Feet In Elevation Research Articles

Exercise in the physical examination of peripheral arterial disease.

Diagnosis And Treatment1 March 1967Exercise in the Physical Examination of Peripheral Arterial DiseaseGLEN E. GARRISON, M.D., WALTER L. FLOYD, M.D., F.A.C.P., EDWARD S. ORGAIN, M.D., F.A.C.P.GLEN E. GARRISON, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, WALTER L. FLOYD, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, EDWARD S. ORGAIN, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-66-3-587 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptAtherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, a prevalent and disabling condition, has received considerable diagnostic and therapeutic attention in recent years. In the lower extremities the clinically emphasized findings are intermittent claudication, absent pulses, delayed venous filling, pallor of the elevated foot, dependent rubor, ischemic ulcer, and gangrene.During the past few years the authors have become impressed with the importance of auscultation of the arteries, palpation of the pulses, and observation of the skin over the distal part of the extremity both before and after exercise of the extremity in establishing the diagnosis of prominent stenosis in the primary arterial supply...

Populations of Two Sonoran Desert Plants, and Deductions as to Factors Limiting Their Northward Extension

Recently discovered populations of ocotillo Fouquieria splendens, and smoke tree, Dalea spinosa in extreme southern Nevada were studied. Sparse distribution, reduced vigor and size all indicate that these populations have reached their northern geographic and ecologic limits. It is suggested that nothern dispersal and establishment of smoke tree is checked in extreme southern Nevada by lowered and more prolonged winter temperatures. Populations of ocotillo are disjunct and may be relict. Populations of ocotillo, Fouquieria splendens, Engelm and smoke tree, Dalea spinosa Gray have recently been located along the Colo- rado River in extreme southern Nevada. Neither species has been defi- nitely reported prior to this study as occurring in Nevada although Tidestrom (1925) and Muller (1940) suggest the possibility of oco- tillos being present in the most southern part of the state. Both species are found in the southern part of the Mohave Desert and are wide- spread in the more southern Sonoran Desert. The most northern ex- tension of the Sonoran Desert in California is in the vicinity of Needles, California where both species are found in suitable habitats. The population in Nevada represent a northern extension of the known range of both species into the northern Mohave Desert. No- menclature used in this paper follows Munz (1959). DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA. The area studied was the flood plain of the Colorado River on the Nevada side extending from south of Davis Dam to the California-Nevada boundary. The flood plain along this portion of the river is several miles wide, usually about three miles in width on the Nevada side, and varies from about 700 to 500 feet in elevation. The soil is primarily alluvial sand but small areas elevated above the main flood plain may be sandy loam. Several vegetation types are represented, the most common and widespread being creosote bush (Larrea divaricata) and burro-weed (Franseria dumosa). Thick stands of quail bush (Atriplex lenti- formis) are located near the river. Riparian populations of such species

Reproductive Activities of Rosy Finches, with Special Reference to Montana

THE Gray-crowned Rosy Finch (Leucosticte tephrocotis) is found throughout the higher mountains of western North America and is one of the few species of birds which breed in the alpine (Arctic) zone. Few detailed nesting records of the species exist because most of this high, rugged country is inaccessible by road and all of it has a short summer season. However, Logan Pass in Glacier National Park, Montana, offers a unique opportunity to reach this alpine habitat via a paved road. The Park's one million acres are characterized by large U-shaped glaciated valleys and high aretes and horns. Peaks run from 8,000 feet to 10,500 feet in elevation. Many glaciers and permanent snow fields occupy cirques in the higher portions of the mountains. Logan Pass was the focal point of a four-year study (1958-1961) of the breeding activities of the race L. t. tephrocotis, while I was employed as a ranger-naturalist. Unless otherwise indicated, all comments refer to this race and this area. Although this race of rosy finch inhabits an extensive range extending from the Brooks Range of northern Alaska southward through the higher mountains to northwestern Montana (A.O.U. Checklist, fifth edit., pp. 564-565, 1957), only one nest has previously been reported in the literature (Macoun and Macoun, 1909: 466) and no detailed nesting observations have been published. The present observations supplement recent studies of L. atrata by French (1959b) and earlier studies of L. t. dawsoni by Twining (1938, 1940). References made to these authors throughout the paper refer to the respective forms indicated here unless otherwise stated. The A.O.U. Check-list (1957) separates the genus Leucosticte into three species: L. atrata (Black Rosy Finch), L. australis (Brown-capped Rosy Finch), and L. tephrocotis. The last includes six races: L. t. umbrina, griseanucha, littoralis, tephrocotis, wallowa, and dawsoni. French (1959a: 21) considers all American forms of Leucosticte to be included in the species Leucosticte tephrocotis and Vaurie (1959: 623) further states that the American forms are conspecific with the Asian L. arctoa. The A.O.U. nomenclature has been adopted here since the taxonomic arrangement may not be fully resolved.

