Female Hospital Nurses Research Articles

Role of Emotional Intelligence in Life Satisfaction among Hospital Nurses in Pakistan

Emotional intelligence is a skill involving understanding, perceiving, managing, and utilizing information. Nurses with high emotional intelligence may have high life satisfaction which can enhance their productivity in the workplace by effectively managing emotions. Objective: To explore the role of emotional intelligence in life satisfaction among hospital nurses in Pakistan. Methods: A correlational study was conducted involving purposive sampling of 511 registered female nurses, aged 20 to 45 in Karachi and Hyderabad, Pakistan. Life satisfaction was assessed using a subset of the ICP-Subjective Wellbeing Scale while for Emotional Intelligence, Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form (TEIQue-SF) was used. Ethical considerations were stringently adhered to throughout the study, maintaining participant confidentiality and ensuring adherence to research norms. Results: The results revealed a significant predictive relationship between EI and life satisfaction in female hospital nurses [r = .199; R2=.040, F (510) = 20.994, p<.000]. Conclusions: Globally, Nurses are considered vital to healthcare system, including in Pakistan where mental health issues among them are notable. The study concluded that emotional intelligence predicts higher life satisfaction among hospital nurses.

Emotional Intelligence as Predictor of Mental Health in Hospital Nurses, Pakistan

Background: Emotional intelligence is a tool, as is the ability to understand, perceive, manage and utilize information. Therefore, an emotionally intelligence people could control their stressors and improve the individual’s productivity at the workplace. Emotional intelligence is a tool, as is the ability to understand, perceive, manage and utilize information. Therefore, an emotionally intelligence people could control their stressors and improve the individual’s productivity at the workplace. Objective: To explore the relationship of emotional intelligence and mental health in female hospital nurses in Pakistan. Methods: The correlational design was used in this study. The sample comprised of (N=217) hospital nurses with the age range of 20 years to 45 years (Mean age=29.98; SD=6.37) were selected through systematic randomization procedure from different public hospitals of Hyderabad. The data collection was gathered about 8 months from January 2019 August 2019. The demographic Form, Trait Emotional Intelligence, Pakistani Urdu translated version (TEIQue-SF) & Aga Khan University Anxiety Depression Scale were used. Results: The results showed a significant predictive relationship of emotional intelligence with mental health of hospital registered female nursing (R²= .374, p< .001). Conclusions: The hospital nurses (who have high emotional intelligence) suffer less from mental health problems and are at low risk of anxiety and depression Methodology: The Correlational design was used in this study. The sample comprised of (N=217) hospital nurses with the age range of 20 years to 45 years (Mean age=29.98; SD=6.37) were selected through systematic randomization procedure from different Public hospitals of Hyderabad. The data collection was gathered about 8 months from January 2019 August 2019. The demographic Form, Trait Emotional Intelligence, Pakistani Urdu translated version (TEIQue-SF) & Aga Khan University Anxiety Depression Scale were used. Results: The results showed a significant predictive relationship of emotional intelligence with mental health of hospital registered female nursing (R²= .374, p< .001). Conclusion: The hospital nurses (who have high emotional intelligence) suffer less from mental health problems and are at low risk of anxiety and depression. Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Mental Health, Hospital Nurses

Can Vitality and Mental Health Influence Upper Extremity Pain? A Prospective Cohort Study of 1185 Female Hospital Nurses.

Musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity are among the most common occupational problems affecting nurses. The aim of this study was to analyze the prospective association between vitality and mental health and increased upper extremity pain intensity in female hospital nurses during a 1-year follow-up. A prospective cohort of 1185 female nurses from 19 hospitals in Denmark was conducted using baseline and 12-month follow-up questionnaires to identify potential associations between levels of vitality and mental health (SF-36 subscales) with pain intensity (0-10 scale) in the shoulder, elbow and hand/wrist regions. Associations were modeled using cumulative logistic regression. The fully adjusted model included the variables of age, baseline pain, body mass index, smoking status, years of occupation, leisure time physical activity level, number of daily patient transfers/handlings, as well as recognition and influence at work. The mean age was 48.3 (SD: 10.4) years. In the fully adjusted model, significant associations between low vitality levels and the odds of shoulder pain (OR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.43-2.68) and hand/wrist pain (OR = 2.32; 95%CI: 1.58-3.42) were observed. Likewise, moderate levels of mental health was associated with increased odds of shoulder pain at follow-up (OR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.16-1.93). These results provide an important incentive for nursing managers to assess vitality and mental health among hospital nurses and to consider this factor in prevention strategies to ensure good worker health and, by extension, high-quality care.

