Fejervarya Limnocharis Research Articles

Retrospective Survey of Museum Specimens Reveals Historically Widespread Presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in China

Chytridiomycosis, caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been implicated in amphibian population declines worldwide. However, no amphibian declines or extinctions associated with Bd have been reported in Asia. To investigate the history of this pathogen in China, we examined 1,007 museum-preserved amphibian specimens of 80 species collected between 1933 and 2009. Bd was detected in 60 individuals (6.0%), with the earliest case of Bd infection occurring in one specimen of Bufo gargarizans and two Fejervarya limnocharis, all collected in 1933 from Chongqing, southwest China. Although mainly detected in non-threatened native amphibians, Bd was also found in four endangered species. We report the first evidence of Bd for Taiwan and the first detection of Bd in the critically endangered Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus). Bd appears to have been present at a low rate of infection since at least the 1930s in China, and no significant differences in prevalence were detected between decades or provinces, suggesting that a historical steady endemic relationship between Bd and Chinese amphibians has occurred. Our results add new insights on the global emergence of Bd and suggest that this pathogen has been more widely distributed in the last century than previously believed.

Acoustic characteristics of eight common Chinese anurans during the breeding season.

Anurans often have species-specific vocalizations. To quantify and compare the characteristics of anuran calls in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve, Zhejiang Province, we recorded the advertisement calls of eight species belonging to four families (Ranidae, Microhylidae, Megophryidae and Bufonidae) from June to September 2012 using Sony ICD-FX8 IC recorders. All recordings were analyzed using the "Praat" software. Five acoustics parameters were measured, including temporal traits (call duration, number of notes or pulse number/call) and spectral traits (fundamental frequency, the first three formants and dominant frequency). The characteristic parameters of Microhyla ornate and Fejervarya limnocharis calls were different as were the calls of some populations of the same species recorded in different regions. The advertisement calls of the eight species were specific. Our study has provided a useful reference for identifying the calls of some common Chinese anurans.

The Identification of Sex-Chromosomes and Karyological Analysis of Rice Frog, <i>Fejervarya limnocharis</i>(Anura, Ranidae) from Northeast Thailand

The Identification of Sex-Chromosomes and Karyological Analysis of Rice Frog, <i>Fejervarya limnocharis</i>(Anura, Ranidae) from Northeast Thailand

Analysis of health status of the frog Fejervarya limnocharis (Anura: Ranidae) living in rice paddy fields of Western Ghats, using body condition factor and AChE content

We evaluated the health status of common frog Fejervarya limnocharis living in rice paddy fields of Western Ghats. For this purpose, body conditions factors (CF), Hepato somatic index (HSI), Acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activities in brain and liver tissues and morphological abnormalities of frogs living in uncontaminated and agrochemical contaminated rice paddy fields were analyzed. Pesticide residues present in the soil of contaminated rice paddy fields varied between 0.001 to 0.03 ppm, while it is undetectable in uncontaminated fields. AChE content in brain and liver tissues of frog was found to be high in uncontaminated rice paddy fields and decreased in contaminated rice paddy fields. We found a higher frequency of morphological abnormalities (18.7 ± 1.92 %) in frogs collected from rice paddy fields with history of continuous pesticide applications, than in frogs collected from uncontaminated rice paddy fields (3.4 ± 1.20 %). Frogs in contaminated rice paddy fields showed high HSI levels indicating stress on their liver. Presence of high HSI, morphological abnormalities, low AChE concentrations, and low body condition factor suggest a decreased health status of frogs F. limnocharis living in agrochemical contaminated rice paddy fields in Western Ghats.

