Female Cancer Incidence Research Articles

Prostate cancer in transgender women: considerations for screening, diagnosis and management.

Transgender individuals represent 0.55% of the US population, equivalent to 1.4 million transgender adults. In transgender women, feminisation can include a number of medical and surgical interventions. The main goal is to deprive the phenotypically masculine body of androgens and simultaneously provide oestrogen therapy for feminisation. In gender-confirming surgery (GCS) for transgender females, the prostate is usually not removed. Due to limitations of existing cohort studies, the true incidence of prostate cancer in transgender females is unknown but is thought to be less than the incidence among cis-gender males. It is unclear how prostate cancer develops in androgen-deprived conditions in these patients. Six out of eleven case reports in the literature presented with metastatic disease. It is thought that androgen receptor-mediated mechanisms or tumour-promoting effects of oestrogen may be responsible. Due to the low incidence of prostate cancer identified in transgender women, there is little evidence to drive specific screening recommendations in this patient subpopulation. The treatment of early and locally advanced prostate cancer in these patients warrants an individualised thoughtful approach with input from patients' reconstructive surgeons. Both surgical and radiation treatment for prostate cancer in these patients can profoundly impact the patient's quality of life. In this review, we discuss the evidence surrounding screening and treatment of prostate cancer in transgender women and consider the current gaps in our knowledge in providing evidence-based guidance at the molecular, genomic and epidemiological level, for clinical decision-making in the management of these patients.

Association of the PROGINS PgR polymorphism with susceptibility to female reproductive cancer: A meta-analysis of 30 studies.

The progesterone response of the nuclear progesterone receptor plays an important role in the female reproductive system. Changes in the function of the progesterone receptor gene may increase the risk of reproductive cancer. The present study performed a meta-analysis to examine whether the progesterone receptor gene PROGINS polymorphism was a susceptibility factor for female reproductive cancer. We searched the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and EMBASE databases for literature on PROGINS polymorphisms and female reproductive cancer published before September 2020. We evaluated the risk using odds ratios [ORs] and 95% confidence intervals via fixed effects models and random-effects models, which were calculated for all five genetic models. We grouped the analyses by race, cancer, and HWE. Thirty studies comprised of 25405 controls and 19253 female reproductive cancer cases were included in this meta-analysis. We observed that the Alu insertion polymorphism and the V660L polymorphism were significantly associated with female reproductive cancer in the allele and dominant genetic models. The allele genetic model and (Alu-insertion polymorphism: OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.02-1.45; V660L polymorphism: OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.00-1.13) dominant genetic model (Alu-insertion polymorphism: OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.03-1.58; V660L polymorphism: OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.011.19) demonstrated a significantly increased risk of female reproductive cancer. A subgroup analysis according to ethnicity found that the Alu insertion was associated with female reproductive cancer incidence in white (Allele model: OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.00-1.45; Heterozygous model: OR = 3.44, 95% CI = 1.30-9.09) and Asian (Dominant model: OR = 3.12, 95% CI = 1.25-7.79) populations, but the association disappeared for African and mixed racial groups. However, the V660L polymorphism was significantly associated with female reproductive cancer in the African (Allele model: OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.14-5.56; Heterozygous model: OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.26-6.35) and mixed racial groups (Dominant model: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.01-1.62). Subgroup analysis by cancer showed that the PROGINS polymorphism increased the risk of cancer in the allele model, dominant mode and heterozygous model, but the confidence interval for this result spanned 1 and was not statistically significant. This sensitivity was verified in studies with HWE greater than 0.5. Our meta-analysis showed that the progesterone receptor gene Alu insertion and the V660L polymorphism contained in the PROGINS polymorphism were susceptibility factors for female reproductive cancer.

