Feelings Of Irritability Research Articles

Brothers, ants or thieves: students’ complex attitudes towards immigrants and the role of socioeconomic status and gender in shaping them

The ever-increasing presence of immigrants in Italian schools make these contexts important for the study of young peoples’ attitudes towards those who are new to a country. We analysed the metaphors regarding immigrants produced by a sample of 840 eighth-grade students. The results of a content analysis showed nine complex attitudes referring to different conceptual frames, such as adolescents’ perception of immigrants as part of a primary social group, as a source of possible wealth, as something troublesome or annoying, as a transient phenomenon that is unlikely to be integrated into society and various others. The results of a multinomial logistic regression indicated that boys have more feelings of annoyance as regard immigrants than girls. A higher socioeconomic background is associated with ambivalent attitudes toward immigrants (who are seen as being needy, as a resource but also as a threat). Possible behavioural implications of the adolescents’ views of minority social and cultural groups are discussed.

FACTORS OF WORKING ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCING OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AMONG PRIMARY HEALTH CARE DOCTORS IN UKRAINE

Introduction: Stress is considered to be a very common pathology among primary care doctors, since practically any professional activity requires significant emotional, mental and practical efforts. The aim has determined the factors associated with occupational stress and compare the difference of behavior patterns which is used to reduce stress among primary care doctors in Ukraine. Materials and methods: The authors used medical-statistical methods as well as analyzed questionnaires of the sociological survey conducted among general practitioners and family doctors of the primary care level from various regions of Ukraine. Results: Occupational stress is a common symptom among primary care physicians of different ages and genders in Ukraine. For primary care doctors the most common symptoms related to occupational stress were found to be burnout (n=93), poor night's sleep (n=84) and tiredness (n=84). Female doctors experience more often symptoms such as frequent headaches tiredness, burnout, whilst for male doctors feelings of irritation and anxiety are more common indicators of occupational stress. Work experience also has a strong association with experiencing stress related to "unrealistic expectations from their patients with complex medical and social problems" (s.df=.082). Young doctors with work experience of less than 5 years and those who have worked for more than 20 years in the industry similarly find it stressful to deal with such "complex patients". Conclusions: Primary care doctors in Ukraine, from many different demographic backgrounds, experience high levels of occupational stress; this is a common health condition, which can have devastating personal and professional consequences.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE POSITION OF INTERACTION OF STUDENTS – FUTURE MEDICAL WORKERS AND SPECIALISTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL SUPPOR

Introduction . The specialists of “person to person” type occupations should possess the ability to interact with members of the activity – other people, to build up with them the positive relationship, possess empathy and responsiveness, ready to cooperation and assistance. Similar qualities do not arise spontaneously. The formation and development of these qualities is considerably influenced by family, school, and experience of communication with different representatives of society as well as vocational training which is received by experts in higher education institutions. The aim of the research is to conduct a comparative analysis of the interaction positions among students – future physicians and specialists in the field of psychological and pedagogical support (teachers, social educators, psychologists, etc.). Methodology and research methods . The set of theoretical and empirical methods based on the principles of general scientific methodology was used in the research: analysis, synthesis, generalization of source materials corresponding to the stated topic; testing, questioning, data collection, statistical processing of data. The authors’ questionnaires were used as a diagnostic tool. The processing was carried out by using the methods of mathematical statistics. Results and scientific novelty. The positions of students’ interaction and commitment to socio-pedagogical stereotypes are revealed on the sample of 362 students of Ivanovo State Medical Academy, Moscow University for the Humanities and Cherepovets State University. The results of the study provide an opportunity to assess the impact of the irritability factor and stereotypic representations of students on interaction strategy chosen by them. It is established that future teachers and psychologists, however slightly, but experience the feeling of irritability towards other people more often than medical students. On the contrary, the range of irritants among future physicians is wider. The set of stereotypes in different groups of students is varied as well. High level of irritability promotes acceptance by the person either acceptance of the coercion position or manipulation position. The irritability and stereotypic thinking due to positions of coercion and non-interference is demonstrated. The positive correlation of coercive positions with such factors of irritability towards people as uncooperativeness, sluggishness, impulsiveness, etc. was found. Practical significance. The analysis revealed a considerably high percentage of students who can take versatile positions, e.g. a position of coercion and a position of non-violence. As a result, it proves the importance of carrying out additional special work with pupils on goal-oriented formation of non-violent interaction skills. The research findings give the chance to build such work differentially taking into account the specifics of the directions and specialties of preparation.

The paradoxical effect of long instructions on negative affect and performance: When, for whom and why do they backfire?