Sexual Harassment against Female Nurses at Hospitals in Jakarta, Indonesia

Sexual harassment of female employees in the workplace is a pervasive problem, especially in hospitals that rely on nurses to deliver medical care through physical contact with several patients, therefore increasing their risk of sexual harassment. The purpose of this study is to examine the circumstances and experiences of sexual harassment against female hospital nurses in Jakarta, Indonesia. The research employed a qualitative, phenomenological approach, with eight informants participating in In-Depth Interviews and coding analysis. According to the subjects of the study, sexual harassment happened during work hours, making them victims. Sexual harassment can range from subtle to overt, from gestures to physical assault. The majority of perpetrators are male. While female nurses are providing medical treatment, visiting patients, or engaging in training, sexual harassment may occur. The findings point to preventative strategies such as policy development, training, and increasing public awareness of sexual harassment, as well as a coping strategy that involves assisting victims in reporting their experiences through an established grievance procedure system to reach a fair resolution.

Effect of nursing procedures on the hand skin temperature of female hospital nurses

Nurses' hand temperature may affect patient comfort but has not been investigated. This study aimed to determine female hospital nurses' hand skin temperature and clarify the effects of measurement site, time, nursing procedures, and environment. An observational study. The middle finger, thenar eminence, hypothenar eminence, and medial forearm skin temperature of 29 female hospital nurses was measured at four time points during a day shift and before and after nursing procedures (hand disinfection, hand washing, taking vital signs, hygiene care, and positioning). Mean hand skin temperature was in the range of 29-32°C with interpersonal variations. Mean skin temperature at the medial forearm was 31.94-32.35°C (SD 0.87-1.52°C) and at the middle finger, 29.73-31.07°C (SD > 3°C). Time-dependent skin temperature fluctuations were confirmed on the middle finger (p = .022), and thenar (p = .005) and hypothenar eminence (p = .001). There were weak correlations between skin temperature and environmental factors, including ambient temperature (ρ = .194-.266), humidity (ρ = -.309 to -.319), and hospital room wind speed (ρ = .253-.314). The skin temperature dropped significantly after hand disinfection and handwashing at all measurement sites (middle finger: -1.30 and -3.56°C, respectively; thenar eminence: -1.19 and -3.32°C; hypothenar eminence: -0.80 and -3.39°C; medial forearm: -0.21 and -1.60°C). These findings may raise nurses' awareness of their skin temperature. Moreover, our study highlights the need to develop countermeasures to ensure optimal nurses' skin temperature and patient comfort.

Predictors of actual turnover among nurses working in Korean hospitals: A nationwide longitudinal survey study.

To examine the factors affecting actual turnover among nurses working in hospitals using the Brewer-Kovner synthesis model. To increase retention of nurses, it is important to understand factors contributing to actual turnover among nurses. A longitudinal study design was utilized with 2,633 of 20,613 eligible female hospital nurses who participated in Korea Nurses' Health Study. We created two age groups: a younger group (20-35years) and an older group (36-49years). Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the factors influencing turnover by age group. Pregnancy and childbirth increased young nurses' turnover. When we excluded intent to leave, depression and burnout were significant factors affecting young nurses' turnover. Salary and hospital size were factors predicting nurse turnover among nurses older than 36years. It is essential to develop prevention strategies of female nurse turnover based on the age group in Korea. Nurse managers and health care institutes need to develop new managerial and policy strategies to reduce nurse turnover in each age group.

Factors Affecting Physical and Mental Fatigue among Female Hospital Nurses: The Korea Nurses' Health Study.

