Female Fertility Rates Research Articles

An ARDL Method for Evaluating Bangladesh’s Economic Growth Concerning Female Secondary Education

The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between Bangladesh’s economic growth and female secondary education. For this reason, the effects of female secondary education, female labour force participation rate, and female fertility rate on Bangladesh’s Real GDP growth rate are investigated over the years 1995–2021, using a quantitative approach. A long-term relationship between the variables is demonstrated by the Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) Cointegration Model, wherein the fertility rate is negatively significant and the female participation rate in the labour force and secondary education are positively significant on the real GDP growth rate. The study uses the Error Correction Model (ECM) to record the speed of adjustment. There is short-run adjustment throughout the entire system, as indicated by the statistically significant and theoretically correct sign of the error correction term coefficient. A more thorough examination is necessary as the Causality test reveals an unanticipated unidirectional association between female secondary education and economic growth.

Female Labor Force Participation and Fertility: A Survey Based Study of Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Rapidly increasing population is challenging for almost all the developing countries which triggers the issues like poverty, ill-health, illiteracy, lower living standard and environmental degradation. Female participation in labor force may increase the opportunity cost for bearing and rearing children. This increased opportunity cost for having children may put pressure on families to have less number of children and offer more women time in labor market. This induces the women to allocate more time to work and develops their preferences to have less number of children. However, taking the 400 respondents as sample size, this study was conducted in Multan division, known as area of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Keeping in view the non-negative nature of dependent variable, this study used Negative Binomial Model to find out the relationship between fertility and female labor force participation. The estimates of the model indicates that monthly income of wife, education and use of birth control devices are major factors lessening the fertility rate of females. However, this mechanism for lowering demand for children by family may be helpful in reducing fertility rate (number of children per women) and increasing economic activity and wellbeing by involving more and more women in paid work. In this way, a society can achieve the targets of birth control in an invisible way to impede the pace of undesirable population growth. Finding of proposed research may help population welfare department, Punjab and Pakistan Population council, provincial and federal government in formulating an indirect and invisible population/birth control policies to overcome the burden of over-population.

Globalization and Female Participation in Labor Force: Evidence from Developing Nations

Today, the inclusion of women in the political, social and economic spheres is crucial for sustainable development. In this effort, globalization acts as a catalyst by creating relationships and opportunities that give women greater economic and social influence. This study is concerned with exploring the influence of globalization and its various dimensions, such as economic, social and political, on women's participation in the labor force in developing countries. We have collected panel data covering 131 developing countries over three years and specify four models that are estimated by the fixed effect method using the OLS within-effects. We explored that overall globalization, economic globalization and social globalization are positively and significantly associated with female participation in the labor force on average. In contrast, political globalization has an insignificant influence on female participation in the labor force. The results of other covariates suggest that female fertility rate, urban population and employment in the industrial sector are significant determinants of female participation in economic activity. Hence, on the basis of these results, it can be prescribed that policy should be formulated to support more economic and social integration at the global level in the context of developing countries.

The effect of fertility on female labour force participation in Tanzania.

Country's economic growth depends among other factors on the extent to which labour particularly female labour force participates on economic growth enhancing activities. Being the largest contributor in economic activities particularly agriculture in developing countries (over 50%), their participation enables economies to grow in response to higher labour inputs injected. As an outcome, as countries develop; women's capabilities typically improve as well, whereas social constraints weaken, which enables females to participate on work outside the home. However, the existing literature on this topic is scant and has mixed results. This study sought to analyse female fertility rate and its influence on provision of labour in Tanzania using females aged 15-49 years from the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2015-2016. The study used instrumental variable-probit and a two-stage residual inclusion as methods of analysis. Results showed that, an increase in female's fertility rate reduces participation of females in provision of market labour by about 1.1-13%. Similarly, household size, education, contraceptive use, self-employment of their husbands and residing in rural areas was associated with increased participation while female's age exhibited an inverted U-shaped relationship with female participation. The results imply that, to foster a more sustainable female participation in labour force, family planning, educating females as well as fostering self-employment and improving rural infrastructures is inevitable.

