Female Labor Force Participation Research Articles

Durable Ownership, Time Allocation, and Female Labor Force Participation: Evidence from China’s “Home Appliances to the Countryside” Rebate

We estimate the effect of labor-saving household technologies on female labor force participation. To establish the causal link between home durable ownership and household time allocation, we exploit price shocks generated by the Home Appliances to the Countryside promotion, a rebate offered by the Chinese government to rural households for appliances such as refrigerators and washing machines. Following the rebate, eligible households had higher durable ownership, significant reductions in housework, and sizable increases in market work time and female labor force participation. In particular, we find that time reallocation is driven by females, rather than males, in the household. Further, females with primary-only education are most likely to adopt appliances, reduce housework, and participate in the labor market.

Women on boards of directors: the moderation role of female labour force participation

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the moderation role of the percentage of women in the country labour force in the relationship between firm-level governance factors (board size, institutional ownership, ownership concentration, board independence, performance, firm size, firm’s risk and sector) and women on boards (WOBs) in publicly listed firms in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries.Design/methodology/approachThe study relied on a sample of 436 publicly listed firms in 2018 in six GCC countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates).FindingsThe study concluded that the percentage of women in the country’s labour force has a moderation role in the relationship between board size and WOB, as well as firm market performance and WOBs. However, ownership concentration, firm size, firm risk and firm sector do not affect the percentage of WOB; consequently, the percentage of women in the country’s labour force did not have a moderation role in the relationship between these variables and the percentage of WOBs.Originality/valueThe study incorporates an institutional level variable which is the percentage of women in the country’s labour force in a firm-level relationship mostly understood by agency theory.

Global development and female labour force participation: evidence from a multidimensional perspective

ABSTRACT The relationship between female labour force participation (FLFP) and economic development is far more complex than it is often described in academic literature. Most studies have relied on income as the only proxy for development. In this paper, we re-examine this relationship from a multidimensional perspective. A principal component analysis method was used in order to cluster the information contained in multiple development indicators. The analysed data include the following dimensions: access to basic services, environment, inequality, poverty, education, economic structure, health, income and FLFP. The results provide evidence about the existence of a U-shaped relationship between development and FLFP. Least and most developed countries have the highest levels of FLFP and, conversely, countries with intermediate levels of development have the lowest. We observed that MENA and South Asian countries present a lower FLFP in relation to what is expected for their level of development. Our estimates suggest that FLFP is also affected by social, cultural and legal norms. Thus, greater freedom to travel or work as well as the existence of laws that criminalize workplace harassment promote FLFP. This suggests that differences in FLFP are explained by economics and non-economic factors and policy makers should explicitly consider this multidimensionality.

Precipitous decline in female labour force participation

Precipitous decline in female labour force participation

Study of Career Education for Women: Development of Global Human Resources

We are facing a rapid population decline caused by a declining birth rate. To keep our nation growing, we need to develop the capabilities of the next generation of diverse global human resources that provide us with a higher quality of life. To create innovation, it is necessary to develop global human resources who have advanced technical skills and combined capabilities such as thinking and management, as well as to create new added value. Unfortunately, women's working conditions are not the same as men's. Even though female labor force participation is increasing. the higher the level and level of education of women, there are still women who experience sex discrimination in the workplace where the traditional concept of gender roles still persists. The goal of Global Human Resource Development is to overcome the "inward tendencies" of students and to foster human resources who can positively respond to challenges and succeed in the global field, as a basis for increasing global competitiveness and strengthening brotherhood among nations. onment environment and maintain their career.

Intra-Household Bargaining Power and its Impact on the Female Labor Force Supply in Pakistan: Women Empowerment Perspective

Female labour participation is critical to the country's socioeconomic growth. This quantitative study aims to assess female decision-making processes in Pakistan, considering endogenous intra-household empowerment and female labour-force participation. The study's theoretical foundation is derived from the conventional Collective Bargaining Model of the family. According to the collective model, bargaining among household members serves as the foundation for household decisions, and these decisions shift the balance of power within the family. Cross-sectional data from the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey (PSLM) for 2013-14 were utilized in the study. We developed an Index of Female Bargaining Power (BPF) to measure the BPF and its relationship with female labour supply (FLS). In addition, the household and individual characteristics of females are considered in this study. To capture the endogeneity of women empowerment inside the home, the Instrumental Variable (IV) method is used. The study's findings indicated a strong and substantial endogenous relationship between the BPF and FLS.

