Female Household Research Articles

Employment Participation and Determinants of the Gender Wage Gap in the Head of the Household

The distortion model becomes a problem in development planning, including in the development goals of reducing discrimination and concerns. These two things are closely related to gender expectations on work participation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the gender pay gap at the work participation rate of household heads in Magelang during the Covid-19 pandemic. The analytical tools used are Probit regression and the decomposition of the Blinder-Oaxaca model. The model decomposes wage differentials by gender. The study uses the 2020 SAKERNAS data. The results show that work participation for male household heads is determined by the marginal effect of work experience, age and area of residence, not education level and number of family dependents, while female household heads are only determined because of the number factor. family responsibilities. Furthermore, the potential work experience of male household heads has a significant negative effect. Research findings from the Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition calculation show that the difference in wages between groups of household heads during the Covid 19 pandemic proved statistically significant. The role of the government is expected to be more active in disseminating policies related to gender in the labor market and exercising control over business actors in implementing labor regulations.

Activity-Wise Residential Water Use Behaviour in Aizawl City, Mizoram, India

The aim of this paper is to understand the overall household water use behaviour and activity-wise water use patterns in Aizawl city, Mizoram (India). The study is conducted in Aizawl city among 15 Local Councils out of 83 Local Councils. The number of sample households selected from each of the sample Local Councils are 50 households, thus data was gathered via questionnaire administered to 750 respondents’ mainly female household heads. The water consumption in the study area is far lower than the norms laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards. Even, in comparison to other major cities in the country, the consumption is also far deficient. The average per capita water consumption is estimated at 46 lpcd. About 38.93 per cent of the households consume water below 40 lpcd, 19.89 per cent consume between 40 lpcd to 50 lpcd, and 41.20 per cent consume water above 50 lpcd. Some household activities, like washing clothes, bathing, use in toilets, and washing dishes and utensils are the most water consuming activities in the City under focus.

Enrollment of reproductive age women in community-based health insurance: An evidence from 2019 Mini Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey.

Universal health coverage (UHC) is aimed at ensuring that everyone has access to high-quality healthcare without the risk of financial ruin. Community-based health insurance (CBHI) is one of the essential means to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) global health priority of UHC. Thus, this study assessed health insurance enrollment and associated factors among reproductive age women in Ethiopia. We computed the health insurance enrollment of reproductive-age women using secondary data from the recent Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Surveys (EMDHS) 2019. The EMDHS was a community-based cross-sectional study carried out in Ethiopia from March 21 to June 28, 2019. Cluster sampling with two stages was employed for the survey. The study comprised 8885 (weighted) reproductive-age women. STATA 14 was used for data processing and analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported and statistical significance was set at a value of p < 0.05. Of the 8,885 study participants, 3,835 (43.2, 95% CI; 42.1, 44.2%) of women had health insurance. Women aged 20-24 years, 25-29 years, and 30-34 years less likely to enroll in health insurance compared to their younger counterparts (15-19 years). Women living in rural areas, had greater than five family sizes, living with a female household head, and having more than five living children were negatively associated with enrollment in health insurance. Besides, health insurance enrollment among reproductive-age women is significantly affected by region and religious variation. The overall CBHI enrolment among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia was low. To achieve the SDGs of reducing maternal mortality ratio and neonatal mortality, improving reproductive-age women's access to health insurance is essential. The national, regional, and local officals, policymakers, NGOs, program planners, and other supporting organizations working on improving health insurance enrollment of reproductive age women need to create awareness and support them based on these significant factors.