Temporal trends of lung cancer burden in India in comparison to global burden from 1990 to 2019: An observation analysis.

e21081 Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and remains a significant health concern globally. There is limited understanding of the lung cancer epidemiology trends in India. This study compares lung cancer incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality in the Indian population with the global burden. Methods: The lung cancer incidence, DALYs, and mortality data were analyzed for males and females from 1990-2019 using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database. GBD is an open-source data repository managed by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation research center, University of Washington. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code C34 were used for data extraction. Temporal trends in lung cancer were evaluated using descriptive statistics. Results: India had a lower lung cancer-related disease burden than the global population. Incidence trends: In India, lung cancer age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) increased from 6.62/100,000 in 1990 to 7.7/100,00 in 2019. ASIRs increased from 10.36 to 11.16 in males and 2.68 to 4.49 in females. In contrast, overall and male ASIRs decreased globally from 28.39 to 27.66 and 46.22 to 40.44, respectively. But global lung cancer incidence in females increased from 13.77 to 16.83, mirroring the trends in the Indian female population. DALYs trends: In India, DALYs increased uniformly from 1990 to 2019. The overall DALYs (including males and females) increased from 166.66 to 190.16. In males, DALYs increase from 258.05 to 271.30, and in females DALYs increase from 68.80 to 112.90. Similarly, at the global level, DALYs in females increased from 311.7 to 327.57. However, overall and male’s global DALYs improved from 657.97 to 551.58 and 1053.25 to 802.86, respectively. Mortality trends: In the Indian population, there was only a slight overall increase in age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) from 7.04 to 8.06. A similar slight increase in mortality rates was observed in males (11.04 to 11.73). However, in females, there was a substantial increase from 2.85 to 4.70. In contrast, overall and male ASMRs decreased globally from 27.39 to 25.18 and 45.08 to 37.38, respectively. Similar females’ mortality trends in India, globally, females ASMRs increased from 13.04 to 14.96. Conclusions: Our study reports a lower lung cancer-associated health burden in the Indian population. However, there is an increase in the incidence, DALYs, and mortality in both males and females in the Indian population from 1990 to 2019. Similar worsening trends are observed in females at the global level. In contrast, there is a hint towards improvement in the incidence, DALYs, and mortality at the global level in general, primarily due to improvement in males’ disease burden. There is also a persistent gap in males and females epidemiology, where males have a higher lung cancer burden than females.

Metaplastic carcinoma breast in male – A case report and review of literature

Male breast cancers are rare and account for 1% of all breast cancer cases reported annually. Incidence of metaplastic breast cancer in females is less than 1% thus metaplastic breast cancers in males are even rarer. Larger tumour size and higher grade differentiate them from invasive carcinoma. They are also more aggressive than invasive carcinoma. On IHC these are typically oestrogen- and progesterone-receptor, Her 2 neu negative. Here we report a rare case of a 35-year-old male patient who presented with left chest wall swelling for six months, histopathological examination showed it to be metaplastic carcinoma breast. The patient underwent left MRM and adjuvant chemotherapy.

Cohort profile: the South African HIV Cancer Match (SAM) Study, a national population-based cohort

PurposeThe South African HIV Cancer Match (SAM) Study is a national cohort of people living with HIV (PLWH). It was created using probabilistic record linkages of routine laboratory records of...

Knowledge, attitude, practice and factors that influence the awareness of college students with regards to breast cancer.

BACKGROUNDBreast cancer has the highest incidence of all global cancers. Recent data show that breast cancer is becoming more prevalent in the younger population. Therefore, preventing breast cancer in young populations is a significant priority for public health. Relevant investigations of the incidence of breast cancer in young females have already been undertaken in China; however, none of these previous studies investigated the awareness of female college students with regards to breast cancer.AIMTo investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of female college students in Yunnan with regards to breast cancer and a series of influential factors. METHODSA random sample of 1387 female college students from two universities in Dali city were investigated by questionnaires.RESULTSThe total KAP scores for breast cancer were 9.86 ± 2.50, 3.19 ± 2.01 and 13.31 ± 2.49, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that educational grade was the most significant influential factor underlying the level of knowledge female college students had with regards to the treatment of breast cancer (P < 0.05). Registered residence and educational grade were the most significant factors that influenced attitude (P < 0.05). Age, registered residence, grade and major, were the most significant factors that influenced behavior (P < 0.05). The KAP of female college students in western Yunnan with regards to breast cancer were low. CONCLUSIONThere is an urgent need to provide standardized publicity and educational strategies in China to improve the knowledge, attitude, and practice, of college students with regards to breast cancer.