Nurses often experience work-related physical and mental fatigue. This study sought to identify the levels of physical and mental fatigue present among Korean female nurses and discern factors influencing their onset. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the Korea Nurses’ Health Study (KNHS). A total of 14,839 hospital nurses were assessed by hierarchical regression analysis. The mean scores of physical and mental fatigue were 12.57 and 5.79 points, respectively. After adjusting for confounding variables, the work department had a significant influence on both physical and mental fatigue, that is, nurses working in special care units experienced greater degrees of both physical and mental fatigue than those working in general units. Nurse fatigue is an important consideration to monitor to ensure nurses’ continued wellbeing as well as good patient safety levels. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a strategy to mitigate nursing fatigue while considering the characteristics of specific departments. In nursing practice, the introduction of a counseling program and guarantee of rest time that can alleviate the mental and physical fatigue of nurses working in special care units should be considered.

Relationship Between Burnout and Work-related Stress Among Female Hospital Nurses

Relationship Between Burnout and Work-related Stress Among Female Hospital Nurses

Relationship Between Shift Intensity and Insomnia Among Hospital Nurses in Korea: A Cross-sectional Study.

ObjectivesThis study explored the relationship between shift intensity and insomnia among hospital nurses.MethodsThe participants were 386 female hospital nurses who underwent a special health examination for night workers in 2015. The Korean Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), indices of shift work intensity, and other covariates such as amount of exercise, level of alcohol consumption, employment duration, and hours worked were extracted from the health examination data. The indices for shift intensity were (1) number of 3 consecutive night shifts and (2) number of short recovery periods after a previous shift, both assessed over the prior 3 months. Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for the aforementioned covariates was performed to evaluate the association of shift intensity with insomnia, defined as an ISI score of ≥8.ResultsThe nurses with insomnia tended to be younger (p=0.029), to have worked 3 consecutive night shifts more frequently (p<0.001), to have experienced a greater number of short recovery periods after the previous shift (p=0.021), and to have worked for more hours (p=0.006) than the nurses without insomnia. Among the other variables, no statistically significant differences between groups were observed. Experiences of 3 or more consecutive night shifts (odds ratio [OR], 2.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29 to 4.20) and 3 or more short recovery periods (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.08 to 3.73) were associated with increased odds of insomnia.ConclusionsThe results suggest that decreasing the shift intensity may reduce insomnia among hospital nurses working rotating shifts.

女性病院看護師のプロアクティブパーソナリティ特性とジョブ・クラフティングおよびワーク・エンゲイジメントの関係

女性病院看護師のプロアクティブパーソナリティ特性とジョブ・クラフティングおよびワーク・エンゲイジメントの関係

Stress Reactivity Influences the Relationship between Emotional Labor Strategies and Job Burnouts among Chinese Hospital Nurses.

Extant studies mostly focused on the buffering role of social and external organizational resources and personal mental resources. However, there is no research exploring the moderating role of personal physiological resources (e.g., stress reactivity). The present study is aimed at examining the interactive effect of emotional labor and stress reactivity on job burnout. The present study utilized cortisol content in a 1 cm hair segment as the biomarker of total stress reactivity in one month. The participants were 229 female hospital nurses randomly recruited from city hospitals, China. They self-reported their emotional labor strategies and job burnout syndromes and provided 1 cm hair segments closest to the scalp two weeks later after the survey. Hair cortisol content was determined with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results revealed that hair cortisol can moderate the associations of surface acting with emotional exhaustion and personal burnout; of deep acting with emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal burnout; and of expression of naturally felt emotions with professional inefficacy. In particular, nurses with high cortisol levels not only showed higher emotional exhaustion than those with low cortisol levels under high surface acting but also showed lower emotional exhaustion under low surface acting. A similar situation was true for nurses' emotional exhaustion and depersonalization in the context of deep acting. Nurses with low hair cortisol levels not only showed higher professional inefficacy than those with high hair cortisol levels under low expression of naturally felt emotions but also showed lower professional inefficacy under high expression of naturally felt emotions. Additionally, nurses with high hair cortisol levels showed lower personal burnout than those with low hair cortisol levels under low surface acting or high deep acting. In summary, the interaction pattern between stress reactivity and emotional labor was varied with the nature of emotional labor strategy and job burnout.