Structure and Distribution of a Kodiak Bear Population

Population characteristics of the Kodiak bear (Ursus middendorffi) were investigated in the Karluk Lake drainage, a 96-square-mile area within the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge. The drainage contained 160 bears, for a density of 1 bear per 0.6 square mile, although some areas attained concentrations of 10 bears per square mile. The mean litter size for cubs was 2.36 and 2.17 for yearlings. Age-class percentages were: cubs, 26; yearlings, 22; 2 years, 17; 3 years, 10; and bears 4 years old and over, 25 percent. The sex ratio was relatively even in the younger age-groups, but in adults, females constituted 78 percent. This was attributed to selective hunting for larger males. This study was conducted to obtain information about various population characteristics of the Kodiak bear. It was one phase of a long-term investigation presently underway in the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska. The data, needed as a basis for managing bears hunted for trophy purposes, were obtained during the period 1954-62. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA The study area, encompassing 96 square miles, included all of the Karluk Lake drainage except the Karluk River, which drains the system and flows 20 miles before entering Shelikof Strait. Karluk Lake, 12 miles long and 1-2 miles wide, is fed by two smaller lakes and numerous streams (Fig. 1). Red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) spawn in the water system during summer and fall months. The study area, with the exception of the northern and southern extremities, is surrounded by mountains 1,0003,500 feet in elevation. Mild temperatures and a mean annual precipitation of 60 inches promote vigorous plant growth. A large portion of the drainage is covered by dense thickets of alder (Alnus crispa), willow (Salix spp.), and elderberry (Sambucus racemosa pubens). These thickets are interspersed with meadows containing grasses, sedges, and fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium). Intermittent groves of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) are found along streams and lakeshores, and plants associated with the alpine zone occur on mountaintops.

Terrestrial Vertebrates of the Pueblo Nuevo Area of Southwestern Durango, Mexico

Amphibians, reptiles and mammals were collected in June and July, 1960, from El Salto southward to Pueblo Nuevo, southwestern Durango, Mexico. Collecting stations were established in four habitats designated as Boreal Forest, Pine-Oak Forest, Mixed Boreal Tropical, and Tropical Deciduous Forest. The last two habitats memtioned occur in one of the numerous large barrancas or canyons that dissect the irregular plateau of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Habitats of Boreal Forest and Pine-Oak Forest occur on the plateau. This report emphasizes the change in kinds of vertebrates with decreasing altitude in the barranca, and the increasing resemblance of the vertebrates to those of the arid tropical lowlands of the Pacific Coast. Many species occurring in Durango are certainly found only in the lower elevations of the barrancas, and have extended their ranges eastward into western Durango from the coastal lowlands, owing to the continuance of suitable habitats provided by the deep barrancas. In addition, these protected barrancas provide habitat for some animals characteristic of humid tropical environments found to the southward rather than to the westward along the Pacific Coast of Sinaloa and. northern Nayarit. Herein, five kinds of amphibians, six kinds of reptiles, and seven kinds of mammals are recorded for the first time from the state of Durango. The Sierra Madre Occidental in western Durango consists of a broad, irregular plateau at least 8000 feet in elevation with a few peaks rising as much as 2500 feet above this general level. The mountains, especially on the western side, are dissected by numerous, deep barrancas or canyons that contain tributaries of rivers that flow westward into the Pacific Ocean. These spectacular barrancas, some more than 4000 feet in depth, often are bordered by steep-sided walls of massive rock. The biota of this mountainous area is equally dramatic. Habitats at the higher elevations -on the rims of the barrancas contain boreal plants and animals. Habitats at the lower elevations in the narrow depths of the barrancas -contain tropical and subtropical species. From 19 July through 28 July 1960, a field party from Michigan State University collected terrestrial vertebrates in southwestern Durango, southward from El Salto (23046'N and 105?22'W) to the vicinity of Pueblo Nuevo (23030'N and 105023'W). A rough road, used principally to haul pine logs to the lumber mill at El Salto and totransport agricultural products (i.e., aguacate, mangos, coffee) to market, leads from El Salto to Pueblo Nuevo, a distance of approximately 48 miles by road but only 24 miles airline. This road winds through mountainous country at elevations of more than 8000 feet for approximately 42 miles before descending rapidly by a series of