Socio-economics characteristics, income inequality, and poverty status of female headed cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) farming households in federal capital territory, Nigeria

The study evaluated the socio-economic characteristics, income inequality and poverty status of female headed cassava farming households in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. Primary data were used for the study. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a total sample size of three hundred and three (303) households from the two area councils. The data were analyze using descriptive statistics, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty index, Gini coefficients, Probit model analysis, and principal components analysis (Factor Analysis). From the results about 59.73% of the female headed cassava farming households were less than 50 years old. 31.35% of the female headed cassava farming household were married. The mean household size was about12.00 persons. The mean annual income was 374, 868 Naira. About 56.77% of the female headed cassava farming household were poor given a poverty line N9, 009.37. In addition, 76% of female headed cassava farming households fell into annual income of below N500, 000 and they control 40% of the market share. The Gini coefficient was calculated to be 0.62. Maximum Likelihood Estimates (MLE) of the Probit Model shows that the coefficients of marital status (P&amp;lt;0.01), educational level (P&amp;lt;0.05), household size (P&amp;lt;0.01), income (P&amp;lt;0.1), and sources of livelihood (P&amp;lt;0.1) were the statistically and significant factors influencing poverty status among the female headed farming households in the study area. The results of the multinomial Logit model analysis show that the factors that statistically and significantly influencing the income inequality of female headed farming households in the study area, were coefficient of marital status (P&amp;lt;0.05), educational level (P&amp;lt;0.10), access to credit(P&amp;lt;0.05), and sources of livelihood (P&amp;lt;0.05) for low income earners. Educational level (P&amp;lt;0.01), access to credit (P&amp;lt;0.10) and farm size (P&amp;lt;0.01), were statistically and significant factors influencing income inequality or income distribution among high income earners among female headed farming households. Trading enterprise, cassava flour/garri processing, and palm/ groundnut oil pressing were major coping strategies employed by the female headed households to against poverty and income inequality. Based on the findings it was concluded that there was high income gap or income inequality among female headed farming households and they were poor. It was recommended that policies that will help create more credit access/programs in terms of loan at low interest rates for women should be implemented at all tiers of government to help mitigate and reduce the poverty among female headed household. Women should also be encouraged to diversify their sources of livelihood this will help them to have a relative equality or balance in their income levels all year round. Facilities should be made accessible to farmers, provision of rice processing equipment should be made available, more effort to empower women should be designed, contract farming and marketing should be encouraged, and information dissemination via communication devices for increased market participation and increased value sold among rice farmers should be a priority to eradicate poverty and improve livelihood.

Gender Differential in Productivity and Income of Haricot Bean in Misrak Badawacho District of Southern Ethiopia

This study investigates gender differential in agricultural productivity, highlights its key determinants, and estimates the gap in income generated from the production of haricot bean. The study was conducted based on data generated from 122 male headed and 39 female headed households from Misrak Badawacho district of southern Ethiopia. Descriptive and inferential statistics as well as econometric models were employed to analyze the data. The models used were Cobb-Douglas production function, and output decomposition model. The estimates of CobbDouglas production function showed that fertilizer, improved seed, pesticide, labor, total land size, project participation, number of extension contact, tropical livestock unit, and distance from development agent center significantly affected productivity of haricot bean. The estimate of decomposition model found that farm income differences between male and female headed household was 311 birr. Based on the result of the study, it can be recommended that enhancing access to resource endowment and institutional support is critical in increasing the productivity and income of female headed households in the study area.&#x0D; Keywords: Differential, Gender, productivity, Misrak Badawacho, Haricot Bea

Comparative Study of Breastfeeding Practices for Infants Aged 0 to 6 Months in the Communes of Abobo, Bingerville and Yopougon (Abidjan, Ivory Coast)

This work was carried out in the localities of Abobo, Bingerville and Yopougon with the aim of comparing the complexities of exclusive breastfeeding of newborns from birth to 6 months with a view to identifying high frequency difficulties and providing efficient solutions for its implementation. In each of the localities, a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 low-income female households. The survey was conducted from October 2020 to February 2021. After the survey, it was found that the difficulties related to the decline of exclusive breastfeeding are related to the insufficient production of breast milk, the daily occupation of the mother, the precarious health status of the mother. Exclusive breastfeeding ensures the quality and quantity of breast milk to guarantee infant food safety and the competitiveness of breast milk compared to artificial and mixed milk. Availability and use of food plants among breastfeeding mothers through the production of breast milk could be a means of combating acute and chronic malnutrition in young children and very premature babies. Recommendations related to the identified problems will allow first improve the production of breast milk. Secondly, the availability of breast milk for infants could significantly reduce the prevalence of child malnutrition and could constitute an approach to reach the challenges of the WHO and UNICEF; that is to say to feed the newborn from birth until six months only with breast milk, also the possibility of giving breast milk to the young child from six months until thirty months. Good practices of exclusive breastfeeding could contribute to the reduction of child malnutrition and to a lesser degree that of the breastfeeding mother.

