Fellow Countrymen Research Articles

Элиты как субъект социального управления

The aim of this work is to elucidate the essence and key characteristics of elites as subjects of social govern-ance. Elites emerge as a crucial subject in social governance, playing a significant role in determining the ef-fectiveness of the implemented socio-economic policies and the degree of national security assurance. The most relevant characteristics of the elites existing in Russia at this stage in the work include: a pronounced cor-porate nature, a systemic increase in the share of subjects who are representatives of law enforcement agen-cies, the presence of “fellow countrymen” in the recruiting system, the negative stability of the corruption com-ponent, farsytheism, mass worship of higher elites, a low level of public control. Existing geopolitical challeng-es require the transformation of domestic elites by introducing new subjects into the management circuit. Achieving maximum efficiency in this process will only be feasible in the case of building a new system of elite recruitment system, predicated on the recognition of real merits of citizens, openness of the information space, transparency of the social mobility mechanism, and expansion of opportunities for public control. The method-ology of the conducted research relies on classical scientific approaches, which include dialectical and logical methods, generalization, and content analysis. The subject of this study encompasses the socio-political pro-cesses involved in the formation and transformation of modern domestic elites in the context of the new geopo-litical reality. The paper presents interpretations of the essence of elites, generalizes the approaches to their formation, highlights the key characteristics of modern Russian elites, outlines the tools for the execution of governance functions by elites, and describes the processes of transformation of domestic elites. The results of the conducted research can be used to clarify the theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the characteristics of elites as a subject of social governance.

Образование и новые реалии повседневности у горских народов Северного Кавказа во второй половине XIX века

The article examines the changes in the life of the mountain population of the North Caucasus that occurred after the end of hostilities in the region. The emphasis is on the field of education, which received special attention from the authorities. It was assumed that with the help of proper education it would be possible to form law-abiding subjects of the empire, whose example would have a beneficial effect on their relatives and fellow countrymen. The changes taking place were reflected in the everyday life of young people, in their clothing, food, and behavior patterns. For the conservative-minded part of the mountain community, such transformations looked “sinful” and were therefore condemned. Most often it was about people of the older generation who saw this as a threat to national identity. The most consistent critics of the new preferences were the inhabitants of the mountainous regions, who were less involved in economic and cultural ties with the Russian settlers. Those living on the plains of the society accepted innovations more easily and tried to introduce what they considered convenient or emphasizing the high status of a person. Often, hostility to the changes was explained by religious beliefs. There were fears that, under the influence of Russian culture, young people would abandon Islam and begin to profess Christianity.

Kandas and demographic processes in Kazakhstan

Background. In demographic processes, a significant place is occupied by such a type of immigration as the return of representatives of the indigenous population to the mother state. Many states, including Kazakhstan, adopt special programs aimed at adapting immigrants to the host society. However, the integration of kandas (fellow countrymen) into Kazakh society is not always painless for both the repatriates themselves and the local population.The aim of the study. To justify the need for a pragmatic approach to immigration in modern Kazakhstan, taking into account new risks and challenges.Materials and methods. The methodology for studying social phenomena and interactions in concept is based on classical approaches: the theory of structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism, conflict theory, the theory of communicative action. To collect primary social information, qualitative and quantitative methods of sociology were used: statistical information analysis, focus groups, interviews, questionnaires.Results. The resettlement of ethnic Kazakhs from farand near-abroad countries and their settlement in Kazakhstan affect the change in the demographic structure of the regional population. On the one hand, mostly young people of active, working age arrive, who can contribute to the economic development of the country. On the other hand, not all immigrants have the working qualifications necessary for a particular region. The conditions of turbulent social processes and complicated geopolitical situation require a pragmatic approach to immigration, which takes into account education, profession and other characteristics of immigrants.Conclusion. Resettlement processes in manpower-surplus areas require special attention from the authorities. It is necessary to look at resettlement processes as a tool for solving socio-economic problems. First of all, these objectives include improving the well-being of the local population living in these regions and reducing risks and challenges for the state.