For reasons of bureaucracy and safety, astronauts on the International Space Station are provided with excruciatingly detailed instructions and a lack of decision-making power, even for simple routine tasks. Besides being time-consuming, many astronauts report feelings of demotivation, irritation, and even defiance when confronted with this working method. Anecdotic evidence suggests that this method leads to situations where astronauts read instructions diagonally or avoid checking in with mission support, thereby ironically increasing the risk of error making. There is a need to consider under which circumstances, for whom, and why the provision of long instructions could be detrimental for well-being and performance. An experimental study with LEGO assembly tasks examined whether length of instructions (i.e. short versus long) and task complexity (simple vs. complex) impact negative affect, motivational experiences and performance of participants (N = 113, Mage = 18.75 ± 2.46 years). Long instructions for simple tasks provoked greater feelings of irritation, diminished the perceived value of instructions, and negatively influenced productivity and accuracy. The negative effect of long instructions on irritation was explained via decreased perceived value. Additionally, the effect of length of instructions on irritation differed for participants high versus those low in need for achievement.

Automatic Speed Control and Turning ON/OFF for Smart Fan by Temperature and Ultrasonic Sensor

When it is hot, using a fan is an inexpensive choice compared to spending more on using an air conditioner especially in some areas where high temperature is naturally normal. Some problems, nonetheless, arisen such as users forget to turn off when being away, some people might get a feeling of annoyance and perhaps frustration when getting up from the seat in order to adjust the speed. These result in a rise of electricity bill from leaving the fan on when it is not in use and it may cause disasters, fire for example, when the motor get heated up. A prototype of smart fan was built in this research using ESP8266 as a microcontroller, DHT22 and HC-SR04 are used to measure temperature for speed control and detect the user for automatic on/off respectively. A group of participants used the prototype and they were interviewed to give some feedbacks, comments, and suggestions from the experiences after using it. The results show that they were satisfied from the automation; it gave the sense of staying in a modern house with an automatic wind blower. It also assisted to reduce energy consumption according to target group. Some users stated that the environment and atmosphere in the room was not too hot because the fan was working in the background. This has shown that the prototype significantly gave the participants a feeling of relaxation and comfortability and also was a part of energy and cost reduction.

The Effect of Ad Customization and Ad Variation on Internet Users' Perceptions of Forced Multiple Advertising Exposures and Attitudes

ABSTRACTWhat can make multiple forced online advertising exposures be perceived as more acceptable than they presently are to most viewers? This study investigates whether advertising customization and advertising variation influence Internet users' perceptions of multiple ad exposures and affect their attitudes toward the ads and the website in the context of in-stream video ad exposure. Using a 2 (ad customization: ad customization option versus no option) × 2 (ad variation: ad variation versus no ad variation) factorial experiment, the researcher noted that advertising content control through a customization feature was an influential factor that led to positive attitudes toward multiple exposures to the ads. In addition, the results showed the possibility that offering ad variation tended to induce users' positive attitudes with regard to multiple ad exposures. Furthermore, users' perceived intrusiveness of the advertisements and feelings of irritation seemed to play an underlying mechanism in this relationship with regard to the impact of ad variation and ad customization on advertising effectiveness. This study finding has theoretical and practical implications on advertising repetition in the forced online advertising interface.

Investigating the use of an electronic hand hygiene monitoring and prompt device: influence and acceptability.

Hand hygiene (HH) prevents the transmission of healthcare-associated infections. Electronic HH monitoring and prompt devices have been developed to overcome problems with monitoring HH and to improve compliance. Devices monitor room entry and exit and soap use through communication between ceiling sensors and badges worn by practitioners and the badges sense alcohol rub. To investigate (1) the impact of devices on HH compliance, (2) how devices influence behaviour and (3) the experience and opinions of practitioners on the use devices. HH compliance was monitored (before, during and after system installation) by observations and alcohol rub usage. Compliance during installation was also monitored by the device. Healthcare practitioner interviews (n = 12) explored how the device influenced behaviour and experiences and opinions of wearing the device. HH compliance improved during the period the device was installed. Practitioners reported the device increased their awareness, enhancing their empathy for patients and encouraged patients and colleagues to prompt when HH was needed. Practitioners' reported better HH, gaming the system and feelings of irritation. HH prompt and monitoring systems seem to improve compliance but improvements may be undermined by practitioner irritation and system gaming.

The logo matters: the effect of the logo type on the attitude towards co-products

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the effect of the type of logo used to promote co-products. In the case of an added logo, the logos of the constituent brands are lined up next to each other. An integrative logo is composed of the elements of both original brand logos. A novel logo does not contain any elements of the original brand logos. We found that the use of an integrative logo results in more favourable perceptions of brand cooperation, higher perceptions of co-product quality, more positive feelings and a more favourable attitude towards the co-product compared to the use of an added or novel logo. For a novel logo of co-products, consumers reported feelings of irritation and frustration and a less favourable attitude compared to an added logo.