Challenges and Prospects for Providing Radiotherapy Services in Nepal

In Nepal, the incidence of cancer in both males and females increased drastically in the last decade and is predicted to increase as well in the near future. The increase in Cancer burden could be a serious concern due to an underdeveloped national cancer control program. Around 50–60% of cancer patients require radiotherapy at some point during their illness which establishes it as an integral component of comprehensive cancer care. The current status of radiation facilities in the country is so scarce that it will be impossible to address the issue with available resources. It is high time for the authority to formulate a national cancer control program including the development of radiotherapy equipment and human resources. This article discusses the number of radiotherapy facilities, available equipment, and trained manpower in Nepal. Whether the available facilities are as per standard recommendation and will those be enough to handle the increasing load of cancer patients requiring radiotherapy in the future has been emphasized. Along with those challenges, the opportunities for developing radiotherapy facilities in Low Middle-Income countries like Nepal have been stressed out.

Intensification of radiation therapy for&#x0D; localized breast cancer in the settings of the&#x0D; COVID-19 pandemic: A literature review

Relevance: Since 2004, breast cancer steadily ranks first in the&#x0D; structure of the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the Republic of&#x0D; Kazakhstan in both sexes. In 2020, its share was 14.5% (vs. 15.2% in&#x0D; 2019). Breast cancer also constantly ranks first in the structure of female cancer incidence, with 44.3‰ in 2020 (vs. 51.6‰in 2019).&#x0D; In the early 1980s, radiation therapy was a standard specialized&#x0D; treatment for breast cancer. The current realities of the COVID-19&#x0D; pandemic require a reorganization of healthcare facilities to determine the priorities. It is also important to balance the economic and&#x0D; clinical efficacy of radiotherapy methods applied.&#x0D; The study aimed to analyze the results of large randomized trials and compare breast cancer outcomes after hypofractionated and standard fractionation radiation treatment.&#x0D; Methods: We reviewed the results of large randomized trials&#x0D; of hypofractionated radiation therapy, emphasizing adequate&#x0D; patient selection according to the American Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) guidelines. Radiobiological&#x0D; aspects of hypofractionation were considered due to its implementation in clinical practice. The research materials were obtained from the “PubMed” database of evidence-based medicine&#x0D; by the keywords “radiotherapy,” “breast cancer,” “hypofractionation dose” for the period 2000-2021. Large randomized trials&#x0D; involving patients of any age diagnosed with stages T1-3, N0-1&#x0D; breast cancer, who underwent beam therapy in standard or hypofractionated mode, met the criteria for inclusion in this study.&#x0D; Results: According to the results of large randomized trials,&#x0D; the hypofractionated regimen is similar to the standard regimen in terms of late effects on normal tissues and ensures good&#x0D; control over the oncological process.&#x0D; Conclusions: Hypofractionation has proven effectiveness&#x0D; and safety and has lower late and/or acute radiation toxicity&#x0D; when treating early breast cancer. Hypofractionation can become a new standard of radiation therapy at early stages after&#x0D; breast-conserving surgery.

Intensification of radiation therapy for localized breast cancer in the settings of the COVID-19 pandemic: A literature review

Relevance: Since 2004, breast cancer steadily ranks first in the structure of the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the Republic of Kazakhstan in both sexes. In 2020, its share was 14.5% (vs. 15.2% in 2019). Breast cancer also constantly ranks first in the structure of female cancer incidence, with 44.3 0⁄0000 in 2020 (vs. 51.6 0⁄0000 in 2019). In the early 1980s, radiation&#x0D; therapy was a standard specialized treatment for breast cancer. The current realities of the COVID-19 pandemic require a reorganization of healthcare facilities to determine the priorities. It is also important to balance the economic and clinical efficacy of radiotherapy methods applied.&#x0D; The study aimed to analyze the results of large randomized trials and compare breast cancer outcomes after hypofractionated and standard fractionation radiation treatment.&#x0D; Methods: We reviewed the results of large randomized trials of hypofractionated radiation therapy, emphasizing good patient selection according to the American Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) guidelines. Radiobiological aspects of hypofractionation were considered due to its implementation in clinical practice. The research materials were obtained from the “PubMed” database of evidence-based medicine by the keywords “radiotherapy,” “breast cancer,” “hypofractionation dose” for the period of 2000-2021. Large randomized trials involving patients of any age diagnosed with stages T1-3, N0-1 breast cancer, who underwent beam therapy in standard or hypofractionated mode, met the criteria for inclusion in this study.&#x0D; Results: According to the results of large randomized trials, the hypofractionated regimen is similar to the standard regimen in terms of late effects on normal tissues and ensures reasonable control over the oncological process.&#x0D; Conclusions: Hypofractionation has proven effectiveness and safety and lower late and acute radiation toxicity when treating early breast cancer. Hypofractionation can become a new standard of radiation therapy at early stages after breast-conserving surgery.