Determinants of Wealth Outcomes in Female-Headed Households in Vietnam

This article uses data from the 2014 Vietnamese Household Living Standards Survey to compare the wealth outcome of Vietnamese female-headed households (FHH) to that of their male counterparts. The study takes an open position on the possible link between being a female head of the household and economic outcomes, focusing on heterogeneity among FHHs. The findings confirm that Vietnam has a small but significant group of married FHHs who have relatively high wealth, which makes the average wealth outcome of FHHs higher than that of male-headed households. The findings disagree with the view that these Vietnamese FHHs all have relatively privileged or advantageous economic conditions. In addition, the study confirms that land ownership, which is considered to play a key role in explaining the relatively strong wealth outcomes, is a distinguishing characteristic of married Vietnamese FHHs. HIGHLIGHTS Investigating the wealth outcomes of female-headed households (FHHs) in Vietnam reveals a heterogeneity of economic circumstances. FHHs are wealthier than male-headed households at upper quantiles of the household net worth. Not all Vietnamese female household heads who are married have high wealth. Wealth in FHHs is sensitive to household size, education, age, and wages. Land ownership plays a key role in explaining wealth outcomes of married FHHs.

Income diversification and household welfare in Uganda 1992–2012

We use five waves of household surveys in Uganda, from 1992/3 to 2011/12, to study income diversification and its effect on the welfare of rural and urban households during a period of sustained economic growth and poverty reduction, comparing the 1990s to the 2000s, and disaggregating by gender of the household head. Diversification is measured in terms of access to incomes from agriculture (farming), agricultural wage, self-employment (informal), wage employment and remittances. The analysis shows substantial and evolving variation in the effects of diversification across rural/urban locations and gender of the household head. Diversification became increasingly beneficial for welfare over time in rural areas, particularly for male headed households, but not for female headed households that diversified into agricultural wage employment. Diversification was also important for the livelihoods of urban households, but with large differences across male and female headed households likely reflecting differentials in the returns to non-agricultural employment. Remittances were associated with increasing welfare in the 2000s for all households, although the proportion of households receiving remittances has been declining.

Women's marital status and use of family planning services across male- and female-headed households in low- and middle-income countries.

As more households are being led by women, who are often seen as disadvantaged, more attention is being given to the potential association of female household headship with health. We aimed to assess how demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods (mDFPS) is associated with residence in female or male headed households and how this intersects with marital status and sexual activity. We used data from national health surveys carried out in 59 low- and middle-income countries between 2010 and 2020. We included all women aged 15 to 49 years in our analysis, regardless of their relationship with the household head. We explored mDFPS according to household headship and its intersectionality with the women's marital status. We identified households as male-headed households (MHH) or female-headed households (FHH), and classified marital status as not married/in a union, married with the partner living in the household, and married with the partner living elsewhere. Other descriptive variables were time since the last sexual intercourse and reason for not using contraceptives. We found statistically significant differences in mDFPS by household headship among reproductive age women in 32 of the 59 countries, with higher mDFPS among women living in MHH in 27 of these 32 countries. We also found large gaps in Bangladesh (FHH = 38%, MHH = 75%), Afghanistan (FHH = 14%, MHH = 40%) and Egypt (FHH = 56%, MHH = 80%). mDFPS was lower among married women with the partner living elsewhere, a common situation in FHH. The proportions of women with no sexual activity in the last six months and who did not use contraception due to infrequent sex were higher in FHH. Our findings indicate that a relationship exists between household headship, marital status, sexual activity, and mDFPS. The lower mDFPS we observed among women from FHH seems to be primarily associated with their lower risk of pregnancy; although women from FHH are married, their partners frequently do not live with them, and they are less sexually active than women in MHH.

