Female Managers Research Articles

Do female directors of companies appoint audit firms with women in high-level positions?

Do female directors of companies appoint audit firms with women in high-level positions?

Do the specific characteristics of female directors work as alternative governance mechanisms to restrict earnings management in a developing country?

AbstractThis inquiry probes whether or not female directors and their specific characteristics effectively restrict earnings management (EM) measured by accrual‐based earnings management (AEM) and real‐based earnings management (REM) in a sample of 217 Pakistani companies from 2016 to 2021. The outcomes of the ordinary least squares with panel corrected standard errors demonstrated that boards with female directors are more effective in restricting EM than others. The results also explain that the proportion of female directors on the board and audit committee and the experience of the former are significantly and inversely associated with AEM and REM. However, women directors should be at least two or more on the board to effectively control AEM and REM since the role of a lone female director is insignificant in their mitigation. The positive effect of the female directors' master's or above qualification is slightly higher than their bachelor's or below education in opposing AEM and REM. Furthermore, the business education of female directors significantly, while their non‐business education insignificantly reduces AEM and REM. The findings are consistent and reliable for being validated by the generalised method of moments as an alternative estimator. Overall, the inquiry complements the literature, theory, practice, and policy in several ways.

Apakah Eko-Feminisme Mempengaruhi Kualitas Pengungkapan ESG dan Kinerja Perbankan

This research aims to analyze the relationship between the nature of ecofeminism of female directors and ESG disclosure and the nature of ecofeminism on banking performance. This research uses how many female directors there are in a bank as an independent variable, while the dependent variables are ESG disclosure and banking performance as measured by ROA.This research uses a sample of conventional banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2021 to 2023. A total of 43 conventional banks were taken as samples, and a purposive sampling method was used. This research uses linear regression analysis using IBM SPSS 27.The results of this research found that female directors have no effect on ESG disclosures, while female directors have an effect on banking performance.

Impact of female directors' foreign experience on green innovation: Evidence from China

AbstractThis study explores the realm of sustainability by examining the influence of female directors' foreign experience on green innovation across various industry sectors and corporate board structures. Specifically, the research focuses on the impact of female directors' foreign experience on green innovation in Chinese listed firms from 2004 to 2021. Our findings show that female directors with foreign experience have a positive and significant effect on green innovation. Further analysis indicates that this relationship is positively and significantly moderated by state‐owned enterprises, larger firms, firms operating in polluting industries, environments with low market competition, and the presence of foreign directors on the board. The robustness of our results is confirmed through the use of different econometric techniques, alternative measures of dependent and independent variables, and addressing endogeneity concerns. Overall, our study suggests that female directors with foreign experience enhance the transfer of environmental and sustainable knowledge and practices, thereby fostering green innovation within Chinese listed firms.

Adherence to guideline-recommended care of late-onset hypertension in females versus males: A population-based cohort study.

Sex-based disparities in cardiovascular outcomes may be improved with appropriate hypertension management. To compare the evidence-based evaluation and management of females with late-onset hypertension compared to males in the contemporary era. Design: Retrospective population-based cohort study. Ontario, Canada. Residents aged ≥66 years with newly diagnosed hypertension between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2017. Sex (female vs. male). We used Poisson and logistic regression to estimate adjusted sex-attributable differences in the performance of guideline-recommended lab investigations. We estimated adjusted differences in time to the prescription of, and type of, first antihypertensive medication prescribed between females and males, using Cox regression. Among 111,410 adults (mean age 73 years, 53% female, median follow-up 6.8 years), females underwent a similar number of guideline-recommended investigations (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.997 [95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99-1.002]) compared to males. Females were also as likely to complete all investigations (0.70% females, 0.77% males; adjusted odds ratio, 0.96 [95% CI 0.83-1.11]). Females were slightly less likely to be prescribed medication (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.98 [95% CI 0.96-0.99]) or, among those prescribed, less likely to be prescribed first-line medication (aHR, 0.995 [95% CI 0.994-0.997]). Compared to males, females with late-onset hypertension were equally likely to complete initial investigations with comparable prescription rates. These findings suggest that there may be no clinically meaningful sex-based differences in the initial management of late-onset hypertension to explain sex-based disparities in cardiovascular outcomes.