Cancer incidence, patterns, and genotype-phenotype associations in individuals with pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline TP53 variants: an observational cohort study.

Li-Fraumeni syndrome, caused primarily by pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline TP53 variants, is a rare, variably penetrant, cancer predisposition syndrome with very high risks of cancer starting in childhood, including the risk of multiple primary malignancies over an individual's lifespan. We aimed to characterise and quantify cancer incidence, patterns, and genotype-phenotype associations in individuals with pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline TP53 variants. This observational cohort study was done in 480 carriers of pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline TP53 variants enrolled in the National Cancer Institute's referral-based longitudinal Li-Fraumeni syndrome study between Aug 1, 2011, and March 24, 2020. Data on personal and family history of cancer were obtained through study questionnaires and validated by medical records. Variants were categorised on the basis of both loss-of-function (LOF) and dominant-negative effect (DNE) properties. Cancer incidence associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome was compared with that of the general population using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 1975-2017 registry. Cancer incidence was evaluated with family-clustered Cox regression models and competing risk methods. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01443468. Individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome had a nearly 24 times higher incidence of any cancer than the general population (standardised incidence ratio 23·9; 95% CI 21·9-26·0), with the highest comparative incidence from childhood to 30 years of age. The overall cancer incidence remained 10·3 (95% CI 7·9-13·2) times higher than that of the general population after age 50 years. In women, when considering breast cancer as a competing risk, the probability of a first diagnosis of a non-breast cancer malignancy was substantially lower than that of any first cancer (24·4% [95% CI 19·6-30·5] vs 50·4% [43·5-56·5] by age 33·7 years). Overall, DNE_LOF and notDNE_LOF variants were associated with earlier age at first and second cancer compared with notDNE_notLOF and DNE_notLOF variants. The time interval from first to second cancer was shorter among carriers whose first cancer diagnoses were later in life. Multiple cancers were diagnosed within a short timeframe in some individuals, regardless of the order of cancer occurrence. This study adds granularity to the understanding of cancer incidence and patterns in individuals with pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline TP53 variants. Integration of age range-specific cancer incidence estimates, cancer-free survival by functional variant group, the potential impact of risk-reducing mastectomy on female cancer incidence, and data on subsequent malignancies will be important for the development of strategies to optimise cancer screening and management for these individuals. Intramural Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Institutes of Health.

A Study on Metabolic Health Status as a Risk Factor for Female Bladder Cancer Incidence: Analysis From the National Health Checkups Database of Korea

Purpose: This study investigated metabolic health status as a risk factor for female bladder cancer using the National Health Checkups databases of Korea.Materials and Methods: We defined obesity if body mass index was ≥25 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; and normal weight as &lt;25 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Metabolic unhealthiness was defined when 3 or more criteria of metabolic syndrome were met. A total of 11,461,618 women who took National health Checkups between 2009 and 2012 were categorized as metabolic healthy normal weight (MHNW), metabolic unhealthy normal weight (MuHNW), metabolic health obese (MHO), and metabolic unhealthy obese (MuHO). Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression was done to analyze the hazard ratio of bladder cancer.Results: The mean age was 48±11.55 years and body mass index was 23.19±2.13 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. During 5.4±1.1 years of follow-up, 3,893 patients were newly diagnosed with bladder cancer. Compared to MHNW group, the hazard ratio of MuHNW group and MuHO group were 1.237 and 1.288, respectively, while 0.997 in the MHO group. As the number of metabolic unhealthy criteria increased, the cumulative incidence of bladder cancer increased.Conclusions: As a result of a large-scale study conducted on the female population in Korea, the risk of bladder cancer increased with metabolic unhealthiness. Even with normal weight, if metabolically unhealthy, the risk of bladder cancer increased. The greater the degree of metabolic unhealthiness, the higher the risk of bladder cancer. Education on metabolic healthiness concerning female bladder cancer is necessary.