The value core of the traditional culture of the Buryats as an object of socio-cultural design

The authors consider in detail the features of the socio-cultural design of ethnocultural activities based on the actualization of traditional values and heritage in the Aginsky Buryat district. Since the end of the twentieth century, there has been an intensification of activities for the development of ethnic culture in the district, and often the initiative comes from the people, and it is implemented in the form of socio-cultural projects of cultural institutions, education, non-profit organizations. In connection with these features, it becomes relevant to analyze the value core of the Buryat culture, which becomes the object of socio-cultural design at the present stage. To study this issue, methods of external and included observation, content analysis of ongoing socio-cultural projects were used; scientific literature on the topic of socio-cultural design and values of Buryat culture was analyzed. The research material was social practices and projects implemented in the Aginsky Buryat district. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the socio-cultural processes emerging in the social environment, initiated by tribal communities and social groups of peers, are studied. In the Agin Buryat district, these social groups are the subjects initiating innovative social practices aimed at actualizing and reviving the cultural core of the people. On the basis of these practices that have arisen in the popular environment, social projects of government bodies and institutions of the social sphere, culture, and education are being created and implemented. As a result of the conducted research, it was revealed that socio-cultural design at the present stage actualizes the values of the native language, the continuity of the family and tribal community, love for the native land, strengthening friendly ties with fellow countrymen and peers during the implementation of socially significant practices.

«Наши одноборщники все, слава богу, здоровы». (Из комментария к письму Н.В. Гоголя В.В. Тарновскому от 2 октября 1833 г.)

The paper deals with the commentary on N.V. Gogol’s letter dated October 2, 1833, to his friend at the Nizhyn Gymnasium of Higher Sciences V.V. Tarnovsky. This letter, which has not yet been commented on with sufficient completeness and accuracy, discusses the mutual friends of Gogol and Tarnovsky, their former classmates living in the capital (A.S. Danilevsky, N.Y. Prokopovich, V.Ya. Prokopovich, N.V. Kukolnik, P.G. Redkin, V.I. Lyubich-Romanovich, etc.), as well as a circle of people close to them, with whom Gogol maintained contact. The letter’s biographical, historical, cultural, and literary context helps to compile a comprehensive academic commentary on it, using archival data and materials from printed sources on the history of the first third of the 19th century. That allows us to understand better Gogol’s interests, activities, and environment in the early 1830s. A study of the realities contained in the letter convinces us that Gogol, despite his acquired literary fame and acquaintances in the literary world, valued his relationships with his fellow countrymen and classmates, who still played a big role in his life and were keenly interested in how their destinies turn out.

ГОРОДСКАЯ РЕФОРМА 1870 ГОДА В ИЗОБРАЗИТЕЛЬНОМ ИСКУССТВЕ

The purpose of the article is to analyze visual art materials dedicated to the Urban Reform of 1870. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of generalizing works on this topic. The culture of a people has always played a key role in the formation of its national consciousness. Outstanding works of artists allow us to better understand the world around us and the processes occurring in it at different stages of history. The authors attempted to determine the extent to which the Urban Reform of 1870 and its consequences were reflected in Fine Art. The methodology can be varied and depends on the objectives and goals of the study. In this case, the historical context and background of the study are worth paying attention to. It is necessary to consider the historical circumstances and reasons that led to the urban reform of 1870. It helps to better understand and relate changes in the visual arts to the sociocultural context of the time. Analysis of fine art painting, sculptures, engravings, architectural designs and other art historical objects as well as a comparative analysis and interpretation of various works and manifestations of fine art regarding the urban reform of 1870 help to identify general trends, features and influence of the reform on the artistic creativity of that time. The combination of these aspects help to create a comprehensive overview of the research on the topic and present an analytical approach to the topic. As a result, the authors conclude that the fine art materials devoted to the Urban Reform of 1870 are quite varied. Many artists were interested in the issue - a large number of their works survived to the present days, and they are very diverse in their content. Initially, genre paintings that reflected the process of meetings of City Dumas and councils in various provinces became widespread. The authors highlight the artistss who captured the transformations in cities after the adoption of the reform. For example, brothers V. E. and K. E. Makovsky, I. E. Repin, K. A. Trutovsky and others. Portraits remained the predominant genre depicting figures who developed the Urban Reform, City mayors and councils. Although some shortcomings in the activities of city Dumas were reflected on the pages of satirical periodicals. At the same time, artists sometimes forgot about the limited financial resources at the disposal of the mayors and their sincere desire to help their fellow countrymen. Unlike the pre-revolutionary period, in the Soviet Union the development of the problem slowed down, which was due to the general skeptical attitude of the pro-government creative intelligentsia towards the transformations of the tsarist government. However, in modern Russia, masters of fine art are once again returning to the theme of the City Reform of 1870, which is expressed in a series of wonderful sculptural busts of participants in those events, and watercolor landscapes depicting the buildings of the city Duma, including on numerous postage stamps, cards and envelopes. Illustrative materials provide an opportunity to study the issue of self-government on a larger scale and to clearly see the changes and innovations that took place in cities during the post-reform period.