Glaciation of the Coeur d'Alene District, Idaho

Cirques and glaciated valleys are present on northern slopes of peaks exceeding 5500 feet in elevation in the Coeur d9Alene District, Idaho. Glacially striated rock surfaces at the tops of cirque headwalls and on the divides above indicate that ice carapaces were present when the cirques were overfilled during glacial maxima. Freshness of landforms and deposits indicates a Pinedale age for the last widespread glaciation. Small ice masses may have developed within the most sheltered cirques during Temple Lake time. Till of Bull Lake age is present on benches and spurs near the head of the South Fork valley. Striated cobbles in coarse gravel as much as 1250 feet above present drainage levels are believed to be evidence of Buffalo glaciation. Following deposition of the gravel, streams eroded laterally before rejuvenation resulted in excavation of new valleys and exhuming of former valleys. It is possible to identify cirques that were occupied during one, two, or more glacial episodes. Continental ice of Spokane (Wisconsin) age impounded Glacial Lake Coeur d9Alene to an elevation of about 2600 feet. Water level was stabilized by a bedrock spillway at Setters on the western side of the lake. Numerous boulders of granite, plucked from bedrock near Pend Oreille Lake, were rafted into the district on ice bergs. Positions of these erratics indicate that postglacial erosion has been extremely slight.

Notes on the Nesting of Bombus morio (Swederus) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

This bumblebee is rather common in southeastern Brazil, northern Argentina, and in parts of western South America. However, no detailed specific data have yet been published on its biology or nesting habits.On November 5, 1955, while searching for bumblebees in Brazil, the writer succeeded in finding a newly established nest of this species about one-fourth mile from rhe coast in Parana, north of Guaratuba near Praia de Leste, some eight miles south of Matinhos. The coastal terrain at that location is somewhat irregular, not exceeding fifty feet in elevation and covered, for the most part, with rather dense, low woody vegetation. Near mid-day, from a vantage point at the side of the only north-south road, I spotted a queen in low direct flight toward a clump of shrubs growing about fifty feet to the west, where she suddenly vanished upon reaching that point. This behaviour instantly meant one of two possibilities–either she had stopped to visit flowers, or she had entered her nest close by.

The AN/MSN-3: An Automatic Ground-Controlled Approach System

A system is described whereby information gathered by a standard ground controlled approach (GCA) radar is utilized to compute automatically all GCA approach-control commands; these commands are then transmitted simultaneously to a maximum of six aircraft via the USAF frequency-division digital data link for automatic control of the aircraft approach. The system is designed to enable continuous human monitoring of the AGCA traffic-control operation and to include visual and aural warning signals in the monitoring system for added safety. Problems relating to optimum system response and gain parameters are discussed and control equations are defined. Results of extensive testing demonstrate a system capable of providing smooth control during the aircraft final approach under high-density traffic conditions. System accuracy is well within specified limits of ±50 feet in azimuth and ±30 feet in elevation at a minimum release point 100 feet above the runway.