Odorous and Non-Fatal Skin Secretion of Adult Wrinkled Frog (Rana rugosa) Is Effective in Avoiding Predation by Snakes

The roles played by nonfatal secretions of adult anurans in the avoidance of predation remain unknown. The adult Wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa) has warty skin with the odorous mucus secretion that is not fatal to the snake Elaphe quadrivirgata. We fed R. rugosa or Fejervarya limnocharis, which resembles R. rugosa in appearance and has mucus secretion, to snakes and compared the snakes’ responses to the frogs. Compared to F. limnocharis, R. rugosa was less frequently bitten or swallowed by snakes. The snakes that bit R. rugosa spat out the frogs and showed mouth opening (gaping) behavior, while the snakes that bit F. limnocharis did not show gaping behavior. We also compared the responses of the snakes to R. rugosa and F. limnocharis secretions. We coated palatable R. japonica with secretions from R. rugosa or F. limnocharis. The frogs coated by R. rugosa secretion were less frequently bitten or swallowed than those coated by F. limnocharis secretion. We concluded that compared to different frog species of similar sizes, the adult R. rugosa was less frequently preyed upon by, and that its skin secretion was effective in avoiding predation by snakes.

Salinity acclimation enhances salinity tolerance in tadpoles living in brackish water through increased Na+, K+-ATPase expression

Amphibians are highly susceptible to osmotic stress but, nonetheless, some species can adapt locally to withstand moderately high levels of salinity. Maintaining the homeostasis of body fluids by efficient osmoregulation is thus critical for larval survival in saline environments. We studied the role of acclimation in increased physiological tolerance to elevated water salinity in the Indian rice frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) tadpoles exposed to brackish water. We quantified the effects of salinity acclimation on tadpole survival, osmolality, water content, and gill Na⁺ , K⁺ -ATPase (NKA) expression. Tadpoles did not survive over 12 hr if directly transferred to 11 ppt (parts per thousand) whereas tadpoles previously acclimated for 48 hr in 7 ppt survived at least 48 hr. We reared tadpoles in 3 ppt and then we transferred them to one of (a) 3 ppt, (b) 11 ppt, and (c) 7 ppt for 48 hr and then 11 ppt. In the first 6 hr after transfer to 11 ppt, tadpole osmolality sharply increased and tadpole water content decreased. Tadpoles pre-acclimated for 48 hr in 7 ppt were able to maintain lower and more stable osmolality within the first 3 hr after transfer. These tadpoles initially lost water content, but over the next 6 hr gradually regained water and stabilized. In addition, they had a higher relative abundance of NKA proteins than tadpoles in other treatments. Pre-acclimation to 7 ppt for 48 hr was hence sufficient to activate NKA expression, resulting in increased survivorship and reduced dehydration upon later transfer to 11 ppt. J

Exposure of tadpoles of Fejervarya limnocharis (Anura: Ranidae) to combinations of carbaryl and cypermethrin

Cypermethrin and carbaryl are both used to control pests of rice paddy crops but the two insecticides have different modes of action. In some areas or climates, the breeding of frogs living in rice paddy fields and the application of the insecticides coincide. The effects of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor carbaryl and the sodium channel blocker cypermethrin, both individually and in combination, were investigated on the survival and emergence of froglets of Fejervarya limnocharis using a 3 × 3 concentration factorial design (0, 25, and 50 μg L−1). Compared to controls, carbaryl showed no effect on survival and froglet emergence. Exposure to cypermethrin reduced the survival and froglet emergence in a concentration-dependent manner. When tadpoles were exposed to combinations of carbaryl and cypermethrin, the influence of carbaryl on survival and froglet emergence is less significant than that of cypermethrin.

Effects of Oil‐Palm Plantations on Diversity of Tropical Anurans

Agriculturally altered vegetation, especially oil-palm plantations, is rapidly increasing in Southeast Asia. Low species diversity is associated with this commodity, but data on anuran diversity in oil-palm plantations are lacking. We investigated how anuran biological diversity differs between forest and oil-palm plantation, and whether observed differences in biological diversity of these areas is linked to specific environmental factors. We hypothesized that biological diversity is lower in plantations and that plantations support a larger proportion of disturbance-tolerant species than forest. We compared species richness, abundance, and community composition between plantation and forest areas and between site types within plantation and forest (forest stream vs. plantation stream, forest riparian vs. plantation riparian, forest terrestrial vs. plantation terrestrial). Not all measures of biological diversity differed between oil-palm plantations and secondary forest sites. Anuran community composition, however, differed greatly between forest and plantation, and communities of anurans in plantations contained species that prosper in disturbed areas. Although plantations supported large numbers of breeding anurans, we concluded the community consisted of common species that were of little conservation concern (commonly found species include Fejervarya limnocharis, Microhyla heymonsi, and Hylarana erythrea). We believe that with a number of management interventions, oil-palm plantations can provide habitat for species that dwell in secondary forests.