Redhead, Paroissien, Parish & Co.: British Field Science in early Independent RÍo de la Plata

This article explores the activities of those British travellers and settlers who carried out open field research in the Andean northwest of Río de la Plata during the 1820s. The focus is set upon Doctor Joseph Redhead, who became a regional expert on questions of mountain altitudes and natural portents such as giant fossil bones and large masses of native iron. Redhead was at the centre of a network of British doctors, entrepreneurs, adventurers and civil servants who crisscrossed the territory attracted by new mining ventures and the opening of trade, and driven by the need for geographical surveys implicit in the logic of empire. James Paroissien, Woodbine Parish, Joseph Pentland and others managed to combine research on the natural environment while engaged in their commercial, diplomatic or military missions. Particular attention is paid to the interactions of Redhead and his fellow countrymen with Humboldt and the kind of science cultivated by him, as well as to issues of scientific authority at the time of deciding on the cause of unexplained natural phenomena.

Arabic-speaking male immigrants'perceptions of preventive initiatives: An interview study.

Arabic-speaking men are a sparsely investigated population in health promotion and disease prevention. This may hamper their ability to achieve the highest obtainable health due to less accessibility and acceptability of preventive measures. We explored Arabic-speaking (Palestinian, Iraqi and Somali) male immigrants' perceptions of preventive initiatives in general and such initiatives for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in particular to understand how to address inequalities in engagement in prevention. This qualitative study employed content analysis of semistructured interviews with 60-66-year-old Arabic-speaking men living in Denmark. Supplementary, structured data, for example, health data, were collected. From June to August 2020, 10 men were interviewed. Preventive initiatives were found ethically and culturally acceptable alongside personally and socially relevant; they were perceived as humanitarian and caring for the participants' health, respecting of their self-determination and enabling their empowerment. Thus, the participants entreated that their fellow countrymen be assisted in achieving the prerequisite coping capabilities to address inequality in access, perceived acceptance and relevance. This led us to define one main category 'Preventive initiatives - Caring and humanitarian aid empower us' with the underlying subcategories: 'We are both hampered and strengthened by our basic assumptions' and 'We need help to achieve coping capabilities enabling us to engage in preventive initiatives'. Prevention was perceived as acceptable and relevant. Even so, Arabic-speaking men may be a hard-to-reach group due to their basic assumptions and impaired capabilities for engaging in prevention. Addressing inequality in accessibility, acceptability and relevance in regard to prevention may be promoted through a person-centred approach embracing invitees' preferences, needs and values; and by strengthening invitees' health literacy through efforts at the structural, health professional and individual levels. This study was based on interviews. The interviewees were recruited as public representatives to assist us in building an understanding of Arabic-speaking male immigrants' perceptions of preventive initiatives in general and preventive initiatives for CVD in particular.

Yuriy Fedkovych as a full member of the South-Western Division of the Geographic Society

The article is dedicated to Y. Fedkovych as a full member of the South-Western Division of the Russian Imperial Geographic Society (1873–1876). It outlines the directions of work of this influential scientific association, which conducted, among other things, ethnographic studies regarding the study of all of Ukraine in the relevant aspect. The efforts of M. Dragomanov, an authoritative member of the Division, aimed at involving Y. Fedkovych in studies of Bukovinian Hutsulia are indicated. Starting this activity, the writer realized himself in various related forms, including purely literary ones, with colorful folklore and ethnographic content, and special research in folklore and ethnography (about customs and beliefs, calendar rituals of his fellow countrymen, etc.). It is noted that Y. Fedkovych's membership in the South-Western Division of the Geographic Society was essentially the first official recognition of his personal contributions to the field of science. Keywords: Y. Fedkovych, South-Western Division of the Russian Imperial Geographic Society, M. Dragomanov and Bukovina, ethnography of Bukovina, Bukovinian Hutsulia.

