalometric study

Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish lateral cephalometric soft-tissue norms for the adolescent North Indian population. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and thirty-three Indian adults of age group 18–30 years were selected. The standardized lateral cephalometric radiograph was taken for each subject. Fourteen linear measurements were recorded on each lateral cephalometric radiograph. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 26). Group differences were analyzed with independent t-test. Results: The results of the study showed significant gender dimorphism, with men having thicker soft tissue structures, larger vertical dimensions, than women. Conclusion: Significant gender dimorphism was evident within the local population suggesting the necessity for a separate set of norms for males and females. Distinct ethnic differences were found between Caucasians and the North Indian population that were statistically significant, highlighting the importance of defining separate set of norms for ethnic groups.