Analisis Implementasi Matriks dalam Estimasi Laju Pertumbuhan Populasi Wanita

Leslie matrix is a growth matrix used to estimate the growth rate of a population. Through the population growth rate, information can be obtained whether the growth tends to increase, decrease, or stabilize. The general form of the Leslie matrix is a square matrix in which the first-row entries contain values of female fertility rate , the subdiagonals contain values of female survival rate , and entries other than in the first row and sub diagonals are zero. This research is to determine the implementation of the Leslie matrix in estimating the female population growth rate in Situbondo Regency 2023 and its analysis. The stages of this research began with presenting the Leslie matrix population growth model for the next three years. The second stage is to determine the age class interval. Next, determine the initial age distribution vector. The fourth and fifth stages, respectively, are calculating the and the value. The next step is constructing the Leslie matrix. The seventh stage is to calculate the estimated female population. The eighth stage is determining the eigenvalue and ends with determining the dominant eigenvalue. Based on the results of the research that has been done, it is obtained that the estimated female population in Situbondo Regency 2023 tends to decrease with the acquisition of a dominant eigenvalue that is less than one. That information can be taken into consideration by the government in formulating population-related policies.

A DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS IN POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING SECURITY – A DIAGNOSIS

For several years, issues related to the demographic situation in Poland have been causing muchconcern. Unfortunately, this country is in a difficult and constantly deteriorating demographicsituation. This is further complicated by the fact that, due to the low female fertility rate, peopleof post-working age are not being replaced by younger generations. According to demographers’forecasts, Poland will be significantly depopulated in the coming decades. Consequently, it canbe deduced that the current situation will become translated into consequences for practically allspheres of the social and economic life. What seems particularly important is that the unfavourabledemographic trend is already having an impact on both the present and future dimensions of thesocial and economic life of every region of Poland. It is to be expected that one of the consequencesof depopulation would be manifested in the reduced ability of the state to ensure national security.Potential staff shortages that are expected to occur in the formations responsible for maintainingsecurity and public order should already be prompting decision-makers to undertake numerousmeasures in the organisational, legal and technical spheres.

The Detrimental Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Infertility of Humans and Laboratory Animals: A Review

In recent decades, the decline in human fertility has become a major concern. However, unhealthy lifestyle practices, such as the use of addictive substances that contribute to infertility persist in society. Therefore, the current study reviewed the literature addressing the effects of alcohol consumption patterns on male and female fertility. Although alcohol intake is socially accepted, its detrimental influence on male and female fertility rates has been regularly observed in recent years. The findings have revealed that abstinence from chronic alcohol intake did not recover the testes from the negative effects of alcohol. Heavy drinking, defined as 8 or more glasses per week for a woman or 15 or more drinks per week for a man might impair female reproductive function. In conclusion, the implementation of an in vivo evidence strategy ranging from animal studies to preclinical ones has indicated that alcohol intake may be related to negative effects on reproductive parameters in both males and females. The present review deserves to be highlighted since it is significant for those who lead an unhealthy lifestyle, such as those who use alcohol.

Women's political empowerment and natural resource curse in developing countries

Women's political rights are increasingly recognized as critical to modern states. Women constitute half of the world's population, but they account for less than a quarter of the membership of national parliaments globally. Starting from the “resource curse" literature, this paper empirically examines the impact of natural resource abundance on women's political empowerment in a large panel of 130 developing countries between 2002 and 2017. Our results derived from two-step system GMM show that total resource rent per capita has a strong negative impact on overall women's political empowerment. Similar evidences are found when using women's political participation, civil society participation, and women's civil liberties subindexes separately. We also find large differences in the resource abundance women's political empowerment relationship, depending on a country's institutional quality. Furthermore, we explore some transmission channels and find that resource abundance reduces female employment in the manufacturing and exchangeable service sectors, increases gender inequality in primary and secondary education, and increases female fertility rate.

Nicotinamide Adenine Nucleotide-The Fountain of Youth to Prevent Oocyte Aging?

According to the U.S. Special Operations Command (SOCOM), new clinical trials of an anti-aging oral treatment using nicotinamide adenine nucleotide are planned for 2022. All over the globe, the discovery of the fountain of youth is still a great goal to reach, not only among aging researchers, since people desire to stay longer healthy and feel young when reaching old age. Since the 1960s, women delaying pregnancy to pursue higher educational levels and a career path has contributed to drastically diminished overall female fertility rates (e.g., number of born offspring/woman). Consequently, a growing number of advanced-aged women depend on assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to become pregnant. In 2019, the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology reported 293,672 cycles for oocyte retrieval. This change of demographics influenced women’s age of having their first child, which has increased significantly. However, their reproductive tract shows hallmarks of aging very early in life without an effective preventive treatment. Therefore, we will present whether NAD+ could help to prevent oocyte aging.