The Land Mammals of the Kodiak Islands

How the few endemic mammals first became established on the Kodiak Islands, approximately 40 miles from the Alaskan mainland, is of course unknown. The presence of one flier and a strong swimmer or two could be explained easily, and a former ice or land bridge might account for the others, but this fails to explain the absence of other types found on nearby shores. Transportation by human residents of long ago is also a possibility. Topography.— The area is comparable in size to that of New Jersey and Delaware. Deeply indenting, steep-sloped bays are numerous and nearly split the main island, Kodiak. Rocky peaks, generally ranging from 2000 to 3500 feet in elevation, are common and a few reach over 4000 feet. The southwestern ends of Kodiak and nearby islands are somewhat less rocky and of a lower, rolling nature. The northeastern parts of the group, northern Afognak and Shuyak islands, are also lower but rocky. The entire group appears to be an above-water portion of a marine ridge, extending southwestward from Kenai Peninsula, roughly paralleling the Alaska Peninsula and separated by the trough of Shelikof Strait (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 General map of the Kodiak Island Group. Vegetation .—A heavy cover of Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis ) covers Afognak Island and, in …

EFFECT OF LAKE WORTH AND SOUTH LAKE WORTH INLETS ON THE MOVEMENT OF LITTORAL MATERIAL

Lake Worth and South Lake Worth Inlets are artificial inlets connecting Lake Worth with the Atlantic Ocean. They are located on the east coast of Florida about 70 miles north of Miami and 300 miles south of Jacksonville. Lake Worth is a salt-water sound extending in a north-south direction, generally parallel to the ocean shore, as shown on figure 1. It is separated from the ocean by a barrier beach, 250 feet to about 3,600 feet wide and up to about 25 feet in elevation. The barrier beach is composed principally of sand, a portion of which is artificial fill over former low-lying marshy areas. There are occasional outcroppings of coquina rock on the barrier beach and in the offshore area. In this locality the offshore bottom is rather steep; the 100-fathom depth, lying closer to the shore than along other parts of the Atlantic coast, is about 5-1/2 miles offshore at Lake Worth Inlet.

Notes on the Mammals of Jackson County, Indiana

When Lyon published his mammals of Indiana (Amer. Midl. Nat., 17: 1-384, 1936), Jackson County was represented by only a single specimen ( Cryptotis parva ) and a few sight records, despite its location in a taxonomically important part of the State. Mumford's residence in the county from June 7, 1952, until August 1, 1954, and occasional visits through April, 1955, gave opportunity for gathering additional data. Since other field work had priority, no intensive mammal survey could be attempted, but, as time permitted, collections and observations of mammals were made. Most trapping was conducted at the edge of the hill region near Freetown, with lesser amounts near Vallonia and Brownstown. Some selective trapping was done in small isolated habitats to capture species not found in other situations. Unfortunately, many habitats could not be adequately sampled. Handley identified the specimens, most of which are now in the United States National Museum (US). A few are in the Joseph Moore Museum, Earlham College (J); in the Chicago Natural History Museum (C); and in the private collections of Philip Kahl (K), Mumford (M), and Alex Walker (W). Handley also examined 704 mammal items from owl pellets gathered at Starve Hollow Lake and near Houston, three and one-half miles northwest of Freetown. Topography .—Jackson County, located within the unglaciated, hill region of south-central Indiana, is nearly rectangular, about 520 square miles in area, and varies from about 490 to 940 feet in elevation. The western and northwestern one-third of the county is rough and hilly, traversed by a series of northeast-southwest ridges. With the exception of the White and Muscatatuck River bottoms and scattered ridges and high “knobs” southeast of Brownstown, much of the remainder of the county is rolling. Most of the county is drained by the East Fork of the White River, a …

Late Cenozoic Marine Glacial Sediments and Marine Terraces of Middleton Island, Alaska

Middleton Island, lying near the margin of the continental shelf in the Gulf ot Alaska, is about 5 miles long, 1 mile wide, and 126 feet in maximum elevation. A Pliocene or Pleistocene bedrock sequence, totaling 3,675 feet in thickness and consisting chiefly of marine glacial sediments, is exposed on and near the island. The bedrock sequence strikes N. 27°-55° E. and dips 22°-30° NW. Pulsating emergence of the island in late Pleistocene (?) and Recent time is recorded by uplifted marine terraces at five levels between 10 and 105 feet above the present sea-level. The deposits of gravel, sand, and mud overlying the wave-cut bedrock surfaces of the terraces are largely, if not entirely, residual material derived from the bedrock.