Does gender diversity on boards improve bank financial performance in a bank-based financial system? A pre-registered report

This pre-registered report aims to reveal whether board gender diversity enhance bank performance in a bank-based (financial) system. Using publicly listed banks in the period (2010−2021), we plan to measure bank performance and adopt a difference in difference method for the analysis. We focus on whether Japan's Corporate Governance (CG) code strengthens the advisory or monitoring roles of women on board (WOB) in the banking industry. We shed light on the effectiveness of Japan's CG code, which aims to increase the number of female directors. Furthermore, we contribute to the discussion of “Who monitors the monitors?” in a bank-based system.

Does female board directorship affect the quality of KPI voluntary disclosure? Some evidence from French family firms

Purpose This paper aims to examine the impact of female board directorship on the quality of key performance indicators voluntary disclosure (hereafter QKPI). Further, this paper explores whether the presence of family board members mitigates the female directors’ effect on the QKPI. Design/methodology/approach This study explores closely held family firms listed on the CAC All-Tradable during 2015–2022. Findings The initial findings provide consistent evidence indicating a positive association between female board directorship and the QKPI. However, testing for the moderating effect of family board members on the linkage between female representation in the company’s boardroom and the QKPI reveals a negative relation. Originality/value This study focuses on gender equality in French-listed companies, a topic that has received little attention from researchers. The country and the period considered in this paper are noteworthy characteristics that enhance the value of this research. This study sheds light on issues concerning the 2016 law that requires quotas for women on boards of directors in French firms.

Board gender diversity and donations in the microfinance industry: evidence from emerging economies

ABSTRACT The study examines the under-researched topic of the impact of board gender diversity on donation receipts in the microfinance sector. A global dataset of 1,177 unique MFIs from 83 countries between 2010 and 2018 was collected from the World Bank data catalog. Data were then analyzed using the Probit regressions alongside several robustness tests, including those correcting for endogeneity. Overall, the findings revealed that the presence of female directors increases the probability of MFIs receiving donations. The outcome highlights the significance of board gender diversity in fostering donor-valued organizational characteristics, such as transparency, accountability and trust. Moreover, we assessed the ‘critical mass theory’ and found that the probability of receiving donations is more pronounced among MFIs with a minimum of three female board directors. Furthermore, incorporating several financial performance indicators in the analysis exhibited that donors prioritize social objectives over the financial performance of MFIs.

The role of female managers in enhancing employee well-being: a path through workplace resources

Purpose Following the job demands-resources theory, this study aims to investigate the role of female managers in enhancing employee well-being in terms of psychological health via workplace resources. Design/methodology/approach Based on a large-scale job stress survey of approximately 96,000 employee-year observations ranging from 2017 to 2019, this study applies structural equation modeling to construct latent workplace resources at the task, group and worksite levels and then examines the impact of female managers on employee well-being, including occupational stress, job satisfaction, work engagement and workplace cohesiveness. Findings The findings provide supporting evidence for the transformational leadership behaviors of female managers. The presence of women in management is associated with improved workplace resources and employee well-being, particularly workplace cohesiveness, work engagement and reduced occupational stress. These relationships are significantly mediated by workplace resources, which elucidates the underlying mechanisms involved. Notably, the positive indirect effects via workplace resources could counteract the negative direct effects of female managers. Compared with top managers, female middle managers have more substantial impacts. Practical implications In practice, it is recommended to promote female representation at the management level and strengthen policies that support female middle managers to ensure favorable effects on workplace resources. In a gender-diverse management team, it is important to share female managers’ experiences in improving employee psychological well-being. Originality/value This study provides new empirical evidence to support the transformational leadership behaviors of female managers and elucidates the mechanism of female managers’ influence on employee well-being by introducing workplace resources as mediators.

Women who money: the impact of female board members and institutional ownership on firms’ financial performance

Purpose This study aims to explore the relationship between board diversity and financial performance, examining how the presence of women on corporate boards affects metrics such as profitability. In addition, this study investigates how corporate governance and ownership structure influence gender diversity policies and the appointment of women to boards. Design/methodology/approach Two hypotheses were proposed and following regression models were developed for data analysis. The sample for this study consists of companies listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange in five years (2015–2019). The data was extracted from the Taiwan Economic Journal Taiwan database with the final data set comprised 9,379 firm-year observations. Findings This study indicates a positive association between board diversity and financial performance. Moreover, the relationship between female directors on the board and financial performance is stronger for firms with a higher percentage of institutional investors. Originality/value By highlighting how gender-balanced boards and engaged institutional shareholders improve profitability, this study suggests that actively recruiting women directors and pursuing governance reforms that empower shareholders can pay dividends for Taiwanese companies. The results make an important contribution to the limited research on diversity's impact within Asian corporate settings.