Studies on Population Dynamic, Biology of The Cotton Mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Its Natural Enemies as A New Insect on Okra Plant, (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) at Qena Governorate, Egypt

Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley is one of the most important insect pests that infested many important economic crops all over the world. The insect was recorded for the first time on the okra plants at the inception of March during the season of 2019 on the farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena. Results of both seasons showed that the highest weekly population count of P. solenopsis was found during the first week of June. The highest percentages of the total monthly mean count were found to be 37.87and 39.56%, in June during the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. In addition, it has three generations per season under field conditions. The impact of some biotic and abiotic factors influencing the enumeration of P. solenopsis was studied. One species of wasp, Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) has been recorded as a parasitoid on P. solenopsis. The parasitism rate reached 12.31% during the first season. The predation rate reached 4.55% and it was attributed to the Nephus includens (Kirsch). Under laboratory conditions, the biology studies of P. solenopsis (Tinsley) were carried out on the sprouted potato plants. The results of the various biological factors recorded that the female fertility rate ranged between (310 to 650 eggs/female), which increases the survival rate. The female longevity reached (27.23±2.35 days) and the total life cycle ranged from 39-55 days. Accordingly, the information obtained from this study leads to the selection of appropriate means of management during the active reproductive period of P. solenopsis.

Analysis of female demographics in the United States: life expectancy, education, employment, family building decisions, and fertility service utilization.

To discuss changes in female demographic parameters in the US and associated increase in utilization of fertility services. Fractions of women earning bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees increased from 1970 to 2018 (32.6 vs 64.8; 7.9 vs 27.3; 0.54 vs 5.7 per 10,000 women; P < .001; respectively). This was associated with decrease in percentage of married women (61.9% vs 50.8%) and increase in median age at first marriage (20.8 vs 27.8). In parallel, mean age of mothers at first birth increased (21.4 vs 26.8), and pregnancy rates of women aged 35-39 and 40-44 years doubled between 1980 and 2010 (0.036 vs 0.077; 0.009 vs 0.019 per 1,000 women). With later pregnancy attempts, female fertility rates decreased from 1970 to 2017 (87.9% vs 60.3%; P < .001). Women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ART) treatment with a DOR diagnosis increased (12% vs 31%), and ART cycles using donor eggs increased (16,161 vs 24,300), between 2005 and 2016. Participation of women in education is paralleled by increased female employment, later occurrence of marriage, increased age of childbearing, decreased fertility rates, and increased DOR diagnosis.

Using a multimethod life history approach to navigate the osteological paradox: A case study from Prehispanic Nasca, Peru.

We leverage recent bioarchaeological approaches and life history theory to address the implications of the osteological paradox in a study population. The goal of this article is to evaluate morbidity and mortality patterns as well as variability in the risk of disease and death during the Late Intermediate period (LIP; 950-1450 C.E.) in the Nasca highlands of Peru. We demonstrate how the concurrent use of multiple analytical techniques and life history theory can engage the osteological paradox and provide salient insights into the study of stress, frailty, and resilience in past populations. Crania from LIP burial contexts in the Nasca highlands were examined for cribra orbitalia (n=325) and porotic hyperostosis (n=270). All age groups and both sexes are represented in the sample. Survivor/nonsurvivor analysis assessed demographic differences in lesion frequency and severity. Hazard models were generated to assess differences in survivorship. The relationship between dietary diversity and heterogeneity in morbidity was assessed using stable δ15 N and δ13 C isotope values for bone collagen and carbonate. One hundred and twenty-four crania were directly AMS radiocarbon dated, allowing for a diachronic analysis of morbidity and mortality. The frequency and expression of both orbital and vault lesions increases significantly during the LIP. Survivor/nonsurvivor analysis indicates cranial lesions co-vary with frailty rather than robusticity or longevity. Hazard models show (1) decreasing survivorship with the transition into the LIP, (2) significantly lower adult life expectancy for females compared to males, and (3) individuals with cranial lesions have lower survivorship across the life course. Stable isotope results show very little dietary diversity. Mortality risk and frequency of pathological skeletal lesions were highest during Phase III (1300-1450 C.E.) of the LIP. Results provide compelling evidence of increasing physiological stress and mortality in the Nasca highlands during the LIP, but also reveal substantial heterogeneity in frailty and the risk of death. Certain members of society experienced a heavier disease burden and higher mortality compared to their contemporaries. Elevated levels of disease and lethal trauma among females account for some of the sex differences in survivorship but cannot explain the large degree of female-biased mortality. We hypothesize that parental investment in males or increased female fertility rates may explain these differences.