Observation of Frog Species in State University of Malang as a Preliminary Effort on Frog Conservation

Frog is an amphibian which widely distributed around the world. Indonesia houses 450 species which represent 11% of frog species in the world. In Java Island living 42 species of frogs and toads. Frogs can be used as an environment indicator due to the presence of frog in a particular place indicates that the place is stay natural and unpolluted. State University of Malang Campus #1 which is located in the heart of Malang District has been developing rapidly, currently. Thus, it requires for the construction of new various facilities to support it widen activities. Extensive construction can be destructive even damaging to the habitat of frog, which potentially threat the frog life, if it does not take a consideration on the environmental impact, carefully. This study aimed to identify the species of frog which is survives in State University of Malang with consideration of the frog species found in 1995. Species identification conducted by observing the morphologicalcharacter. This study found four species with three species which are survive and as found in 1995; those are Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Polypedates leucomystax, and Kaloula baleta; and one new species that is Rana chalconota. This study also reveals there are four species which are extinct; those are Fejervarya cancrivora, Fejervarya limnocharis, Ingerophrynus biporcatus, and Occidoziga lima. This situation shows the decreasing amount of species from 7 to 4 within 17 years. This result indicates that there is a serious environmental degradation which caused the losing of frog habitats. Further research is needed to study the ecological condition changing in order to save the frog species.

Observation of Frog Species in State University of Malang as a Preliminary Effort on Frog Conservation

Frog is an amphibian which widely distributed around the world. Indonesia houses 450 species which represent 11% of frog species in the world. In Java Island living 42 species of frogs and toads. Frogs can be used as an environment indicator due to the presence of frog in a particular place indicates that the place is stay natural and unpolluted. State University of Malang Campus #1 which is located in the heart of Malang District has been developing rapidly, currently. Thus, it requires for the construction of new various facilities to support it widen activities. Extensive construction can be destructive even damaging to the habitat of frog, which potentially threat the frog life, if it does not take a consideration on the environmental impact, carefully. This study aimed to identify the species of frog which is survives in State University of Malang with consideration of the frog species found in 1995. Species identification conducted by observing the morphologicalcharacter. This study found four species with three species which are survive and as found in 1995; those are Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Polypedates leucomystax, and Kaloula baleta; and one new species that is Rana chalconota. This study also reveals there are four species which are extinct; those are Fejervarya cancrivora, Fejervarya limnocharis, Ingerophrynus biporcatus, and Occidoziga lima. This situation shows the decreasing amount of species from 7 to 4 within 17 years. This result indicates that there is a serious environmental degradation which caused the losing of frog habitats. Further research is needed to study the ecological condition changing in order to save the frog species.

Gastrointestinal Helminths of the Marshland Frog, Fejervarya limnocharis (Anura: Ranidae), from Taiwan, R.O.C

Eight Fejervarya limnocharis from southwestern Taiwan were examined for helminths. Two species of Nematoda, Cosmocerca ornata and Oswaldocruzia hoepplii, and 1 species of Acanthocephala, Pseudoacanthocephalus bufonis, were found. A survey of helminths infecting other populations of F. limnocharis indicates that this frog is infected by generalist helminths that also infect a variety of other anurans. Taiwan is a new locality record for P. bufonis.

Hepatic Metallothionein and Glutathione-S-Transferase Responses in Two Populations of Rice Frogs, Fejervarya limnocharis, Naturally Exposed to Different Environmental Cadmium Levels

Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) and metallothionein are important biomarker endpoints in studying the effect of Cd exposure. The purpose of this research was to study the correlation between hepatic GST and metallothionein with hepatic Cd in wild Fejervarya limnocharis exposed to environmental Cd. Results showed that frogs from contaminated sites had significantly higher hepatic metallothionein (3.58 mg/kg wet weight) and GST activity (0.259 μmol/min/mg total protein) than those from the reference site (2.36 mg/kg wet weight and 0.157 μmol/min/mg total protein respectively). There was a significantly positive correlation between hepatic Cd and GST activity (r = 0.802, p = 0.009) but not between hepatic Cd and metallothionein (r = 0.548, p = 0.139). The results concluded that while frogs from the contaminated site had higher GST and metallothionein, only GST showed significant positive correlation with hepatic Cd levels, indicating that hepatic GST activity may be used as a biomarker endpoint.