Depressive Symptoms and Sleep Disturbance in Female Nurses with Atopic Dermatitis: The Korea Nurses' Health Study.

Although the prevalence of atopic dermatitis is high in nurses, there is a lack of research on the relationship between atopic dermatitis and depressive symptoms and sleep disturbance among female nurses. This study aimed to determine the effects of atopic dermatitis on depressive symptoms and sleep disturbance in female nurses. We analyzed the data of the Korea Nurses’ Health Study, a large-scale prospective cohort study. A total of 20,613 female hospital nurses aged 20–45 years who participated in the Module 1 of Korea Nurses’ Health Study between July 2013 and November 2014 were included. The chi-square test, t-test, and multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis were conducted for statistical analysis. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis among female nurses was 11.6%. The levels of depressive symptoms and sleep disturbance were higher in nurses with atopic dermatitis than those without atopic dermatitis. Nurses with atopic dermatitis were 1.16 times more likely to have depressive symptoms and 1.35 times more likely to have sleep disturbance than those without atopic dermatitis after adjusting for confounding variables. The results of this study suggest that additional support should be considered for nurses with atopic dermatitis to improve the occupational environment for managing and preventing the exacerbation of symptoms.

Relationship Between Defensive Pessimism and Work-related Stress Among Female Hospital Nurses

Relationship Between Defensive Pessimism and Work-related Stress Among Female Hospital Nurses

Association between reduced serum BDNF levels and insomnia with short sleep duration among female hospital nurses

ObjectivePrevious studies have suggested that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is associated with sleep regulation in humans. However, its relationship with self-reported sleep problems has not been clarified. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between serum BDNF levels and sleep problems among hospital nurses. MethodsParticipants were enrolled from among nurses working at a general hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Data from 577 women (age: 35.45 ± 10.90 years) were analyzed. This cross-sectional survey was conducted from November to December 2015. Serum BDNF concentrations were evaluated. Participants completed a self-reported questionnaire on sleep including the presence or absence of insomnia symptoms (ie, difficulty initiating sleep (DIS), difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS), and early morning awakening [EMA]), and sleep duration. Insomnia with short sleep duration (ISS) was defined as: DIS, or DMS, or EMA; and <6 h sleep duration. ResultsAmong 577 participants, 21.3% reported insomnia, 41.4% slept less than 6 h, and finally 12.5% suffered from ISS. Serum BDNF levels were significantly lower in subjects with ISS than in those without ISS. The serum BDNF levels in insomniacs were significantly lower than in non-insomniacs for short sleep duration (<6 h), while serum BDNF levels did not differ between insomniacs and non-insomniacs for normal sleep duration (≥6 h). ConclusionThis is the first documented study to indicate that ISS is associated with reduced serum BDNF levels. These results may lead to clarification of the underlying pathophysiological relationship between BDNF and poor sleep.

A composite measure of sleep health is associated with symptoms of depression among Japanese female hospital nurses

BackgroundIndividual dimensions of sleep health, including satisfaction, sleepiness/alertness, timing, efficiency, and duration, are associated with depression. We investigated whether a composite sleep health score is associated with symptoms of depression among Japanese female hospital nurses. MethodsParticipants were nurses (n = 2482, all women, age 31.2 ± 8.9 years) working at three general hospitals in Tokyo, Japan. A cross-sectional survey, conducted in 2015, assessed self-reported sleep and symptoms of depression. Sleep health was categorized as “good” or “poor” across five dimensions: satisfaction, daytime sleepiness, mid-sleep time, efficiency, and duration. A composite sleep health score was calculated by summing the number of “poor” dimensions. Depression was defined by depressed mood, loss of interest, or at least one of those symptoms (“depression symptoms”). Associations between sleep health and symptoms of depression were evaluated with multivariate logistic regression analyses, adjusting for sociodemographic factors and hypnotic medication use. ResultsIn multivariate logistic regression analyses, sleep health symptoms of poor satisfaction, efficiency, and duration were significantly associated with depressed mood; daytime sleepiness and poor efficiency were significantly associated with loss of interest; and poor satisfaction, daytime sleepiness, mid-sleep time, and efficiency were significantly associated with having at least one depressive symptom. The composite sleep health score was associated in a graded fashion with greater odds of depression symptoms. ConclusionIndividual and composite sleep health scores were associated with symptoms of depression. Assessing composite measures of multidimensional sleep health may help to better understand the well-known associations between poor sleep and depression and lead to improved intervention strategies.