Improving Reproductive Performance and Health of Mammals Using Honeybee Products.

Honeybee products have positive effects on the reproductive performance of mammals. Many honeybee product constituents are biologically active, with antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antifungal, wound-healing, and cardio-protective properties. Honeybee products also improve male and female fertility rates by enhancing gamete cryopreservation, in vitro maturation and fertilization, and embryo development. Previously published studies confirmed their efficacy for alleviating reproductive toxicity caused by contaminants and lifestyle habits that impair overall health and well-being. However, high-dose oral administration of honeybee products may adversely affect the reproductive system, and unfavorable effects were alleviated by treatment cessation. For this reason, this review proposes that bioactive components from bee products can be used as a strategy for improving the reproductive performance and health of mammals.

Association between maternal exposure to air pollution before conception and sex determination in the city of São Paulo

It has been widely demonstrated that air pollution can affect human health and that some pollutant gases can have negative impacts on female fertility rates and cause adverse obstetric outcomes, such as premature birth and low birth weight. Few studies have evaluated the impact of maternal exposure to urban air pollution on the number of female births. To evaluate the association between maternal exposure to air pollution during the year before conception and sex determination. This was a prospective study using low-risk pregnant women living in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The pollutants were measured by a fixed station during a 1-year period before conception. Sex was confirmed after birth. We used multiple logistic regression models to evaluate the association between the pollutants and the sex determination and to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) of being female based on a quantitative increase in pollutant concentration. We evaluated 371 patients. Elevated exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter lower than 10 μm (PM10) prior to conception were associated with increased odds of being female. Each unit increase of NO2 exposure increased the odds of being female by 8% (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.15, p = 0.008), and each unit increase of PM10 increased the odds of being female by 14% (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.28, p = 0.021). In Sao Paulo, maternal exposure to pollutants was significantly associated with the odds of being female.

Latest-Late Fertility? Decline and Resurgence of Late Parenthood Across the Low-Fertility Countries.

After decades of fertility postponement, we investigate recent changes in late parenthood across low‐fertility countries in the light of observations from the past. We use long series of age‐specific fertility rates from the Human Fertility Database (1950–2016) for women, and new data covering the period 1990–2016 for men. In 1950, the contribution of births at age 40 and over to female fertility rates ranged from 2.5 to 9 percent, but then fell sharply until the 1980s. From the 1990s, however, the prevalence of late first births increased rapidly, especially so in countries where it was initially lowest. This has produced a late fertility rebound in the last two decades, occurring much faster for women than for men. Comparisons between recent and past extremely late (age 48+) fertility levels confirm that people are now challenging the natural fertility barriers, particularly for a first child.

Demographic dynamics of Peruvian black-faced spider monkeys (&lt;i&gt;Ateles chamek&lt;/i&gt;) reintroduced in the Peruvian Amazon

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Reintroductions of animals are important conservation tools for different taxa around the world. A reintroduction program in the Peruvian Amazon is focusing on black-faced spider monkeys (Ateles chamek). We investigated life-history parameters such as stage-specific survival and female fertility rates using a capture-mark-recapture framework and data from the literature. We estimated growth rate and probability of extinction for a reintroduced group using matrix models, as well as testing whether population growth depends more on survival of juvenile females or adult females. Our results suggest the population of the reintroduced group is decreasing. After projecting the group size for the next 25 years using different scenarios, we found that in order for the group to persist, survival rate of the female adult stage needs to exceed 79 %. Given that group growth rate is more sensitive to the survival of adult females, management measures actions that target this demographic are required to guarantee survival of the group. Extrapolations of our results are subject to restrictions imposed by the small sample size and the conditions specific to this reintroduction program. However, this study may provide valuable lessons for reintroduction programs attempting the recovery of wild populations of similar species.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Il paese delle pensioni anticipate e delle culle vuote