Cadmium-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the testes of frog Rana limnocharis

This study explored the genetic damage induced by cadmium exposure in the testes of Rana limnocharis. Healthy adult frogs were exposed to 2.5, 5, 7.5, or 10mg/L of cadmium solution for 14 days. The results showed that exposure to these concentrations increased the levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde content in the testes, clearly indicating a dose–effect relationship. Moreover, the same dosages of Cd2+ solution increased glutathione (reduced) content, with the values being significantly different from those observed in the control group (P<0.01). The comet assay results demonstrated that the DNA damage rate, tail length, and tail moment of samples obtained from frogs exposed to 2.5–7.5mg/L of cadmium solution significantly increased compared with those of samples obtained from the control group (P<0.01). These findings suggest that cadmium can induce free radical generation, followed by lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Ultrastructural observation revealed vacuoles in the spermatogenic cells, cell dispersion, incomplete cell structures, and deformed nucleoli. Moreover, cadmium exposure induced significant down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression and up-regulation of Bax and caspase-3 expressions. Taken together, these data indicate that cadmium can induce testicular cell apoptosis in R. limnocharis. Exploring the effects of cadmium on the mechanism of reproductive toxicity in amphibians will help provide a scientific basis accounting for the global population decline in amphibian species.

Helminthes in Amphibians from Pu Mat national park, Nghe An province

168 Amphibians of 5 species (Rana ragulosa, Rana guentheri, Bufo melanostictus, Rana limnocharis and Polypedates mutus) from Pu Mat national park, Nghe An province were examined for Helminthes study. The result indicated that the average infection rat of Helminthes was at 80.36%, among them Cetoda 17.86%, Trematoda 15.48%, Nematoda 69.05%) and Acanthocephalan 8.93%. 11 Helminthes species collected from these studied Amphibians were identified, 1 species (Pseudoacanthocephalus caucasius) of Acanthocephalan, 3 species (Cosmocerca omata, Oswaldocruzia hoeppli and Rhabdias bufonis) of Nematoda and 7 species (Brachycoelium salamandrae, Diplodiscus amphichrus, Ganeo glotoides, Glythelmins rugocaudata, Ninemandijia kashmirensis, Mesocoelium peasei and Pleurogenoides sphaericus) of Trematoda.

DDTs in rice frogs (Rana limnocharis) from an agricultural site, South China: Tissue distribution, biomagnification, and potential toxic effects assessment

Contamination with agricultural pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), is among several proposed stressors contributing to the global declines in amphibian populations and species biodiversity. These chemicals were examined in insects and in the muscle, liver, and eggs of rice frogs (Rana limnocharis) from the paddy fields of an agricultural site in South China. The ΣDDT (sum of DDT, DDE, and DDD) concentrations ranged from 154 to 915, 195 to 1,400, and 165 to 1,930 ng/g lipid weight in the muscle, liver, and eggs, respectively. All the DDTs (DDT, DDE, and DDD) showed higher affinity for the liver relative to muscle tissue and can be maternally transferred to eggs in female frogs. The average biomagnification factors for DDTs ranged from 1.6 to 1.9 and 1.5 to 2.9 in female and male frogs, respectively, providing clear evidence of their biomagnification from insects to frogs. Compared with the reported DDT levels demonstrated to have toxic effects on frogs, DDTs in the present frogs are unlikely to constitute an immediate health risk. However, the adverse impacts of high DDT residues in eggs on the hatching success and their potential toxicity to the newly metamorphosed larval frogs should be assessed further.