Pro-gender policies and the empowerment of women in the DRC

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to show how pro-gender public policies in the agricultural sectors can contribute to the reduction of gender inequalities in the labour market and the diversification of the Congolese economy.Design/methodology/approachComputable general equilibrium model that has been adapted to the Congolese economy from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)'s SAM.FindingsThe results reveal that policies of increasing women's land allocation and government cash transfers to rural female households contribute to the reduction of inequalities in the labour market. However, only the policy of increasing women’s land allocation improves economic diversification.Research limitations/implicationsThe implementation of the policy of government cash transfers to rural women's households comes at a cost to the government. Future studies to look at the most effective mode of financing for this policy. Moreover, the policy of increasing women's land allocation is feasible in the DRC as there is a lot of unused arable land available.Social implicationsIn Pillar 1 of the National Strategic Development Plan (PNSD) on Economic Diversification and Transformation, the policy of increasing land allocation to women could be added to the objectives related to strengthening the contribution of agriculture to economic growth and employment creation. In Pillar 3 of the PNSD on Social Development and Human Resource Development, the policy of increasing land allocation to women as well as the policy of increasing government transfers to female rural households could be added to the objectives related to the promotion of employment of youth, women and vulnerable groups.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study of its kind for the DRC, which highlights the impact of pro-gender policies on women's employment, particularly in the agricultural sectors and in the diversification of the Congolese economy. This study contributes to policy orientation in DRC. The two policies (increasing land allocation to women and cash transfers to rural women) analysed in this study were chosen in light of the DRC's National Strategic Plan, the first phase of which focuses on promoting employment for vulnerable groups and economic diversification through the development of agricultural sectors.

Review on Adoption of Improved Soya Bean Technologies: Empirical Evidence from Ethiopia

Soybean is a legume crop grown in the tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates which are used for food and animal feed. However, the production and productivity of soybean is low and improvement in production and productivity depends on the extent to which a household has applied the recommended production technologies. The review was aimed to identify the determinants of adoption and intensity of improved soybean varieties to generate information that helps to understand and evaluate the key challenges in Ethiopia. The review showed that sex of household, age of household head, education, farm experience, participation in training, and extension service affect the adoption of improved soya bean varieties positively and significantly while the distance to the nearest market affects adoption of improved soya bean varieties negatively and significantly. On the other hand, the intensity of adoption was affected by age, soya bean farm experience, participation in training, and size of livestock holding. Most of the studies reviewed in this paper indicated that sex has a significant positive impact on the adoption of improved soya bean varieties. However, the participation of female households in the adoption process indicated that 15% of female-headed households and dominated by 85% of male household heads. Therefore, to improve the adoption of modern agricultural technologies like improved soya beans the following recommendations are forwarded. Female-headed households should get emphasis in all activities of the promotion of new technologies. On the other hand, evidences showed that the huge oil factories in Ethiopia like W. A and BK are using soya bean as a major input to their production. Consequently, those industries demanding a higher amount of soya bean as an input and they are creating a backward linkage to smallholder soya bean producer farmers. For instance, W.A's edible oil factory alone needs 20,000 hectares of land to run the business and 500,000 quintals of soya bean requires per year. Therefore, it can improve smallholder farmers' livelihood by creating market opportunities to supply their products directly to factories. Thus, the promotion of new soya bean varieties, strong linkage between farmers and factories and comprehensive studies on the adoption and impact of soya bean should get attention from the regional and federal government of Ethiopia. Keywords: Adoption; Determinate, improved soya bean; Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/14-6-01 Publication date: April 30 th 2023