Characteristics of the Vegetation in Certain Temperate Regions of Eastern Mexico

Much of Mexico has a temperate climate and even though a large portion of its vegetation is distinctly tropical in origin and appearance, a considerable number of species in its flora seem to have had a northern evolution and relationship. This is particularly true of the dominant species (mostly oak and pine) in most of the forests between 3,500 and 6,500 feet. In eastern Mexico certain portions of this temperate vegetation are different from the major part in the composition of the flora and in the unusual structure of the communities which contain a surprising mixture of species with very diverse geographical affinities. Some of these communities exist in the transition zone (generally situated between 3,300 and 4,000 feet in elevation) between tierra caliente (hot country) and tierra templada (temperate country). This zone, while easily recognizable, is not as definitely characterized by certain species or communities as are the zones immediately above and below it. A

The Tropical Avifauna of the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia

T• arid tropical area of the upper Magdalena Valley of Colombia extends from Honda, Tolima, south through the departments of Tolima and Huila to about latitude 2 o N., a distance of 375 kilometers (see Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36:84 if., pl. 26, 1917). This large district is unforested and its xerophilous vegetation reflects a greater extreme of aridtry than does that of the floor of the Cauca Valley which lies to the westward on the other side of the central Andes. Along the main water courses in the upper Magdalena basin are strips of woodland with tracts of savanna adjacent to them, but in large measure the area is covered with open thorn scrub, sometimes forming a chaparral, yet often broken or scattered. Clumps of cacti are frequent and there are areas of short-grass plains and of barren, clay or gravel-surf?ced badlands. This arid basin is bounded on the east, sough and west by the eastern and central divisions of the Andes on which the Subtropical and Temperate zones appear. Only at Andalucia in southeastern Huila is there a moderately low gap leading eastward through the encircling mountains. This gap is stated by Chapman to be 7000 feet in elevation; it lies in the Subtropical Zone. The Tropical Zone occurs below about 5000 feet. To the north the upper Magdalena Valley adjoins the more humid middle section of the Magdalena drainage which, by reason of its climate and forests, forms a varyingly effective ecologic barrier between the biota of the arid upper region and that of the moderately arid Caribbean coast. Chapman's report (op. cit.) on the bird life of Colombia dealt much more fully with the fauna of the arid tropical Cauca district than with

Survival and Growth of Shrubs Planted for Wildlife in New York

The ability to control plant cover is a basic requirement for successful wildlife management. Such control implies not only the power to maintain cover types already in occupancy, but to replace one type with another at reasonable cost and with certainty of results. Based on long experience, in both the United States and Europe, there have been developed satisfactory techniques for planting the hardier softwood species. The site requirements of the more exacting hardwoods, especially foodbearing trees and shrubs necessary for development of good wildlife habitats, are imperfectly understood. Some of the most serious wildlife management problems are presented by 3,000,000 acres of abandoned farmland scattered through the Allegheny Plateau in New York State. This is a deeply-dissected tableland west of the Hudson Valley and Catskill Mountains and south of the Mohawk Valley and Lake Ontario plain (Fig. 1). The region is underlaid by unaltered sedimentary rocks-shale, sandstone and some limestone-and the flat-bedded strata dip gently to the southwest. Much of the drainage follows the tilt of the rocks southward, into the Delaware, Susquehanna and Allegheny river systems; the remainder flows north into the Finger Lakes, Lake Ontario, and the Mohawk River. The broad, flat-topped summits seldom exceed 2,000 feet in elevation and are separated by narrow and steep-sided valleys. The soils are mostly stony loams, derived from the underlying rocks and altered by glaciation, and are acid save where modified locally by calcareous material in the subsoil or substratum. Exploitive agriculture has