Altitudinal variation in body size in the Rice Frog ( Rana limnocharis ) in southwestern China

Bergmann’s rule states that, within species of endotherms, individuals tend to be larger in cooler environments, and has been reputed to apply to some ectotherms including amphibians. However, the validity of the rule has been debated, questioning whether Bergmann’s clines are generally present in anurans. In the view, we studied altitudinal variation in body size in the rice frog ( Rana limnocharis ) among populations from Sichuan province located at three altitudes to find if there exist any differences in a relatively small altitudinal range (290-375 m). The results showed that individuals from higher altitudes tended to be larger in body size than lower altitudes, which was consistent with Bergmann’s cline. Moreover, when the effect of age was removed, variation in body size of the frogs across altitudes still remained. Our findings suggested that age affected the pattern of variation in body size across the altitudinal cline, we also discussed that factors other than age also contributed to size differences among populations.

Effects of combinations of malathion and cypermethrin on survivability and time of metamorphosis of tadpoles of Indian cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of environmentally realistic concentrations of two commonly used pesticides viz., malathion and cypermethrin, using a fully 3 × 3 factorial experiments on the survivability and time of metamorphosis in a common rice paddy field frog (cricket frog) Fejervarya limnocharis under laboratory conditions. The results suggest that cypermethrin is more toxic than malathion and combinations of higher concentrations of cypermethrin (50 μg/L) with malathion (250 and 500 μg/L) are more deleterious to the survivability of tadpoles. With increasing cypermethrin concentration, the survivability of tadpole decreased (r = −0.986, P = 0.108). But cypermethrin alone induced early metamorphosis among the surviving tadpoles. However, there was a delay in the time required for metamorphosis induced by malathion and its combination with cypermethrin. The delay in metamorphosis may indicate the altered physiological fitness of the individual. The emergent froglets will be subjected to environmental stressors like high temperature and less humidity of post-monsoon tropical climate that could enhance negative influence triggered by pesticides.

Trophic ecology and microhabitat utilization by the Bufo gargarizans, Rana guentheri, and Rana limnocharis in southwestern China

We studied the trophic ecology and microhabitat use of the Asiatic toad, Bufo gargarizans Cantor, 1842; Guentheri frog, Rana guentheri (Boulenger, 1882); and the Ricefield frog, Rana limnocharis (Boie, 1834). These three species are common around Nanchong City, in southwestern China, where they live in the same habitat before hibernation. The main objective of this study was to analyze the diets and patterns of coexistence relative to the microhabitat of each species. In the Asiatic toad, based on index of relative importance, the diet was dominated by adult Coleoptera, Isopoda, and Hymenoptera (29.53%, 22.07%, and 15.20%, respectively), while the Guenther's frog and Ricefield frog ingested predominantly Orthoptera (67.44% and 40.94%, respectively). The standardized feeding niche breadth of the Asiatic toad (0.277) was wider than that of the Guentheri frog (0.177) and Ricefield frog (0.269). The overlap in the trophic niche (prey proportion) between the toad and two species of frog was low (toad vs. Guentheri frog, C H = 0.526; toad vs. Ricefield frog, C H = 0.521), while this was high for the two species of frogs (C H = 0.942). The three species also differed in microhabitat use. Asiatic toads showed strong preference for small roads close to shrubs or pre-harvest corn, while Guenther's frogs preferred bare surfaces on habitat edges, and Ricefield frogs showed a preference for bare surfaces as feeding sites in the middle of habitat. The difference in diet observed during three species seems to be explained by the difference in microhabitat use and body size of three species.