Dietary Behaviour Is Associated with Cardiometabolic and Psychological Risk Indicators in Female Hospital Nurses-A Post-Hoc, Cross-Sectional Study.

Unfavourable dietary behaviours of female nurses, especially among shift-working nurses, including high snacking frequency, short fasting period and large day-to-day energy intake variability may be linked with adverse health. In this study we: (1) examined the relationship between dietary behaviour and cardiometabolic and psychological health in female nurses; and, (2) compared dietary behaviour, cardiometabolic and psychological health between shift-working and non-shift-working female nurses. A total of 73 nurses had their cardiometabolic health indicators evaluated and completed psychological health questionnaires; 55 completed a 3-day dietary log. Associations between dietary behaviour and health measures were examined using Spearman’s partial correlation analysis. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare dietary behaviour and health indicators between shift- and non-shift-working nurses. The majority of snacks consumed by nurses (70%) were unhealthy snacks (e.g., chocolate and chips), and higher snacking frequency was associated with greater percent body fat (r(50) = 0.287, p = 0.039), and worse mood-tension (r(48) = 0.327, p = 0.021) and anger-hostility (r(48) = 0.289, p = 0.042) scores. Day-to-day energy intake variability was positively associated with body mass index (BMI, r(50) = 0.356, p = 0.010) and waist circumference (r(50) = 0.283, p = 0.042). Shift-working nurses exhibited shorter fasting duration, larger day-to-day energy intake variability and higher total mood disturbance score when compared to their non-shift-working colleagues (all p < 0.05). The results of the present study suggested that addressing dietary behaviours may improve the cardiometabolic and psychological health of female nurses. Shift-working nurses may require a more specific dietary program to improve their psychological health.

The impact of rotating work schedules, chronotype, and restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease on sleep quality among female hospital nurses and midwives: A cross-sectional survey

BackgroundDecreases in subjective sleep quality are prevalent among nurses and midwives engaged in rotating shift work. ObjectivesThe present study aimed to examine the relationship between differences in work schedules and subjective sleep quality among female nursing staff. DesignA cross-sectional survey design was used for descriptive and logistic regression analyses. Data collection was conducted from December 2016 to September 2017. SettingsParticipants were recruited from five regional core hospitals in Japan. ParticipantsA total of 1253 nurses and midwives were included in the final analysis. MethodsSubjective sleep quality was assessed using the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Chronotype and social jet lag were calculated for both work day and work-free day. Symptoms related to restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease were assessed using the Japanese version of the Cambridge-Hopkins questionnaire short form 13. Participants with the urge to move their legs, though not fulfilling the restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease criteria, were classified as having leg motor restlessness. Logistic regression analyses for poor sleep were adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking, drinking, menstruation status, the presence of premenstrual syndrome, and the presence of a spouse. ResultsRates of poor sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score ≥6) among those working, day shifts, rotating 12.5 hour night shifts, rotating 16 hour night shifts, and three-shift rotations were 41.2%, 51.1%, 44.5%, and 60.4%, respectively. Approximately 40% of three-shift rotation workers experienced difficulty initiating sleep. Shift workers tended to exhibit evening chronotype, delayed sleep phase, and high social jet lag. The prevalence of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease was 2.5%. Leg motor restlessness was observed in. 15.5% of participants. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of three-shift work (vs. day shift), evening chronotype (vs. morning chronotype), and the presence of leg motor restlessness (vs. no leg motor restlessness) for those with poor sleep were 2.20 (1.47–3.30), 1.95 (1.29–2.94), and 1.66 (1.15–2.39), respectively. ConclusionsRegardless of the working schedules, rates of poor sleep were high among female hospital nurses and midwives. Our findings suggest that poor sleep quality is influenced by three-shift rotation, the evening chronotype, and leg motor restlessness.