포스트-유고슬라비아 미술문화의 특징과 정치적 재현성 연구

The Post-Yugoslav conceptual art derived from the alternative artistic movements(Nova umjetnička praksa, Nove tendencije) in the mid-to-late culture of SFRY with the great support of the Student culture centers established in the main cities of the country. It was in line with the scepticism about the ideal of socialist self-management and the official ideologies promulgated by the state, the dissatisfaction with the shortage of cultural wealth, the criticism of the bureaucracy, and the demands of more freedom of speech and expression in the 1960s and 70s of the Second Yugoslavia that the conceptual art became acknowledged by the Yugoslav art scene. The conceptual artists from the ex-Yugoslav area have conveyed the various political messages since the disintegration of SFRY. Raša Todosijević, one of the pioneers of the conceptual art in Yugoslavia in the 1970s, has constantly displayed satirical cynicism about the nationalistic totalitarianism that replaced the Yugoslavism in the sequential civil wars after the collapse of the federal state. Another post-Yugoslav conceptual artist Bálint Szombathy has expressed the mournful and absurd nostalgic feelings for ex-Yugoslavia, and showed the lives full of ironies of his fellow countrymen, who were forcibly deprived of their own historical memories and socio-cultural identities only to be pushed into the global wave in post-socialist times. Mladen Stilinović, the ex-Yugoslav and Croatian artist who has been known in the West art scene since the 1980s, has demonstrated his peculiar works that emphasize the protest against the wave of neoliberal capitalism and the commercialization of artworks in the ‘english-dominated art world’, and express the criticism of the western dominance over the arts from the ex-Eastern bloc. Lastly, there exists the case of the world-renowned artist Marina Abramović, who started her career with the experimental art activities at the Student culture center in Belgrade from the early 1970s and thereafter has contributed to the widening of the boundary of the Yugoslav conceptual art tradition with her art pieces performed abroad with the subject matter of Yugoslav and Balkan histories and myths on the universal themes of humanity such as fear, pain, violence and love. The conceptual art that was born in the real socialist Yugoslavia and has continued to exist in post-socialist times displays a uniqueness different from its contemporary counterpart of the West art scene on the basis of both its own “non-alibi in being”(in Mikhail Bakhtin’s terms) and the distinctive ‘composition’(in Markus Gabriel’s terms).

LOSS OF SANITY AND MENTAL BALANCE IN AMBALAVANER SIVANANDAN’S WHEN MEMORY DIES: A POST-COLONIAL ANALYSIS

When Memory Dies (1997) by the Sri Lankan novelist Ambalavaner Sivanandan is a classic among novels written by the South Asian novelists like Kiran Desai, Khalid Hosseini, Mohsin Hamid and Monica Ali. Ambalavaner Sivanandan is a diasporic novelist. He has migrated to England from Sri Lanka. His masterpiece When Memory Dies offers detailed post-colonial critique. It is both about the bitter colonial experience of the then Ceylonese under the colonization of the Great Britain and the bitter experience of subjugation and ethnic discrimination of the liberated Sri Lankans by their own fellow countrymen after the end of the British colonization. The Sri Lankan elite and ruling groups do the mimicry of the past English government and make the life of their own fellow beings miserable. Loss of sanity is one of the significant issues like loss of dreams, loss of honour, loss of homeland, etc. as found in the novel. Loss of sanity and mental balance is the result of miserable experience under the British subjugation and ensuing turbulent and chaotic political situation in Sri Lanka. The loss of relations also becomes the cause of playing havoc with people and rendering them mentally imbalanced and victim to mental traumas. The research study is qualitative and descriptive, which does close reading of the novel as a primary source for multiple time. Secondary data collected through physical and online libraries has assisted in working on the theme of loss of sanity and mental balance.