Style du Leadership et genre Cas des managers de la santé au Maroc

to assess the gender leadership style of managers in the Moroccan health sector. Descriptive study. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), a questionnaire that evaluates leadership style, was used to collect data from 120 managers in the Moroccan healthcare sector (40 female managers and 80 male managers). In Morocco, the representation of women in positions of responsibility and power is still lower than that of men. However, the average score on the transformational leadership style scales for female managers among the 120 people surveyed was 15.51, while the average score on the transactional leadership style scales was only 6.073. While the average score on the transformational leadership style scales for male managers among the 120 respondents was 10.26, the average score on the transactional leadership style scales was 8.57. These results demonstrated the existence of a difference between the leadership style and gender of managers in the healthcare sector. This study was able to confirm the theory underlining the difference between the two leadership styles of male and female managers, even in a sector such as healthcare.

Being good by doing good: an analysis of audit fees, philanthropic initiatives and board gender diversity among Chinese listed firms

Purpose Despite the acknowledged significance of the relationship between audit fees and corporate philanthropic initiatives, the existing literature has not yet reached the desired level of providing explicit evidence on how this relationship can be moderated by board gender diversity. This paper aims to contribute to the ongoing debate by using a panel data set comprising 905 Chinese listed firms over a five-year period from 2015 to 2019. Design/methodology/approach To generate solid findings and overcome the potential endogeneity bias, various econometric estimators, namely, ordinary least squares, two-step generalized method of moments, robust two-stage least squares and subsample analysis, have been carefully used. More interestingly, the study’s results remain consistent across different estimation methods. Findings The results reveal a statistically significant positive link between audit fees and corporate charitable giving. More interestingly, this connection strengthens with a higher representation of women directors on the board, particularly when there are three or more female directors. Furthermore, the results suggest that nonstate-owned firms exhibit greater motivation to participate in charitable giving initiatives compared to state-owned counterparts. Practical implications Stakeholders from various groups should attentively recognize the importance of gender-diverse boards as a dynamic factor impacting the association between audit fees and corporate charitable giving. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the crushing majority of the preceding research has not delved deeply into the critical role of board gender diversity in the relationship between audit fees and corporate charitable donations. Hence, this study provides a profound understanding of how audit fees predict corporate philanthropic initiatives.

"They Can't Possibly Understand What I'm Going Through": Female Farmers' Perspectives on Barriers to Care in Georgia.

The purpose of this study was to explore female farmers' perspectives on barriers to engaging with resources for physical and mental healthcare faced by agriculture producers in the state of Georgia. In-depth interviews were conducted with female farm owners and managers (n = 16) across the state. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and researchers coded interviews separately before thematic analysis was used to identify common themes. Three primary themes were identified: (i) formal healthcare challenges, (ii) stigma, and (iii) cultural norms. Formal healthcare challenges included time constraints, healthcare costs, and a lack of cultural competence from healthcare providers. Both community and self-stigma were identified as barriers to engaging with mental health resources. Cultural norms that acted as a barrier to care included the prioritization of farm operations, self-reliance, pride, and the minimization of health concerns. Interviewees identified gender differences in the impact of stigma and cultural norms, reporting that these sociocultural barriers were more prominent among older, male producers. Central to many of these barriers is the concept of 'farm identity', where farmers' commitment to their operations consistently trumped concerns about physical or mental health. Future efforts to improve health outcomes among farmers should utilize the concept of farm identity as a guide for tailoring interventions and improving cultural competence among rural healthcare providers.

BREAKING BARRIERS: FEMALE DIRECTORS, EARNINGS MANAGEMENT, AND THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION AND SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING

<p><strong>Background</strong>: The role of women directors in corporate governance has received increasing attention, especially regarding their impact on earnings management. Recognizing this role is critical as companies need to increase transparency and accountability in their financial practices, while recognizing the role of sustainability.</p><p><strong>Objective</strong>: These studies aim to find out, whether female participation in the board of directors can reduce earnings management practices, by adopting different types of measurements for the female variable.</p><p><strong>Research Method</strong>: The applied methods are purposive sampling where 49 samples collected from Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) that consistently publishing financial and sustainability report with a timeframe of 2018-2022. Implementing data panel regression method using Stata application.</p><p><strong>Result</strong>: The result indicate that, three female director can reduce earnings management, while independent commissioner and GRI disclosure are positively related to earnings management.</p><p><strong>Originality/Novelty of Research:</strong> This studies use different kind of measurements towards female director variables, to proving applied theory are still relevant and to resolve the limitation of previous studies to find the critical effect of female directors participation to decreasing earnings management in Indonesia.</p><p> </p>