Generation-Common and -Specific Factors in Intention to Leave among Female Hospital Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study Using a Large Japanese Sample.

An understanding of the conditions that determine the factors affecting nurses’ intention to leave is important for countries suffering from nurse shortage. Aim: to examine factors influencing intention to leave among female hospital nurses in a large Japanese sample, classified into four generations by age and considering economic conditions. Methods: a cross-sectional survey with convenience sampling was conducted. Anonymous self-administered questionnaires were distributed to all nurses in 30 hospitals. To assess intention to leave, basic attributes, life conditions, work characteristics, and factors of psychosocial work environment were addressed. After classifying data into four generations based on age cohorts, we conducted multivariate logistic regression analysis using the completed data (N = 5074, mean age = 36.24 years). Results: regardless of the generational characteristics influenced by economic conditions, effort and monetary reward were generation-common factors. Over-commitment, social support, and the presence of a role model were generation-common factors in three generations. While having children increased intention to leave in the generation born in 1965–1979, having family members in need of caregiving other than children decreased the risk in the generation born in the 1980s. Conclusion: generational countermeasures considering factors of psychosocial work environment and life conditions are needed to avert female nurse turnover.

Evaluating the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction among female hospital nurses in Babol: An application of structural equation modeling.

Background: This study was designed to investigate job satisfaction and its relation to perceived job stress among hospital nurses in Babol County, Iran.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 406 female nurses in 6 Babol hospitals. Respondents completed the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), the health and safety executive (HSE) indicator tool and a demographic questionnaire. Descriptive, analytical and structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses were carried out applying SPSS v. 22 and AMOS v. 22.Results: The Normed Fit Index (NFI), Non-normed Fit Index (NNFI), Incremental Fit Index (IFI)and Comparative Fit Index (CFI) were greater than 0.9. Also, goodness of fit index (GFI=0.99)and adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) were greater than 0.8, and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) were 0.04, The model was found to be with an appropriate fit. The R-squared was 0.42 for job satisfaction, and all its dimensions were related to job stress. The dimensions of job stress explained 42% of changes in the variance of job satisfaction. There was a significant relationship between the dimensions of job stress such as demand (β =0.173,CI =0.095 - 0.365, P≤0.001), control (β =0.135, CI =0.062 - 0.404, P =0.008), relationships(β =-0.208, CI =-0.637– -0.209; P≤0.001) and changes (β =0.247, CI =0.360 - 1.026, P≤0.001)with job satisfaction.Conclusion: One of the important interventions to increase job satisfaction among nurses maybe improvement in the workplace. Reducing the level of workload in order to improve job demand and minimizing role conflict through reducing conflicting demands are recommended.

Generation-Common and-Specific Factors in Intention to Leave Among Female Hospital Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study Using a Large Japanese Sample

Objective: To examine factors influencing intention to leave among female hospital nurses in a large Japanese sample, classified into four generations by age considering economic conditions. Methods: We conducted quantitative research using a cross-sectional survey with convenience sampling. Anonymous self-administered questionnaires were distributed to all nurses in 30 hospitals. To assess intention to leave, basic attributes, life conditions related to female-specific life events (i.e., having children, having family members in need of caregiving other than children), work characteristics and factors of psychosocial work environment were addressed. After classifying data into four generations based on age cohorts, we conducted multivariate logistic regression analysis using the completed data (N=5.074, mean age=36.24). Results: Regardless of generational characteristics influenced by economic conditions, effort and monetary reward were generation-common factors. Overcommitment, social support and the presence of a role model were generationcommon factors in three generations. While having children increased intention to leave in the generation born 1965-1979, having family members in need of caregiving other than children decreased the risk in the generation born in the 1980s. Conclusion: Generational countermeasures considering factors of psychosocial work environment and life conditions are needed to avert voluntary turnover among nurses.