Disputas entre los Jesuitas y los Franciscanos: una revisión histórica de las políticas de dos ordenes cristianas en Japón

Abstract: Throughout the history of Christianity in Japan, tension and conflict have persisted between the Jesuits and Franciscans. At face value, this appears to be due to their different readings of the policies of Rome and varied approaches to apostolic work. However, upon closer examination, politics also played an important role. Behind the two orders were two rival maritime powers - Portugal and Spain, whose fellow countrymen’s feelings of national sentiment may occasionally have outweighed their interests in the mission in Japan. In an attempt to keep the peace, Rome had issued the Patronatus missionum. However, it intensified the conflict and rendered the situation into an irreparable state of disarray. This eventually caused heavy losses to the whole mission. For a better understanding, in this thesis I summarize the following arguments between the Jesuits and Franciscans. The first, and most salient, argument pertains to commerce; the second pertains to the separation of parishes; the third to their apostolic approaches, and the final argument is on their practical policies. It is also worth mentioning that the relationship between the Jesuits and the Franciscans was not eased by the 26-person Nagasaki martyrdom incident. Indeed, this was a heavy loss.

Carteggio Scalabrini e Zaboglio (1886–1904) ed. by Veronica De Santis and Giovanni Terragni (review)

Reviewed by: Carteggio Scalabrini e Zaboglio (1886–1904) ed. by Veronica De Santis and Giovanni Terragni Mateo Binasco Carteggio Scalabrini e Zaboglio (1886–1904). Edited by Veronica De Santis and Giovanni Terragni. (Rome: Istituto Storico Scalabriniano. 2021. Pp. 416. ISBN: 9788885438279.) The years Veronica De Santis and Giovanni Terragni's edition of the correspondence exchanged between the Scalabrinian missionary Francesco Zaboglio (1852–1911) and Monsignor Giovanni Battista Scalabrini (1839–1905) represents a welcome and useful research tool for understanding one of the most dramatic phases of Italian emigration to North America. This edition consists of 160 letters spanning the years from 1886 to 1904, to which it is added an appendix of articles written by Zaboglio, upon Scalabrini's solicitation, on the Italian emigrants in America. The last part of the book provides a very detailed list of the missions managed by Italian Catholic missionaries in the United States in 1899. The book has many merits. First, it sheds light on a period of crucial changes for Italian emigration to North America, also showing how the Catholic Church responded to it. [End Page 419] Secondly, it offers a first-hand account of the difficulties and perils faced by the Italian missionaries vis-à-vis their fellow countrymen and the other migrant communities as well as the American authorities. The importance of the correspondence between Zaboglio and Scalabrini becomes more and more evident as one goes through the letters. Indeed, from the beginning, Zaboglio offers a vivid portrait of the Italian emigration and its consequences both on the Italian society and on the American society. Zaboglio's gloomy but detailed descriptions funnelled a flow of constant information to Scalabrini, and more broadly to the Holy See, which was used to develop a missionary strategy. Clearly, Zaboglio was not a mere observer. He put forward concrete missionary plans, such as—to name the most relevant one—the project to establish an institute for the training of the priests who were to operate among the Italian emigrants. A further crucial aspect, which comes out from Zaboglio's letters, is his "transnational" outlook. Very soon he realized that the development of any missionary plans could not be limited to the Italian community but had to encompass all migrants. From the very first letter to last one, the correspondence between Zaboglio and Scalabrini demonstrates the harsh aspects of the Italian emigration and the persistent difficulty to elaborate and implement effective plans geared toward the complex economic and social situation in the Americas. This edited collection is enriched by a very well written introduction authored by Matteo Sanfilippo and Giovanni Terragni, two leading experts on the history of migrations and of the Scalabrinians. They effectively reconstruct the multifaceted world of Scalabrini and Zaboglio and their web of institutional and private networks in the Americas and Italy. The fact that the book can be downloaded for free as a PDF file from the website of the Centro Studi Emigrazione di Roma is a further merit to be ascribed to the editors, who deserve to be praised for their scholarship which so much improves our knowledge of the Scalabrinian order and more broadly of the Italian emigration to the Americas. Mateo Binasco Universitá degli Stranieri di Siena Mateo Binasco Universitá degli Stranieri di Siena Copyright © 2023 The Catholic University of America Press

Religious values and social distance as activators of norms to reduce food waste when dining out

Empirical research is required to identify psychological and psychographic factors which can activate or amplify norms of foodservice customers towards food waste reduction. By surveying 446 foodservice customers in Poland, a country with a large population of religion followers, this study examines the influence of religious values on personal norms and explores the moderating effect of social distance on injunctive norms. The results indicate that religious values do not activate personal norms directly but affect them indirectly via such mediating factors as the feeling of compassion and family upbringing. Close encounters, such as family and friends, amplify the effect of injunctive norms while distant encounters, such as fellow countrymen, do not. This suggests that measures for food waste reduction should be designed to appeal to the foodservice customers' feeling of compassion. The measures should also remind foodservice customers that their (grand)parents and friends would disprove food waste.