The intergenerational transmission of gender norms—why and how adolescent males with working mothers matter for female labour market outcomes

AbstractSocial norms are put forward as a prominent explanation for the changing labour supply decisions of women. This paper studies the intergenerational transmission of these norms, examining how they affect subsequent female labour supply decisions, taking into account not only the early socialization of women but also that of their partner. Using large representative panel data sets from West Germany, results suggest that women with partners who grew up with a working mother are more likely to participate in the labour force, work longer hours and earn higher labour income. The main contribution of our study is that we assess a variety of potential mechanisms for this intergenerational link. We find no evidence that this finding reflects assortative mating; rather, analysis suggests that the partner’s preferences are based on their experiences with the employment of their mothers and play a decisive role for the labour supply decision of partnered women. Moreover, we identify various effect heterogeneities, finding stronger associations for women with potentially less bargaining power. Our results suggest that policy measures supporting the labour force participation of today’s mothers will increase the female labour force participation of the next generation.

Female Labor Force Participation and Gross Domestic Product in the Peninsular Malaysia using Panel Cointegration and Granger Causality Testing

Malaysia’s economy has experienced significant structural changes from being an agricultural-based economy to a manufacturing-dominated one. The economic growth nevertheless has also increased the cost of living and noted a repercussion to the number of married couples due to the women’s lack of time for raising children. This study investigates the relationship between the female labour force participation (FLFP) and gross domestic product (GDP) for 13 states in Malaysia. The results of the study indicated that both variables were stationary after the first differencing. The seven Pedroni test statistics obtained from the co-integration test indicated the significance of the variables hence the conclusion that FLFP and GDP are co-integrated and can be treated as the dependent variables. The panel granger causality test revealed the lack of a causal relationship between FLFP and GDP, thus suggesting that FLFP has no effect in increasing GDP growth in Malaysia. Consequently, FLFP causes good relationship between children and mother.

Female Labor Force Participation in Agriculture Sector: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

The analysis shows that female labor force participation inside Agriculture market, the case study by Pakistan. The analysis utilized time-series data from 1995 to 2019. Ordinary Least square procedures are applied to check the female labor force participation inside the agricultural sector. In this research Female labor force participation (FLFP) is used as a dependent variable based adjustable in addition to the Inflation rate (IR), Income per capita (IPC), Foreign direct investment (FDI), External Debts (ED), as independent variables. Agriculture almost always is a crucial portion involving progress in addition to low-income countries. Even so, the market can be underperforming in most nations around the world partly because women, that are normally a critical use of resources inside agriculture plus the non-urban economic climate, encounter demands which lower their productiveness. The research reveals that involving women in the garden in addition to foodstuff creation can be substantial nonetheless it can be extremely hard to verify empirically the actual share produced by women. The analysis demonstrates that women make vital advantages to agriculture in addition to non-urban companies over the acquiring entire world. Nevertheless, there is a lot of multiplicity inside women’s assignments in addition to over-generalization undermines policy relevance in addition to setting up.

The Profile of Female Labor Force Participation in Malaysia Based on Recursive Partitioning Analyses

In determining the level of the Malaysian economy, one of the factors contributing to the economic development of the country is the availability of labour. Studies on the availability of female labour force by identifying female profiles in labor force participation were made using data from Labour Force Survey (LFS), Malaysia for reference year 1990, 2000, 2010 and the latest 2018. Referring to the latest year 2018, the recursive partitioning (RP) technique showed that four subgroup profiles of working women have been created equal to 12%, 43%, 57% and 78%, respectively (percentage of working women at the four subgroups). Majority of the working women are identified in the group of aged 20-59 and the highest certificate obtain was tertiary education (Certificate, Diploma and Bachelor’s Degree) with 78%. Comparison between year 2018 with others reference year, there was a difference in the profile of working women whose working age had increased from 54 to 59 years. There is also a difference in the highest qualification obtained from obtaining only UPSR or SRP qualification in year 1990 to Diploma and Bachelor’s degree certificate in year 2018. Therefore, efforts need to be enhanced by providing initiatives for this group so that those who are in this group or will join this group later will be motivated to join labour market.