한국 가계빈곤의 결정요인 분석

Purpose: As household characteristics are differently associated with poverty within population sub-groups, the present study examines the determinants of household poverty by gender and age of a household heads in Korea.&#x0D; Research design, data, and methodology: The present study examines the association between a vector of household demograpic and socioeconomic characteristics and poverty. Specifically, sample household survey is decomposed into male and female headed households, and elderly and non-elderly headed households to assess how attributes to poverty vary depending on population sub-goups. For empirical analysis, this study draws upon the recent national representative household data, survey of household finance and living conditions (SFLC) 2021 collected by Korea Statistical Office.&#x0D; Results: Three findings are highlighted; (1) household head’s age is prone to poverty for the non-elderly male-headed households but not for the non-elderly female headed households, partly reflecting relative weakness in earning power of female in labour market.; (2) the type of Job occupation of a household head has different effects on the elderly male and the elderly female households; (3) a hump-shape relationship between a household head’s age and poverty, partly capturing the life-cycle income hypothesis, is only observed from the non-elderly households whilst the relationship was linear for the elderly household. Finally we found that education played a role for the elderly household from anti-poverty perspective but not for the non-elderly household.&#x0D; Implications: Some findings suggests policy implication related to poverty relief. For example, the different age effect of poverty between the non-elderly male and the non-elderly female headed households for partly implies the weakness of earning power in income generating activities and suggests a government anti-poverty intervention should be taken into account wage differential stemming from gender discrimination in labour market.

Constraint and Opportunity of Village Chicken Production in Ethiopia

The higher chicken ownership of women was observed in all of the three agro-climatic zones Feeding, watering, cleaning, house construction, treating sick chicken, and buying and selling live chicken are common activities in poultry farms. Approximately 80% of the chicken populations in Africa are reared in free scavenging systems. Small holder farming families, landless labourers and people with incomes below the poverty line are able to raise chicken with low inputs and harvest the benefits of eggs and meat via scavenging feed resources. In most African countries, the rural chicken population accounts for more than 60% of the total national chicken population. Ethiopia is more responsible for chicken rearing in both male and female headed households, while men are responsible for crop cultivation and other off-farm activities. In a number of African countries, approximately 80% of the chicken flocks are owned and largely controlled and managed by rural women. In male headed households, the wife and husband are coowners of the chickens but sometimes children own some chicken in the flock and are allowed to sell their chicken and eggs to cover expenses for school or to purchase clothes. The proportional contribution of poultry to the total animal protein production of the world by the year 2020 is believed to increase to 40%, the major increase being in the developing world. However, most communities lack the required husbandry skills, training and opportunity to effectively improve their household chicken production.

Pooled prevalence and determinants of antenatal care visits in countries with high maternal mortality: A multi-country analysis.

Complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of maternal and child deaths and disabilities, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Timely and frequent antenatal care prevents these burdens by promoting existing disease treatments, vaccination, iron supplementation, and HIV counseling and testing during pregnancy. Many factors could contribute to optimal ANC utilization remaining below targets in countries with high maternal mortality. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of optimal ANC utilization by using nationally representative surveys of countries with high maternal mortality. Secondary data analysis was done using recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data of 27 countries with high maternal mortality. The multilevel binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify significantly associated factors. Variables were extracted from the individual record (IR) files of from each of the 27 countries. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value of ≤0.05 in the multivariable model were used to declare significant factors associated with optimal ANC utilization. The pooled prevalence of optimal ANC utilization in countries with high maternal mortality was 55.66% (95% CI: 47.48-63.85). Several determinants at the individual and community level were significantly associated with optimal ANC utilization. Mothers aged 25-34 years, mothers aged 35-49 years, mothers who had formal education, working mothers, women who are married, had media access, households of middle-wealth quintile, richest household, history of pregnancy termination, female household head, and high community education were positively associated with optimal ANC visits in countries with high maternal mortality, whereas being rural residents, unwanted pregnancy, having birth order 2-5, and birth order >5 were negatively associated. Optimal ANC utilization in countries with high maternal mortality was relatively low. Both individual-level factors and community-level factors were significantly associated with ANC utilization. Policymakers, stakeholders, and health professionals should give special attention and intervene by targeting rural residents, uneducated mothers, economically poor women, and other significant factors this study revealed.

Contributing Factors to the Housing Cost Burden of Female-Headed Households

While the United States housing cost burden has reached historically high levels for all households in recent years, female-headed households with children tend to bear a significant portion this burden. This study uses data from the 2015 and 2019 American Housing Survey to explore the disparities in housing cost burdens among female-headed households. In general, the results from the fixed effect model reveal that housing assistance significantly decreases the female-headed household's housing cost burden, while renting tends to increase the female householders’ housing burden compared to owning. The fixed effect parameters suggest that single Black mothers experienced a high housing cost burden in 2015 and 2019, more than any other category of Black female-headed households for both years. Likewise, single Hispanic mothers also face large housing cost burdens, which increased from 2015 to 2019. This finding should guide inquiries into the impact of changes in federal policies on the immigrant status on the rising housing cost burden of the Hispanic female cohort. The study's findings suggest an increase in public housing and rental assistance programs that benefit single black mothers with children and other vulnerable households.