Soil avalanches on Oahu, Hawaii

A large part of Oahu above 1000 feet in elevation is very rugged, with steep slopes from 35 to 60 degrees. In the rainier parts, though widely distributed, bare rock cliffs are usually not of great lateral extent and occupy but a small part of the map area. Nearly the whole area is covered with soil or rock so weathered as to support a dense cover of vegetation. By incessant creep and colluvial wash, this mantle rock assumes slopes at the limit of stability for normal conditions. In exceptionally wet weather, owing to weight of soil water and the lubrication it affords, patches of soil together with vegetation become loosened and pass downslope as soil avalanches. The angles of slope are chiefly from 40 to 50 degrees, and the thickness of material involved is rarely more than 2 or 3 feet. The avalanches play an important part in the succession of plants, but the details of this phase have not been studied. They are also thought to be important in undercutting the crests of ridges so as to develop the striking knife-edge ridges so characteristic. No close measurement of the rate of erosion by these slides is practicable, but they apparently are responsible for a relatively rapid denudation and they are probably the controlling factor in determining the general form of land sculpture in the mountainous parts of this region.

Paleoecology of a Bog in the Spruce-Hemlock Climax of the Olympic Peninsula

The wide range of climate in the Pacific Northwest of America, due to the proximity of the Pacific Ocean and variation in altitude, has caused the existence of several climax forest associations. In addition the Bunchgrass Prairie and Desert Shrub vegetational climaxes cover the dryer areas east of the Cascade Mountain Range. The great relief also permits the occurrence of numerous life zones in this region. The writer has made pollen studies of bogs located within several climax forest associations and life zones, from which were interpreted the postglacial forest succession and tentatively the climatic trends. This has been done with cognizance of the sources of error involved in pollen statistics and interpretations thereof. The bog of this study is located within the Spruce-Hemlock climax on the west side of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. It is situated in T. 27 N., R. 13 W. in Jefferson County about six miles south of the village of Forks. It lies south of the Bogachiel River just west of the Olympic Highway, ten miles from the Pacific Ocean at an elevation of less than 500 feet above sea level. A strip along the northern and eastern sides of the Olympic Peninsula was glaciated by the Pleistocene continental glaciers, while the Olympic Mountains were subjected to local mountain glaciation. Between the mountains and the ocean is an unglaciated coastal plain from 10 to 20 miles wide and not over 400 feet in elevation except in local hilly districts. This plain is covered with glaciofluvial deposits from mountain glaciation, but due to postglacial uplift the larger streams have incised themselves and removed much of the Pleistocene deposits (Fenneman, 1931).

Birds of Valles, San Luis Potosí, Mexico

In the course of the John B. Semple expedition of 1939 to eastern Mexico, several points in the low, comparatively flat southeastern part of San Luis Potosi were visited. Extensive collections were made in the vicinity of Tamazunchale and at Valles, towns situated 66 miles apart at between 200 and 300 feet elevation along the highway from Laredo to Mexico City. Two four-day stops were made at Valles, the first from March 23 to 26, the second (Semple and Sutton only) from April 29 to May 2. Since the birds recorded at this point differ so considerably from those seen at Tamazunchale, we have decided to publish lists from the two regions separately. The most thoroughly investigated section near Valles was the dry, wooded plateau, about 300 to 400 feet in elevation, extending from two to twelve miles north of town. Here there were grassy, prairielike openings among the trees, thick tangles crossed by cattle trails, and clumps of wild pineapple and palmetto. At the time of our visits most of the larger trees were leafless, and the countryside appeared somewhat desertlike. The following list of eighty-seven forms includes most of the birds that breed on the uplands near Valles, some that characteristically winter there, and a few that are transients. Since no extensive work was done along any stream in the vicinity, the characteristic waterbirds (kingfishers, herons, ducks, and shorebirds) naturally are missing from our list.