A STUDY OF WOMEN MANAGER’S SUCCESS FACTORS IN MULTINATIONAL ORGANIZATION - FROM BANGLADESH PERSPECTIVE

Women are getting an imperative part of the full population. However, women involvement is very insignificant in Bangladesh. In the last two decades, Bangladesh has experienced rapid economic growth. Economic growth has led to an upsurge in demand for managers and professionals. According to the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, the female labor force participation rate increased to 40% in 2019, compared to 4% in 1974. This change is much faster than the growth of the male labor force. Especially in Multinational Company women are now showing their talent and they occupy many upward posts in their career advancement. The key purpose of this paper is to find out the factors that help women to become a success in MNC’s. Many women in our country occupied many important posts in MNC’s, particularly in managerial mid-level post their presence is significant. This study use exploratory research to shed light on the various aspects that influence women's actual behavior and performance in top positions, as well as the true reasons for women's advancement to the top of organization. A survey questionnaire is distributed among 100 women managers who are occupied different positions in different MNC’s. The methodology employed in this study was quantitative research. To check the questionnaire's validity, the researcher used IBM SPSS Statistics 20. From the results, we get some factors like personal, community, and organizational factors that have a huge impact on their success in MNC’s. &nbsp

ANALYSIS OF FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION (FLFP) IN EAST JAVA

Employment has an important role to support a certain economy. The number of female workers have increased every year, due to family welfare fulfillment and female role shifting as a head of households. This paper aims to observe the driving factors of female labor force participation in East Java-Indonesia. Logit model is incorporated to estimate the parameters which involved total sample of 23.218 women in productive age which consist of 13.473 working women and the rest of 9.745 non working women in East Java. On the basis of micro data level from National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) 2018, the result shows that age, education level, marital status, head of the household status, household size, rural-urban location, and income have a substantial effect on FLFP in East Java. Keywords: FLFP, Employment Status, Work Decision, Logit Model. JEL: J01, J20, J21.

Labor force participation of rural women and the household’s nutrition: Panel data evidence from SAT India

This paper investigates the role of women’s labor force participation in the household’s dietary diversity and the value of home-production. Using unique household panel data from Semi-Arid tropics of India, empirical estimations from a household fixed effects model reveal a positive significant effect of workdays of women on dietary diversity (overall and home-produced) and home-production. Our findings highlight a significant heterogeneity in the effect by type of work—paid and unpaid. The results for paid work are driven by a greater decision-making power emanating from labor force participation of women. Unpaid work, on the other hand, operates through the self-consumption of home-produced goods. We show that correcting for endogenous labor force participation of women leaves our conclusions unchanged. The results suggest that interventions boosting female labor force participation in paid activities are nutrition enhancing for the household and work towards improving women’s bargaining power within the household. Moreover, we rule out deleterious effects on health indicators of women despite increased time burden.

Preference evolution in different matching markets

We examine preference evolution under different matching market arrangements when preferences are influenced by parental preferences and own choices. Multiple stable equilibria arise under sufficiently random matching, but a unique equilibrium exists under sufficiently assortative matching. Mathematically, the dynamical system exhibits pitchfork bifurcation as the degree of sorting varies. Economically, using market-differential evolutionary trajectories after transitory and permanent shocks, we discuss the model’s implications on (i) the effects of marriage-market structure on female labor force participation such as in the United States and Europe after World Wars, (ii) the persistence of gender norms in developing countries with prevalent arranged marriages such as India, and (iii) the long-run impact of a short-run biased sex ratio on gender norms such as in Australia.

Women at work in the United States since 1860: An analysis of unreported family workers

Estimated labor force participation rates among free women in the pre-Civil War period were exceedingly low. This is due, in part, to cultural or societal expectations of the role of women and the lack of thorough enumeration by Census takers. This paper develops an augmented labor force participation rate for free women in 1860 and compares it with the augmented rate for 1920 and today. Our methodology identifies women who are likely providing informal and unenumerated labor for market production in support of a family business, that is, unreported family workers. These individuals are not coded in the original data as formally working, but are likely to be engaged in the labor force on the basis of the self-employment of other relatives in their household. Unreported family workers are classified into four categories: farm, merchant, craft, and boardinghouse keepers. Using microdata, the inclusion of these workers more than triples the free female labor force participation rate in the 1860 Census from 16 percent to 57 percent, more than doubles the participation rate in the 1920 Census from 24 percent to 50 percent, and has a small effect on the currently measured rate of 56 percent (2015-2019 American Community Survey). This suggests that rather than a steep rise from a very low level in the female labor force participation rate since 1860, it has in fact always been high and fairly stable over time. In contrast, the effect of including unreported family workers in the male augmented labor force participation rate is relatively small.

Troubling Trade-offs Between Women's Work and Intimate Partner Violence: Evidence From 19 Developing Countries.