Female directors and cash holdings: The case of Vietnam

This study investigates the impact of gender equality on corporate cash reserves, focusing on the roles women occupy on corporate boards. Using data from 325 publicly listed companies in Vietnam between 2020 and 2022, the research employs various statistical models, including ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed-effect model (FEM), random-effect model (REM), and Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS), to address heteroscedasticity. The findings reveal that the presence of female directors on corporate boards is significantly associated with lower cash reserves, suggesting that gender diversity influences cash management practices. This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the role of female directors in enhancing a firm's financial flexibility. It underscores the importance of creating an equitable workplace for female employees and provides insights into the benefits of gender diversity in corporate governance. The research specifically examines the Vietnamese context, reflecting the global trend towards gender diversity in corporate leadership. Regression analysis shows a significant negative relationship between the proportion of female CFOs and cash holdings, indicating that firms with more female CFOs tend to hold less cash. These findings have important implications for policymakers, investors, and corporate leaders by demonstrating the potential of female directors to shape financial policies and reduce risks associated with representative issues.

Female board representation and firm value: International evidence

This study delves into the intricate relationship between female representation on corporate boards and firm valuation. By scrutinizing a comprehensive dataset comprising 15,813 unique firms spanning across 116 countries, our analysis elucidates the global ramifications of female board membership on firm value, employing Tobin's Q as a proxy measure. The findings of this research present compelling evidence supporting the notion that increased female representation on boards positively influences firm value. Moreover, this paper underscores the tangible benefits associated with the inclusion of female directors in boardrooms.

Corporate Governance and Liquidity Risk of Nepalese Commercial Banks

This study examines the relationship between corporate governance and liquidity risk in Nepalese commercial banks. Cash reserve ratio and credit to deposit ratio are selected as the dependent variables. Similarly, board size, independent directors, female directors, leverage ratio, audit committee and total assets are selected as the independent variables. This study is based on secondary data of 18 commercial banks with 108 observations for the study period from 2016/17 to 2021/22. The data were collected from Banking and Financial statistics published by Nepal Rastra bank and the annual reports of respective banks. The correlation coefficients and regression models are estimated to test the significance and importance of corporate governance on the level of liquidity risk in Nepalese commercial Banks. The study revealed that board size has a positive impact on cash reserve ratio and credit to deposit ratio. It means that increase in board size leads to increase in cash reserve ratio and credit to deposit ratio. Similarly, independent director has a positive impact on cash reserve ratio. It indicates that increase in independent director leads to increase in cash reserve ratio. Likewise, independent director has a negative impact on credit to deposit ratio. It indicates that increase in independent director leads to decrease in credit to deposit ratio. Further, female directors have a negative impact on cash reserve ratio. It shows that higher the female directors, lower would be the cash reserve ratio. In addition, female directors have a positive impact on credit to deposit ratio. It shows that higher the female directors, higher would be the credit to deposit ratio. Likewise, leverage ratio has a positive impact on cash reserve ratio. It shows that higher the leverage ratio, higher would be the cash reserve ratio. Similarly, leverage ratio has a negative impact on credit to deposit ratio. It shows that higher the leverage ratio, lower would be the credit to deposit ratio. Moreover, this study showed audit committee has a negative impact on cash reserve ratio and credit to deposit ratio. It means that increase in audit committee leads to decrease in cash reserve ratio and credit to deposit ratio. Likewise, total assets have a positive impact on cash reserve ratio. It shows that larger the total assets, higher would be the cash reserve ratio. On the other hand, total assets have a negative impact on credit to deposit ratio. It shows that larger the total assets, lower would be the credit to deposit ratio.