Ambient air pollution exposure and thyroid cancer incidence in Iran

Introduction: Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignant that is three times more prevalent in women than men. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been indicated to affect Thyroid Hormone (TH) homeostasis. We sought to estimate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and the incidence of thyroid cancer in the Iranian female population. Materials and methods: We extracted thyroid cancer incidence and ambient air pollution data from Iran from 2000 to 2019 for males and females for all age groups from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) dataset. We entered the data into Joinpoint to present Annual Percent Change (APC) and Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) and its confidence intervals. We entered the information into R3.5.0. Results: Thyroid cancer in females had an upward trend [AAPC=4.9% (4.2-5.6)]. There was a correlation between ambient PM pollution (p≤0.001, r=0.84) and ambient ozone pollution (p≤0.001, r=0.94), and the incidence of thyroid cancer in females. The results of the analysis also showed a significant relationship between thyroid cancer incidence in females and secondhand smoke (p≤0.001, r=0.74). Conclusion: This study indicated increasing trends in thyroid cancer incidence with exposure to ambient air pollution. Our novel findings provide additional insight into the potential associations between risk factors and thyroid cancer and warrant further investigation, specifically in areas with high levels of air pollution both nationally and internationally. However, causal relationships cannot be fully supported via ecological studies, and this article only focuses on Iran.

Clustering Trend Changes of Lung Cancer Incidence in Europe via the Growth Mixture Model during 1990–2016

Background Lung cancer accounts for half of all deaths from cancer in Europe and has the highest incidence in Southern Europe. The current study aimed to cluster trend changes of lung cancer incidence in Europe via the growth mixture model. Methods The dataset included incidence rates of female and male lung cancer per 100,000 for 42 European countries during 1990–2016 compiled from the Gapminder database. The growth mixture model was implemented to recognize different longitudinal patterns and estimate the linear trend of each pattern in Mplus 7.4 software. Results The observed overall trend of incidence for female and male lung cancer was raising and falling, respectively, and Iceland was the only country with higher incidence of female versus male lung cancer in 2016. The growth mixture model suggests 3 main patterns for the trend of lung cancer incidence both for males and females. In male lung cancer, a sharp decreasing pattern was detected for 6 countries including Belarus, Estonia, Russia, Slovenia, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom; also, a moderately decreasing pattern was observed among the other countries. In female lung cancer, a moderate increasing trend was observed for 8 countries including the United Kingdom, Denmark, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Montenegro, Netherlands, and Norway; the other patterns were categorized into two clusters with slow increasing trends. Conclusion Given the raising patterns in the incidence of lung cancer among European females, especially in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Montenegro, Netherlands, and Norway, urgent effective measures are recommended to be taken.

Current concepts in thyroid gland surgery: transoral endoscopic and robotic surgical procedures

The increased incidence of thyroid cancer in young females may raise concerns about visible hypertrophic scarring on the center of the neck after thyroid gland surgery. Therefore, endoscopic surgical procedures have attracted significant interest from patients with thyroid cancer, leading to the development of various endoscopic and robotic approaches. Although the cosmetic outcomes of current endoscopic and robotic thyroid surgeries have been excellent, all the procedures still require a large incision and extensive flap elevation. Transoral endoscopic thyroid surgery is a newly developed surgical method performed by inserting an endoscope through a mucosal opening created in the mouth, obviating the need for a skin incision. Additionally, the dissection area is relatively small and no dressings are required. Showering or shaving may resume the day after surgery and the port created within the oral mucous membrane generally heals within one week. Importantly, this approach is markedly less invasive than other endoscopic approaches. Although transoral endoscopic thyroid surgery has not yet been universally accepted, it may emerge as the preferred method for thyroid surgery in the near future.