The empirical link between women's employment status and their experience of different types of intimate partner violence (IPV) is not very apparent. Using Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data from 19 developing countries in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Middle East, we found that working women were significantly more likely to experience IPV than their stay-at-home counterparts. Given the great diversity in women's employment with respect to economic returns and working conditions, we disaggregated women's employment into three categories vis-à-vis agriculture jobs (AJ), blue-collar jobs (BJ), and white-collar jobs (WJ). The disaggregated analysis revealed that women engaged in all three job categories were significantly more likely to experience IPV. After controlling for potential endogeneity of women's employment, we found that women's work increased the risk of less severe physical violence (LSPV) and emotional violence (EV) but reduced the risk of sexual violence (SV). Endogeneity-adjusted disaggregated analysis showed that women engaged in BJ and WJ faced an increased risk of LSPV but reduced risk of SV. In contrast, women undertaking AJ faced a smaller risk of severe physical violence (SPV) and SV. This study contradicts some long-held beliefs that women's work is a sufficient condition for protecting them from IPV. The public policy should not assume that women's earnings automatically protect them against the risk of IPV. While encouraging a greater female labor force participation rate is important in its own right, women's risk of IPV is context-specific.

Female participation in African labor markets: The role of information and communication technologies

This article investigates the effects of information and communication technologies (ICT) on female labor force participation in a sample of 48 African countries. We specify and estimate linear regression and dynamic panel data models with fixed effects (FE) and system-generalized method of moments (SYS-GMM) estimation over the period 2001–2017. The three main results are that ICT use (mobile phone and internet) significantly stimulates female labor force participation in Africa; this effect is enhanced by financial development and female education; the effect of ICT on female employment in Africa is strongest in the industrial sector. These results remain robust to the provision of social, cultural, and institutional variables.

Financial Inclusion and Labour Market Participation of Women in Selected Countries in Africa

Abstract Research purpose: This study investigates the impact of financial inclusion on female labour force participation in Africa. It also complements the existing studies by evaluating how advancement in information and communication technology (ICT) and Trade openness (TO) modulate the relationship between financial inclusion and female economic participation in selected African countries. Design/methodology/approach: The study focuses on twelve African countries while the empirical evidence is based on Fixed Effects, Random Effects and Generalised Least Square estimators (GLS). Data over the period of 2005-2016 are sourced from the World Bank Development database and IMF international Financial Statistics. Findings: The results show that financial inclusion has a non-monotonic relationship with female labour force participation. The study establishes that if the level of financial inclusion can be increased to the range of 33-57 per cent, it would improve the level of women participation in economic activities. The results further show that ICT moderates the nexus between financial inclusion and female economic participation at a threshold level of 38.17 per cent. These findings persist when the TO is used as the moderating factor at a threshold value of 80.90 per cent. The results are robust enough to suggest an alternative proxy for female labour force participation and alternative estimation techniques. Originality/value/practical implications: Ending gender inequality has become one of the priorities in the global development policies in which most African nations domesticate the same for their national planning. There are voices at every corner in Africa demanding the possibility of achieving gender equality in employment, among others. This article is one of the few articles that evaluate whether financial inclusion can be used to accelerate female economic participation in Africa.

Secular Values, Economic Development, and Gender Inequality in a Global Context

Abstract This article investigates how cultural and material factors can explain disparities observed in different forms of gender inequality between and within nations. Using data from multiple sources, the author constructs a panel dataset that includes 150 country-year observations nested in 70 countries, covering 23 years from 1991 to 2013. Through estimating hybrid panel models, this article discovers that more secular countries have lower maternal mortality ratios, higher female labor force participation rates, greater shares of parliamentary seats held by women, higher rates of women with completed secondary education, and smaller shares of the total population who adhere to inequitable gender attitudes. Moreover, from a longitudinal perspective, secularization is the only predictor of declined maternal mortality ratios and increased female parliamentary representation within a country. Interactive models suggest that further secularization within high-income nations can increase maternal mortality ratios. Furthermore, secularization’s equalizing effect on parliamentary representation moderates as countries become more affluent.

The Relationship between Female Labour Force Participation and Violent Crime in Malaysia: An ARDL Approach

Crime has been on the rise in Malaysia, and this can pose a great challenge for the country to attract more tourist arrivals and even foreign direct investment. Numerous studies have investigated various factors in crime in Malaysia. However, none of them focused on female labour force as a potential determinant. Hence, it is vital to understand the effects of female labour force participation on violent crime in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to delve into the effects of the female labour force on Malaysia's violent crime using economic approach, namely as ARDL bounds testing approach. This study analyses annual data ranging from 1982 to 2017. The results demonstrate that the female labour force can negatively affect violent crime in the long run while it has an insignificant effect on violent crime in the short run. Thus, this study offers some important insights into formulating female participation policies in the labour force to combat violent crimes in Malaysia. Further research can be strengthened by having panel approach of cross-states analysis on these two variables for a more comprehensive perspective on violent crime in Malaysia.