Effect of Corporate Governance on Dividend Policy of Nepalese Insurance Companies

This study investigates the effect of corporate governance on dividend policy of Nepalese insurance companies. Dividend payout ratio and dividend per share are the dependent variables. Similarly, board size, female directors, number of independent directors, operating expenses and total asset are selected as independent variables. The study is based on secondary data of 15 Nepalese insurance companies with 102 observations for the period from 2013/14 to 2021/22. The data were collected from the annual reports of respective insurance companies. The correlation coefficients and regression models are estimated to test the significant and importance of different corporate governance variables on the dividend policy of Nepalese insurance companies. This study shows that the board size has a positive impact on dividend payout ratio and dividend per share. It indicates that increase in the number of board members leads to increase in dividend payout ratio and dividend per share in Nepalese insurance companies. Likewise, female director has a positive impact on dividend payout ratio and dividend per share. This implies that higher the number of female directors in the board of a company, higher would be the dividend payout ratio and dividend per share. Similarly, the number of independent directors has a positive impact on dividend payout ratio and dividend per share. It means that the increase in number of independent directors leads to increase in dividend payout ratio and dividend per share. Moreover, operating expenses has a positive impact on dividend payout ratio and dividend per share. This indicates that higher the operating expense ratio, higher would be the dividend payout ratio and dividend per share. In addition, total assets have a positive impact on dividend payout ratio and dividend per share. It indicates that increase in the total assets leads to increase in dividend payout ratio and dividend per share in Nepalese insurance companies.

Impact of Corporate Governance on Social Responsibility: A Case of Nepalese Commercial Banks

This study examines the impact of corporate governance on social responsibility in the context of Nepalese commercial banks. Legal corporate social responsibility and philanthropic corporate social responsibility are selected as the dependent variables. The selected independent variables are board size, independent directors, audit committee size, female directors, foreign ownership, and government ownership. The study is based on secondary data of 15 commercial banks with 105 observations for the period from 2015/16 to 2021/22. The data were collected from Banking and Financial Statistics published by Nepal Rastra Bank and annual reports of the selected commercial banks. The correlation coefficients and regression models are estimated to test the significance and importance of corporate governance on social responsibility in the context of Nepalese commercial banks. The study showed that board size has a positive impact on legal corporate social responsibility and philanthropic corporate social responsibility. It indicates that larger the board size, higher would be the legal corporate social responsibility and philanthropic corporate social responsibility. Similarly, independent directors has a positive impact on legal corporate social responsibility and philanthropic corporate social responsibility. It indicates that increase in independent directors on the board leads to increase in legal corporate social responsibility and philanthropic corporate social responsibility. Likewise, audit committee size has a positive impact on legal corporate social responsibility and philanthropic corporate social responsibility. It indicates that increase in audit committee size leads to increase in legal corporate social responsibility and philanthropic corporate social responsibility. Further, female directors has a positive impact on legal corporate social responsibility and philanthropic corporate social responsibility. It indicates that increase in female directors leads to increase in legal corporate social responsibility and philanthropic corporate social responsibility. In addition, foreign ownership has a negative impact on legal corporate social responsibility and philanthropic corporate social responsibility. It indicates that higher the foreign ownership, lower would be the legal corporate social responsibility and philanthropic corporate social responsibility. Likewise, government ownership has a positive impact on legal corporate social responsibility and philanthropic corporate social responsibility. It indicates that higher the government ownership, higher would be the legal corporate social responsibility and philanthropic corporate social responsibility.

Corporate Governance and Organizational Growth: A Case of Nepalese Commercial Banks

This study examines the impact of corporate governance on the organizational growth in the context of Nepalese commercial banks. The selected dependent variables are return on equity and return on assets. Similarly, the selected independent variables are board meeting, board diversity, audit committee size, board interdependence, firm age and board size. The study is based on secondary data of 15 commercial banks with 105 observations for the period from 2015/16 to 2021/22. The data were collected from Banking and Financial Statistics published by Nepal Rastra Bank, publications and websites of Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) and annual reports of the selected commercial banks. The correlation coefficients and regression models are estimated to test the significance and importance of corporate governance on the organizational growth in the context of Nepalese commercial banks. The study showed that board independence has a positive impact on return on equity. It means that higher the number of independent directors on the board, higher would be the return on equity. Similarly, board diversity has a positive effect on return on assets and return on equity. It means that increase in proportion female directors on board leads to increase in return on assets and return on equity. The results of the study also showed that audit committee has a positive impact on return on assets and return on equity. It implies that larger the size of audit committee, higher would be the return on assets and return on equity. However, firm age has a positive impact on return on assets. This shows that increase in firm age leads to increase in return on assets. Similarly, board size has a positive impact on return on assets and return on equity. It implies that larger the board size, higher would be the return on assets and return on equity.