I ladini dolomitici e il nazionalismo: ragioni storiche di una condizione di marginalità politica

The life story of Vincenzo “Zenz” Mussner sheds light on factors deeply rooted in history that have contributed to the marginalized status of the Ladins of the Dolomites in relation to nationalistic movements. Starting from the premise that the protagonist’s role was characterized by political unreliability, it is demonstrated how he faced insignificance, instrumentalization and alienation. The analysis illustrates how the conditions experienced by Zenz affected not only him but also his fellow countrymen. Zenz’s experiences are then examined against the context of the connection between nationalism and the Ladin population, especially from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. In conclusion it is argued that Zenz’s political marginalization stemmed from poor understanding of the Ladin language and the absence of a clear political position on behalf of the Ladin minority.

Social Interactions in the Process of Formation of Traditional Values in a Person

In a dynamically changing world, an urgent task is to identify the features of the formation of traditional values in the individual when interacting with parents, children, friends, work colleagues, fellow countrymen, compatriots, representatives of different countries, and peoples. In the following study, consideration of social values is carried out based on the author’s concept of analyzing cultures that are opposite in orientation and content: the culture of cooperation and the culture of egoism. The formation of traditional values in a person takes place in a system of social interactions with different communities in the process of primary socialization. The role of the family in developing the value of thinking about other people, taking into account their interests, engaging in joint work aimed at creating home comfort, conditions for self­development is revealed. The features of traditional values that determine the stability of friendly ties or their destruction are considered. It is shown that the social ties that arise in the process of teaching high school and University students are characterized by the fact that they combine joint and individual work while acquiring knowledge, skills, skills in a special way. The need for special education aimed at affirming in the minds of young people traditional values of the cooperation culture is determined. The contradictions arising in the process of the formation of values regarding individual’s work activity in the conditions of market relations are revealed.

Геродотовские новеллы об Анахарсисе и Скиле: скифы и xeinika nomaia (Hdt. IV.76–80)

Herodotus’ logos about Scythians and ξεινικὰ νόμαια – amusing and ominous, as is typical of him, yet insightful – consists of two stories about the sad lots of Anacharsis and Scyles; the story begins with a statement that Scythians shun practicing customs of other peoples, particularly those of Hellas; it ends as an adage asserting the initial statement: that is the way Scythians guard their customs (IV.76–80). Herodotus describes the barbarian neighbours’ attitude towards foreign and alien customs. But these two examples are about their own, Scythian, heroes or rather antiheroes. The Scythian kings make short work not of aliens but of their fellow countrymen who betrayed their own customs and deny their ancestors’ faith. The Scythians regard Anacharsis’ and Scyles’ deeds as a crime against their culture. Both the philhellenes forswear their native religion and customs and abandon themselves to Greek ritual practices; therefore, they suffer for their behaviour. The author of the article holds that Herodotus was sympathetic to Scythians’ resentment against ξεινικὰ νόμαια. The Greek historian writes for his, Greek, readers/audience. The stories about Anacharsis and Scyles are not as much about the notorious ‘otherness’ of different cultures and certainly not about their severity and savageness, their cruelty and antipathy towards outlandishness. The Father of History speaks about piety and patriotism of Scythians, who believe that the offence against νόμαια is a threat to the very foundation of their culture. These illustrative examples are meant for the Hellenic audience; the amusing λόγοι about Oriental themes serve as an entreaty for Hellenes themselves.

The History of Botany (Gifts of Synesius, Bishop of Cyrene)

The article focuses on the identification of silphium — a forgotten precious plant and the symbol of ancient Cyrene — which became extinct in the first century C. E. due to the merciless plunder of local natural resources by Roman governors. However, some scholars believe that silphium survived into the fifth century, with reference to two letters (106 and 134) by Synesius, Bishop of Cyrene (370—413 C. E.). Based on their comparison with other written evidence, the author concludes that, consumed as he was with public duties and church service, Synesius could not fully immerse himself in botanical nuances of the local flora. He therefore identified some other Ferula species, acculturated by his correspondent, as silphium. As a local patriot, Synesius wholeheartedly upheld the legend of the surviving plant, seeing it as a symbol of victory over death, which gave hope to his fellow countrymen in hard times.