Examination of incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years and risk factors of breast cancer in 49 Asian countries, 1990-2019: estimates from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

This study presents an up-to-date, comprehensive and comparative examination of breast cancer's temporal patterns in females in Asia in last three decades. The estimates of incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted-life-years and risk factors of breast cancer in females in 49 Asian countries were retrieved from Global Burden of Disease 2019 study. In Asia, female breast cancer incidence grew from 245 045[226 259-265 260] in 1990 to 914 878[815 789-1025 502] in 2019 with age-standardized incidence rate rising from 21.2/100 000[19.6-22.9] to 35.9/100 000[32.0-40.2] between 1990 and 2019. The death counts more than doubled from 136 665[126 094-148 380] to 337 822[301 454-375 251]. The age-standardized mortality rate rose marginally between 1990 and 2019 (1990: 12.1[11.0-13.1]; 2019: 13.4[12.0-14.9]). In 2019, age-standardized incidence rate varied from 17.2/100 000[13.95-21.4] in Mongolia to 122.5[92.1-160.7] in Lebanon and the age-standardized mortality rate varied 4-fold from 8.0/100 000 [7.2-8.8] in South Korea to 51.9[39.0-69.8] in Pakistan. High body mass index (5.6%), high fasting plasma glucose (5.6%) and secondhand smoke (3.5%) were the main contributory risk factors to all-age disability-adjusted-life-years due to breast cancer in Asia. With growing incidence, escalating dietary and behavioural risk factors and lower survival rates due to late-disease presentation in low- and medium-income countries of Asia, breast cancer has become a significant public health threat. Its rising burden calls for increasing breast cancer awareness, preventive measures, early-stage detection and cost-effective therapeutics in Asia.

Insufficient iodine nutrition may affect the thyroid cancer incidence in China.

Epidemiological studies have focused on the effects of iodine intake on the risk of thyroid cancer. However, their relationship is still obscure. The objective of the present study was to examine the association in the Chinese population. A new ecological study which combined the Data of Annual Report of Cancer, the Survey of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) surveillance and the Water Iodine Survey was conducted to analyse the relationship between iodine intake and the thyroid cancer incidence in China. In total, 281 counties were included. Thyroid cancer incidence was negatively correlated with the consumption rate of qualified iodised salt (CRQIS) and positively correlated with goiter prevalence (GP) of children aged 8-10 years, residents' annual income and coastal status. Areas with a low CRQIS and areas with a high GP had a relatively high incidence of thyroid cancer. Regression models showed that a low CRQIS and a high GP in children aged 8-10 years (both reflecting iodine deficiency status) play a substantial role in thyroid cancer incidence in both males and females. Additionally, living in coastal areas and having a high annual income may also increase the risk of thyroid cancer. These findings suggest that mild iodine deficiency may contribute to the exceptionally high incidence of thyroid cancer in some areas in China. Maintaining appropriate iodine nutrition not only helps to eliminate IDD but also may help to reduce the occurrence of thyroid cancer.

Large-scale systematic analysis of exposure to multiple cancer risk factors and the associations between exposure patterns and cancer incidence

Exposures to cancer risk factors such as smoking and alcohol are not mutually independent. We aimed to identify risk factor exposure patterns and their associations with sociodemographic characteristics and cancer incidence. We considered 120,771 female and, separately, 100,891 male participants of the Australian prospective cohort 45 and Up Study. Factor analysis grouped 36 self-reported variables into 8 combined factors each for females (largely representing ‘smoking’, ‘alcohol’, ‘vigorous exercise’, ‘age at childbirth’, ‘Menopausal Hormone Therapy’, ‘parity and breastfeeding’, ‘standing/sitting’, ‘fruit and vegetables’) and males (largely representing ‘smoking’, ‘alcohol’, ‘vigorous exercise’, ‘urology and health’, ‘moderate exercise’, ‘standing/sitting’, ‘fruit and vegetables’, ‘meat and BMI’). Associations with cancer incidence were investigated using multivariable logistic regression (4–8 years follow-up: 6193 females, 8749 males diagnosed with cancer). After multiple-testing correction, we identified 10 associations between combined factors and cancer incidence for females and 6 for males, of which 14 represent well-known relationships (e.g. bowel cancer: females ‘smoking’ factor Odds Ratio (OR) 1.16 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.08–1.25), males ‘smoking’ factor OR 1.15 (95% CI 1.07–1.23)), providing evidence for the validity of this approach. The catalogue of associations between exposure patterns, sociodemographic characteristics, and cancer incidence can help inform design of future studies and targeted prevention programmes.