Household waste sorting practice, and factors associated with sorting practice in Bedelle town, Southwest Ethiopia.

Household solid waste generation rate in low-income countries is increasing due to population growth and changes in people's lifestyles. Sorting waste into categories is an important step in household waste management. However, there is limited information about sorting practices in a low-income setting like Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess household solid waste (HSW) sorting practices, and factors associated with sorting practices.A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2021 in Bedelle town. Households were randomly selected, and household heads were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire. A total of 209 households were included. The proportion of households that practice waste sorting was calculated. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between HSW sorting practices and associated factors. A P-value of less than 0.05 was declared as significant. The Hosmer and Lemeshow tests were used to check for model fitness.The result of the study shows that the proportion of householders who practiced waste sorting practice in the setting was 21.53%. The sex of the household head, information on sorting benefits, and the availability of private waste collectors for resource recovery were factors in practicing waste sorting at the household level. Accordingly, male-headed households are 88% less likely to practice sorting practice than female-headed households, and those having access to information on waste sorting benefits are 3.68 times more likely to practice sorting, and similarly, households, where private waste collectors are active, are about 4 times more likely to practice waste sorting at the household level than their counterpart. This finding calls on the municipality to create awareness about solid waste sorting practices at the household level, involving both male and female householders in waste management and mobilizing waste collectors at the household level to facilitate effective waste sorting and reuse as sustainable solid waste management options in the town.

Does plate waste matter?: A two-stage cluster survey to assess the household plate waste in the Philippines

BackgroundPlate waste is an urgent global public health problem. Gaining better knowledge of the quantity and patterns of plate waste among households may give critical insights into resolving the greater problem of unnecessary plate waste. The study was conducted to determine the amount of plate wastage across food security levels of households and evaluate possible factors associated with plate waste.MethodsThis investigation analyzed the data from the 2018 Expanded National Nutrition Survey. Food weighing, food inventory, and food recall were the methods used to collect household food consumption and plate waste. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale was used to identify levels of food security among households.ResultsThe present study has revealed that the average household plate waste of rice was 49.6 g ± 4.7; meat, fish, & poultry was 7.5 g ± 0.5; and vegetable was 6.7 g ± 0.3. Rice (58%), vegetables (18%), and meat (9%) were the top 3 most wasted foods among Filipino households. Test showed that there was a significant difference in the wastage of rice (p < 0.001), corn (p < 0.001), vegetables (p < 0.05), fish (p < 0.001), meat (p < 0.001), and fats and oils (p = 0.001) across household food security levels. Households with the highest consumption of rice was 1.24 (CI: 1.06 – 1.46) times more likely to have rice waste compared to those households with the lowest consumption. Households with a female household head was 0.82 (CI: 0.78 – 0.87) times less likely to have plate waste of rice and rice products compared to those with male household head. The odds of rice wasting of household in urban areas was 0.83 (CI: 0.77 – 0.89) times higher in contrast to rural areas. The odds of rice wasting was 1.38 (CI: 1.15 – 1.66) times higher for households in the rich quintile compared to the poorest quintile. Household with highest vegetable consumption were 3.56 (CI: 2.51 – 5.03) times more likely to have vegetable waste compared to those with the lowest consumption. Households with 5 members were 1.13 (CI: 1.01 – 1.27) times more likely to have vegetable waste. The odds of wasting vegetables was 1.50 (CI: 1.14–1.97) times greater among households in the richest quintile compared in the poorest quintile. Families with the highest fish, meat & poultry consumption was 1.38 (CI: 1.01 – 1.91) times more likely of having fish, meat & poultry waste than households with lowest consumption. Fish, meat, and poultry plate waste was 0.81 (CI: 0.68 – 0.96) times less likely in households with 5 members or less than in households with more than 5 members. Compared to households in the lowest quintile, those in the middle quintile were 1.55 (CI: 1.01 – 2.38) times more likely to throw away fish, meat, and poultry. The odds of wasting fish, meat, and poultry was 2.26 (CI: 1.35 – 3.79) times higher for those in the richest than those in the poorest quintile.ConclusionsFindings suggest that plate waste is indeed a public health problem that should be addressed. Future research studies should explore the nutrient losses that might stem from plate wastage in order to have a more accurate approach when it comes to the development of strategies and interventions aimed at reducing household plate waste.