泽陆蛙和饰纹姬蛙蝌蚪不同热驯化下选择体温和热耐受性

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 泽陆蛙和饰纹姬蛙蝌蚪不同热驯化下选择体温和热耐受性 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201012121767 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(Y307435) Selected body temperature and thermal tolerance of tadpoles of two frog species (Fejervarya limnocharis and Microhyla ornata) acclimated under different thermal conditions Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:用泽陆蛙(Fejervarya limnocharis)蝌蚪和饰纹姬蛙(Microhyla ornata)蝌蚪做研究模型,检测热驯化(20、25、30 ℃)对选择体温(Tsel)、低温耐受性(CTMin)、高温耐受性(CTMax)和耐受温度范围(VTR)的影响。结果显示,2种蝌蚪的Tsel既不受驯化温度的影响,也不存在种间差异;泽陆蛙蝌蚪的CTMin显著小于饰纹姬蛙蝌蚪,而CTMax和VTR则显著大于饰纹姬蛙蝌蚪;CTMin和CTMax随驯化温度的升高而升高,VTR则随驯化温度的升高而减小。研究结果表明,热驯化显著影响2种蝌蚪的CTMin、CTMax和VTR,而对2种蝌蚪的体温调定点无显著影响;这些热生物学特征对两种蝌蚪有效适应环境温度变化、利用资源、减少种间竞争具有重要的生态学意义。 Abstract:We collected six clutches of the Cricket Frog Fejervarya limnocharis and 10 clutches of the Ornate Narrow-mouthed Frog Microhyla ornata in late June 2010 from Fuyang, Zhejiang, East China, and incubated eggs of the two species at a constant temperature of 25 ℃. We raised 30 tadpoles from each clutch and released the remaining ones to the site where the clutches were collected. We randomly selected 90 tadpoles from those raised in the laboratory, and acclimated them at three constant temperatures (20, 25 and 30 ℃), 30 individuals at each temperature, for two weeks to examine the influence of thermal acclimation on selected body temperature (Tsel, a measure of thermal preference) and thermal tolerance and viable temperature range (VTR), and whether tadpoles of these two sympatric species differ in thermal preference and thermal tolerance. Tsel was measured by recording the water temperature where the tadpole stayed in a thermal gradient ranging from 15 ℃ to 38 ℃. We cooled (for CTMin determination) at the rate of 0.2 ℃/min or heated (for CTMax determination) tadpoles from 25 ℃ at the rate of 0.6 ℃/min. Body temperatures associated with a transient loss of the righting response at the lower and the upper limits of the thermal tolerance were considered to be the endpoints for CTMin and CTMax, respectively. Tadpoles of the two species did not differ in Tsel, and neither in F. limnocharis nor in M. ornata were body temperatures selected by tadpoles affected by thermal acclimatio. CTMim was greater in tadpoles of M. ornata, whereas CTMax and VTR were greater in tadpoles of F. limnocharis. CTMin and CTMax increased as acclimation temperature increased, and VTR decreased as acclimation temperature increased, in both species. Our data show that tadpoles of the two species do not differ in thermal preference but in thermal tolerance, and that thermal acclimation plays an important role in influencing thermal tolerance but not in thermal preference. Temperature is among the most important abiotic factors influencing biological processes in organisms and has consequences on their habitat requirements and hence spatial distribution, and is therefore a part of an organism's multidimensional niche that should be treated as an ecological resource. Theoretically, species cannot coexist without a quantitative partitioning of resources along the axes of diet, space, time and thermal requirement. That sympatric species respond differently to variation in temperature at the spatial scale of the local community by using microhabitats with different thermal regimes may facilitate their coexistence. Our finding that tadpoles of F. limnocharis and M. ornata differ in thermal tolerance may have an implication for their differences in microhabitat use in nature, which may promote the coexistence of these two sympatric frog species. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Morphometric and Gravimetric Parameters of the Rice Frog &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Fejervarya limnocharis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Living in Areas with Different Agricultural Activity

Use of agrochemicals in agricultural activity can lead to environmental contamination and affect non-target organisms including amphibians. In northern part of Thailand, there are many areas where agrochemicals, specifically herbicides, have been used for a long time. In this study, the rice frog Fejervarya limnocharis was used as a sentinel species to monitor potential relationship between agricultural activity, in form of herbicide utilization, and altered morphometric and gravimetric parameters. Frogs were field-collected on monthly basis during July 2010-June 2011 from a paddy field with intensive herbicide usage and a reference organic paddy field with no history of herbicide usage. Frogs were subjected to morphometry and gravimetry of liver, kidney, gonad and body. The results showed that condition factor of frogs in the contaminated site were significantly lower than those in the reference site, indicating potential impact on overall health. The gravimetric results showed that liver weight of frogs from the contaminated site were significantly higher than those in the reference site, indicating potential exposure to xenobiotics. There was no significant difference in kidney and testicular weight between these two sites. However, the frog from the impacted site had significantly higher ovarian weight than those from the reference site, indicating potential exposure to estrogenic substance. Overall, the results of this study could be used as early warnings of environmental health problems for other vertebrates living near the agricultural areas including human.