In a recent book (La società signorile di massa, 2019), the sociologist Luca Ricolfi has provided an interpretation of Italy’s economic and social decline in recent decades. It would have become a lordship society, in which the economy has been stagnating for over two decades and in which “the citizens who access the surplus without working are more numerous than the citizens who work”. Ricolfi examines some of the major problems of contemporary Italy: the growing gap between the Center-North and the South; the stagnation of labor productivity for over twenty years; the reduced level of education of the population. It ends by signaling the risk of a “slow Argentinization” of Italy.The book presents a shareable description, but does not indicate the mechanisms that generated, and generate, the current situation in Italy. In particular, Ricolfi ignores the past and future dynamics of the systematic deficits in pension and welfare expenditure (regulated by political decisions) from the 1980s onwards. It also ignores the reduced female fertility rates, among the lowest in the world. The first contributed (1,491.18 billion euros in thirty-six years) to the creation of a gigantic public debt; the reduced fertility caused an increase in the average age. This also results from a comparison between Italy and other advanced countries.In Greek mythology the god Chrónos devoured his children for fear of being dethroned by them. The son Zeus, saved by his mother, drove his father into Tartarus, inaugurating a kingdom of order and justice over gods and men. In Italy, the country of early pensions and empty baby cots, the kingdom of Zeus still seems far away.

The results of cryopreservation of bull sperm in vegetable fortifier using sorbent

The paper presents results of the production and use of the phytofortificant of cytoplasmic sperm membranes based on legume hydrolysate with additional purification with sorbents for cryopreservation of bull sperm as an alternative to yolk diluents. The aim of the research was to achieve biosafety, that is, to avoid infectious gynecological diseases, agents of which can be transmitted by the yolk, to increase the fertility rate of females after artificial insemination and to create the conditions for the development of new long-term cryoprotective diluents. It has been established that legumes grain and their hydrolysates contain a toxic nickel element that adversely affects the cytoplasmic membrane of sperm. To reduce this influence, we conducted a study of the action of different sorbents. Activated charcoal standard, silicon dioxide and fine silica were used as sorbents. Sorbents were added in relation of 3% of the volume of medium. According to the results of the studies, the best results were in semen, diluted with medium using high-dispersion silicon dioxide

Dose exposure of Bisphenol- A on female Wistar rats fertility.

Background 2, 2-Bis (4-hydroxyphenyl propane [bisphenol A (BPA)] is one of the major environmental pollutants and has the adverse effects on human health. BPA mimics the structure of estrogen and binds to estrogen receptors and alters the secretion of the hormone. It is ingested in humans through the regular use of plastic containers, bottles and food cans. Materials and methods Female Wistar rats were exposed orally to 5, 50, 300, 600 and 800 mg BPA/kg body weight (bd. wt.)/week mixed in olive oil and administered every 168 h for 3 months continuing through the mating, gestation and lactation and its effects on fertility, reproductive organ weight and hormones [LH (luteinizing hormone), FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), estradiol (E2), progesterone (PROG) and PRL (prolactin)] were evaluated. Results The findings revealed that females exposed to BPA exhibited a decrease in female fertility rate and weight of reproductive organs (ovary and uterus) with significant decreased levels of LH, FSH, E2, PROG and PRL in the non-pregnancy phase whereas in cesarean and post-term females, no significance difference was found in fertility rate, reproductive organ weight and hormonal levels. Conclusions These data indicate an increased sensitivity to BPA needs careful evaluation of the current levels of exposure.

Hours Constraints, Occupational Choice, and Gender: Evidence from Medical Residents

Do the long work hours required by many high-paying professions inhibit the entry of women? I investigate this question by studying a 2003 policy that capped the average workweek for medical residents at 80 hours. Using data on the universe of U.S. medical school graduates, I find that when a specialty reduces its weekly hours, more women enter the specialty, whereas there is little change in men’s entry. I provide some evidence that the reform increases a specialty’s female fertility rate, implying that women’s career paths diverge from men’s in part because long work hours differentially constrain female fertility timing.