Social and structural vulnerabilities: Associations with disaster readiness

The ability to plan for a disaster is associated with a range of contextual factors and often traverses several sites of inequities, including sociodemographic and institutional disparities. While multiple studies have investigated the relationship of housing insecurity with adverse outcomes after a disaster, fewer studies have examined how housing insecurity is associated with disaster preparedness. This paper hypothesizes social and structural vulnerabilities to be directly associated with preparedness. Housing insecurity is posited to have both direct and multiplicative effects with social vulnerability on the dependent variable. We use nationally representative data from the 2017 American Housing Survey. The final weighted study sample consisted of 29,070 housing units, with 52% male and 48% female householders. Fifty-seven percent of the population was not prepared with food, water, emergency funds, and transportation. Housing security and quality emerged as important conditions for households to be better prepared. Further, housing insecurity moderated the relationship between some social vulnerability factors and preparedness. The study helps identify where resources and research funds should be targeted to reduce multidimensional vulnerabilities before a disaster. Safe and affordable housing is central to climate and environmental justice; centering disaster readiness, response, and climate action across policy agendas is vital.

Phenomenological representation of biosociality in female-headed households

Aim: The number of Female Headed Households heads of households in Iran is currently increasing; And the general consensus on the issue of their vulnerability has led many studies to unravel their issues. One of the most important, especially in Iran, is the social relations of these women and the expectations that society has of them. The purpose of this research is to study the lived experience of these women in their social relationships. Methods: This research was conducted by phenomenological method. The research fild was the city of Mashhad and the participants were female-headed households in the winter 2022 who were selected by purposive sampling method with maximum distribution. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews which in the 21st case ended with theoretical saturation. Data analysis was performed by Colaizzi method. Results: Female-headed households make changes in their social relationships in the four dimensions of living body, relationships, social space and time before and after household heading. For one group the body is somthing that carries the honor and for another group is a tool to protest the status quo. Lived relationships also fluctuate in a wide range from social distance to complete freedom. They all agree that the social environment is insecure and unreliable for them. Some have a positive attitude towards the past, some have a negative attitude, some try to forget the past and live in the present and some surrender to their destiny, and finally some try to change their lived-world according to their current situation. Conclusion: It is necessary for the support systems of these women to take their social relations seriously and pay attention to all four dimensions of their physical life, social space, communication and time.

Correlates of age at first birth among women in Ethiopia: use of multilevel survival analysis models.

the timing of birth of the first child has a direct relationship with fertility in general and health and future career including further education of a mother in particular. The objective of this study was to identify factors significantly associated with the time to the first birth among women in Ethiopia. a cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). The study subjects were married women and men aged 15 to 49 in randomly selected households across Ethiopia and two stage stratified random sampling technique was used to select study subjects. Log logistic-Gamma shared frailty model was used to identify factors associated with the length of time spent until the first birth. the median age at first birth for women living in Ethiopia was 20 years, whereas the minimum and maximum ages at first birth were 11 and 49 years respectively. Age at first sex, age at first cohabitation, sex of household head, place of residence, religion, education level, contraceptive use and exposure to media were significant correlates of age at first birth of women in Ethiopia. Higher level of education was associated with increased age at first birth. Women who use contraceptive, women living in urban areas, women having exposure to media and female headed households had longer time to first birth compared to their counterparts. the different regions of Ethiopia have significant differences in the age of women during their first birth. Most of the factors associated with the time to first child in this study were related to education of women. Investing in education and educating women plays critical roles in regulating fertility of a nation and health of women.