After all our Hryhoriy Kupchanko: an attempt to re-read the history of the ukrainian scholar, writer, public, cultural and political figure

The article makes an attempt to reconstruct the common history of works and days of Ukrainian scholar, writer, socio-political and cultural figure Hryhoriy Kupchanko (1849–1902), using, in particular, method of «reverse» optics, which means the examination of a particular individuality drama «from within». The attempt of reconstruction is largely determined by the attempt of the «Russian world» to present H. Kupchanko as «their own» – as a Moscowphile, as they say. The peculiarities (amount) of the apostasy to Moscowia of this representative of the elite stratum of the Bukovynian peasantry, the pupil of the appanage and Austrian civilization, the interconnection of the apostasy with the external factors, objective circumstances, as well as with subjective factors, the formation of contradictory views of the future scholar in his youth and different lines of his later behavior are elucidated. It turns out that historical fate of the Kupchanko’s family, consistent romanization that took place in Bukovyna in XIX century and led to principal staggering and deformations in the minds of young people in the period of formation of their personalities, worked on these contradictions. Decisive was the support of intellectual-creative efforts of H. Kupchanko by his gymnasium teacher – Bukovynian pedagogue and public figure I. Hlebovytsky and his supporters from Moscowophile circle, support which, maybe, had also a financial «equivalent» and promoted education of the University of Vienna. In the end, some psychological depths of the scholar's and writer’s personality also interfered, and the intensity of this life, the risks of activities, ambiguous relations with fellow countrymen, the extreme vulnerability of character, the complexity of personal destiny, etc., could have come from it.H. Kupchanko’s position in the Ukrainian nation-building process is interpreted not as purely Moscowphilia, but as Russophile. The pro-Ukrainian orientation of his efforts can be seen in his poetry and scholarly and popular studios, in particular those telling about Bukovyna and other eternal Rus (Ukrainian) lands. In fact it was a form of resistance to Moscowphilia and politics, although this author himself was not fully aware of. H. Kupchanko’s mistakes, however, reflected the general natural difficulties in the development of national self-consciousness, and without them there would be no advancement as such.The source base of the work was all available corpus of memoirs, biographical, scholarly, popular science, literature and fiction material relating to the subject, including the relevant archival documents.

Пространственно-временные паттерны развития территориальных общностей: возможный сценарий изменений

Time and space are the prerequisites for the existence of a territorial community, since all the events that take place in a certain locality, show cause-and-effect relationships that form history, traditions, and patterns of life. Urban and country residents participate in the production, consumption, reproduction and capitalization of a territory's social resources; the latter arise through social interactions, social ties, relations, motives, objectives and means of their achievement that are played out over a long time on a certain territory. Social changes affected by such factors as social resource availability determine the spatial and temporal patterns of development. The development patterns of a region are influenced by "liquid modernity", situational and spontaneous actions of actors, suddenness and eventfulness, uncertainty and variability that are essential characteristics of social resources. Considering a region as a space-time continuum, the authors suggest that the territorial communities of urban and country residents constitute an established and changing system of social ties and interactions, with models of territorial socio-economic behavior, trust in institutional / noninstitutional actors and other social resources. The spatial and temporal patterns of development are also affected by objective factors like economy crises, epidemics, wars, and the domestic and global politics. Given the evening–out of spatial difference in countries and regions, towns and settlements, glocalization is characterized by retaining local specifics related to the history, tradition, image of the territory, which we also classify as social resources. Subjective indicators are associated with understanding a region as a social space for interaction between people, groups, communities where social ties and interdependencies are formed, and ideas and meanings appear. In current conditions of nonlinear change, subjective factors can define the vector of development: people's motivation for present and future self-realization on the given territory, trust, regional identity, solidarity with fellow countrymen. Based on the findings of a complex empirical sociological study the authors worked out the composite index of social resource availability that unites all the factors mentioned. Fluctuations of the index of social resource availability determine the spatial and temporal patterns of development of territorial communities and regions.