Comparing Oxidative Stress Status Among Iranian Males and Females with Malignant and Non-malignant Thyroid Nodules

BackgroundOxidative stress is commonly accrued in thyroid tissue during hormone synthesis.ObjectivesWe aimed to examine oxidative stress in patients with thyroid cancer, benign thyroid nodules, and healthy individuals.MethodsIn this study, 138 individuals were involved. Among the selected participants, 108 had thyroid nodules, including 30 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), 30 follicular thyroid cancer (FTC), six anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), 12 medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), and 30 benign nodules. In addition, 30 individuals were selected as a healthy control group. The levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) of thyroid tissue were measured using the ELISA method, and the oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated.ResultsThe TAC level was significantly lower in MTC and FTC subtypes than in controls. The TOS level was considerably higher in the MTC group than in the control and benign nodule groups. The TOS level was not changed in other groups. The OSI was considerably higher in MTC and FTC subtypes. The TAC and OSI in benign nodules were significantly lower and higher than those of controls, respectively. The OSI was higher in female patients than in males.ConclusionsThe OSI can not be considered a diagnostic biomarker for benign nodules and MTC. The diverse oxidative stress status between genders may be related to the elevated cancer incidence in females.

Incidence of lung cancer in males and females in Algeria: The lung cancer registry in Algeria (LuCaReAl)

BackgroundLung cancer is a major cause of death worldwide. However, few data on incidence, histologic types and mortality rates of lung cancer were available for Algeria. MethodsLuCaReAl is an ongoing descriptive, non-interventional, national, multicenter, prospective and longitudinal study conducted in Algeria, among oncologists and pulmonologists in public community and university hospitals. Median and interquartile ranges are displayed. ResultsBetween July 2016 and July 2017, 897 patients were included. Overall incidence of lung cancer was 3.4 [3.2;3.6] cases per 100,000 inhabitants; overall incidence by sex was 5.8 [5.4;6.2] for males and 1.0 [0.8;1.1] for females. Adenocarcinoma was the most common histologic type of cancer. Most tumors were diagnosed at Stage IV. ConclusionThe first results from the LuCaReAl study in Algeria showed that most patients are diagnosed with lung cancer at an advanced stage. The ongoing follow-up will next provide data on the survival and mortality rates.

Veteran Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Have Increased Risk of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-Associated Genital Tract Cancers.

Disparities in access to screening often confound observed differences in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated female genital tract cancer (FGTC) incidence between women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; WLWH) and their HIV-negative counterparts. We aimed to determine if there have been changes in cancer risk among WLWH during the antiretroviral era in a single-payer health system. We retrospectively selected WLWH and HIV-negative controls receiving care between 1999 and 2016 at the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and identified FGTC diagnoses via Cancer Registry and International Classification of Diseases-9/10 codes. We extracted demographic and clinical variables from the VA's Corporate Data Warehouse; evaluated incidence rates (IRs), incidence rate ratios, hazard ratios, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cancer risk; and conducted survival analyses. We identified 1454 WLWH and compared them with 5816 matched HIV-negative controls. More WLWH developed HPV-associated FGTCs (total n = 28 [2.0%]; cervical = 22, vulvovaginal = 4, and anal/rectal = 2) than HIV-negative women (total n = 32 [0.6%]; cervical = 24, vulvovaginal = 5, and anal/rectal = 5) (log rank P < .0001). Cervical cancer IR was >6-fold higher for WLWH (204.2 per 100 000 person-years [py] [95% CI, 83.8-324.7]) than HIV-negative women (IR = 31.2 per 100 000 py [95% CI, 17.9-44.5]). The IRs for vulvovaginal and anal cancers were also higher in WLWH. Overall, WLWH were more likely to develop HPV-associated FGTCs compared with their HIV-negative counterparts (all log rank P values < .0001). Veteran WLWH are more likely to develop HPV-associated FGTCs despite equal access to health care. Even in single-payer health systems, WLWH continue to require special attention to ensure guideline-based high-risk HPV screening for prevention of FGTCs.