Banding Woodcocks on Pennsylvania Singing Grounds

Late in afternoon of March 26, 1939, while working on an area near State College, Pennsylvania, in connection with a forest type-game range study being conducted by Pennsylvania Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, writers noticed that several male American Woodcocks (Philohela minor) were utilizing parts of area as singing grounds. This section, although unlike most woodcock breeding grounds, was found to have a fairly heavy concentration of singing males. This opportunity, in view of fact that attempts in past to trap and band adult woodcocks have met with little success, led writers to carry on a trapping technique and population density study. The work was done under supervision of Dr. Logan J. Bennett, U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey; Dr. P. F. English, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Pennsylvania State College; and Dr. W. C. Bramble, Department of Forestry, Pennsylvania State College. In Centre County, between two mountain ranges lies a broad expanse of agricultural land called Nittany Valley. It is in this valley, a few miles west of Pennsylvania State College, that an area known as the great is found. The part of barrens covered by this study is representative of a type that occurs also in many other sections of Pennsylvania. The area is slightly higher in elevation than most of surrounding agricultural lands, a large proportion of it being between 1,150 and 1,300 feet above sea level. One ridge that runs through region is a little more than 1,500 feet in elevation, but aside from this ridge topography is gently rolling, with some broad flats and many smaller ridges. There are no streams in section of pine where this study was carried on, and during hot summer months very little water is available. In spring and early summer many sinkholes that are scattered throughout area hold considerable water, but all except a very few of these dry up as summer heat approaches. There are, however, a small pond and a large ore pit that contain water during entire summer.

Field Notes on Hyla wrightorum Taylor

W HEN the author left Ithaca, New York, in June, 1933, to join the U. S. Forest Service in Arizona, Dr. A. H. Wright asked him to be on the lookout for any specimens of the Sonora tree frog, at that time recognized as Hyla eximia Baird. More recently Taylor (1938: 436-9, P1. XLVII, fig. 1) has redescribed this frog, proposing for it the new name Hyla wrightorum. Data on this species have been collected during the past five seasons. During the first four of these, the author's connection with the Civilian Conservation Corps provided many willing collectors. RANGE IN ARIZONA.-To date the author has found this frog only on the southern forested edge of the Colorado Plateau from the vicinity of Williams east to McNary. The full range extends east to Texas and south into Mexico. The Colorado Plateau extends roughly east and west through central Arizona into New Mexico. The altitude is approximately 7,000 feet above sea level. In general the southern part is in the transition zone and is covered by typical vegetation including a broad belt of ponderosa pine with small areas of Douglas fir, white fir, Mexican white pine, and other trees. The pines are predominant in a mixture including species of oaks, junipers, and pifion pine; the particular admixture depending on local conditions. The frogs have been found throughout the forest. No specimens of Hyla wrightorum were found in the isolated Pinal Mountains, south of Globe, although they reach from upper Sonoran through the transition zones, ranging from 4,000 to 8,000 feet in elevation. No frogs were found in the large springs at Pinetop, whose waters have a temperature of about 50'F. The waters of open ponds are warmed during the day, and remain at a higher temperature. The lower limit of the distribution of the species in this region seems to be defined by the rim of the Colorado Plateau, with an elevation of 5,000 feet. The 1936 season was spent at Indian Gardens, 22 miles east of Payson, in an area directly beneath the rim of the plateau (here called the Mogollon or Tonto Rim). No specimens were found in this well forested area, though frogs were found on the plateau above on several trips. Hyla eximita was not listed for the Grand Canyon National Park (McKee and Bogert, 1934). Judging from the small number of specimens found, Williams is probably the western edge of this frog's range. Although the summer rains were few in 1937, they were heavy enough to have brought out all individuals, but very few were found. Many suitable ponds were completely barren. Continuing east, numerous specimens were found along the rim. At Hart Canyon, which is 50 miles south of Winslow, and at Pinetop and McNary the numbers in the summer ponds were very great. HABITAT.-Before and after the breeding season the frogs are found occasionally throughout the forest. Clever camouflage and ventriloquism aid them in escaping detection. They are found on the ground in damp places and in the trees. Twice the author found several which had been jarred loose when a tree was felled. In one of these instances, a frog fell from the