Preschool Personnel Exposure to Occupational Noise

Abstract Increased noise, which is also below the occupational exposure values and is “hearing safe” noise, affects the exposed person’s health as a non-specific stressor. Increased noise level also creates an environment for additional vocal apparatus load. The objective of this study was to determine preschool personnel occupational noise and its relationship with subjective health complaints. Data were obtained with survey assistance through subjective answers of respondents about health complaints and noise exposure among Rīga preschool personnel. Objective noise measurements were made to assess real noise levels in the preschool environment. Data from 155 respondents and objective measurements of 37 preschool classrooms were obtained. The results showed that the average 8-h noise exposure among Rīga preschool educational institutions was 70 dB(A), which did not exceed the Latvian work environment noise limits, but exceeded the 35–40 dB(A) noise limit in the educational environment guidelines recommended by the WHO. The survey results showed that loud noise is one of the most important workplace environmental factors (~70% of respondents feel a necessity to increase voice because of noise). A constant feeling of fatigue, headache, irritable feeling, and a desire to isolate oneself from others more often occurred in respondents exposed to increased noise, compared with those who noted that they were not exposed to increased noise. In general, loud noise was associated with increased subjective health complaints in preschool education institution personnel.

Ambush Marketing: More than Just a Commercial Irritant?

Although marketers have described ‘ambush’ marketing as a parasitic activity that encroaches on legitimate sponsorship, their claims often provide no basis for legal action. This article examines instances of alleged ambushes and how these fit within a wider legal framework. Ambushing appears to encompass legitimate competitive behaviour through to passing off and misuse of trademarks. Marketers concerned about ambushing should remove loopholes from contracts to minimise the opportunities open to competitors. They would also do well to learn more about the legal status of their claims and to separate these from any feelings of irritation evoked by their competitors’ behaviour.

Competition between Cognitive Control and Encapsulated, Unconscious Inferences: Are Aha-Experiences Special?

Competition between Cognitive Control and Encapsulated, Unconscious Inferences: Are Aha-Experiences Special?

Intranasal administration of oxytocin modulates behavioral and amygdala responses to infant crying in females with insecure attachment representations

ABSTRACTThe current study examined the effects of oxytocin administration on the response to infant crying in individuals with secure or insecure attachment representations as assessed with the Adult Attachment Interview. We measured feelings of irritation and the use of excessive force as indicated by grip strength using a handgrip dynamometer during exposure to infant crying in 42 women without children who were administered intranasal oxytocin or a placebo. In addition, amygdala responses to infant crying and control sounds were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The effects of oxytocin on reactivity to crying were moderated by attachment security. Oxytocin decreased the use of excessive handgrip force and amygdala reactivity in response to crying in individuals with insecure attachment representations. Our findings indicate that insecure individuals, who show emotional, behavioral, and neural hyperreactivity to crying, benefit the most from intranasal oxytocin.

Psychological reactance and HIV-related stigma among women living with HIV

ABSTRACTPsychological reactance is defined as the drive to re-establish autonomy after it has been threatened or constrained. People living with HIV may have high levels of psychological reactance due to the restrictions that they may perceive as a result of living with HIV. People living with HIV may also exhibit levels of HIV-related stigma. The relationship between psychological reactance and HIV-related stigma is complex yet understudied. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to examine the association between psychological reactance and HIV-related stigma among women living with HIV. Data were obtained from one time-point (a cross-sectional assessment) of a longitudinal HIV disclosure study. Psychological reactance was measured using the 18-item Questionnaire for the Measurement of Psychological Reactance. HIV-related stigma was measured using the HIV Stigma Scale, which has four domains: personalized, disclosure concerns, negative self-image, and concerns with public attitudes. Principal component analysis was used to derive components of psychological reactance. Linear regression models were used to determine the association between overall psychological reactance and its components, and stigma and its four domains, and depressive and anxiety symptoms. The associations between stigma and mental health were also examined. Three components of psychological reactance were derived: Opposition, Irritability, and Independence. Overall psychological reactance and irritability were associated with all forms of stigma. Opposition was linked to overall and negative self-image stigma. Overall psychological reactance, opposition, and irritability were positively associated with anxiety symptoms while opposition was also associated with Centers for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression depressive symptoms. There were also positive associations between all forms of stigma, and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Health-care providers and counselors for women living with HIV addressing feelings of irritability and opposition toward others may reduce HIV-related stigma. Future research should examine the link between psychological reactance, mental health, and HIV-related stigma among other populations living with HIV.

The cognitive, affective and physiological impact of infant crying: a comparison of two laboratory methodologies

Objective: The present study investigated two experimental paradigms to explore whether individual differences in adult responses to crying were related to the method of presentation of the crying infant – namely, a video simulation or a life-like programmable doll. Background: The importance of understanding individual differences in caregiver responses to infant crying is well recognised, but assessment of caregiver responses presents considerable methodological challenges. Method: Participants were 106 female childless undergraduate students. Responses assessed included self-report measures of self-efficacy beliefs, feelings of empathy toward the crying infant, caregiver concern and irritation, and heart-rate reactivity. Participants were randomly allocated to exposure to either a life-like crying doll or to a video of a crying infant. Results: Compared to those in the video condition, participants exposed to the crying doll showed lower self-efficacy beliefs, experienced greater feelings of irritation and a greater change in heart-rate responses, p < .05, but no differences in feelings of concern or empathy towards the infant. Conclusion: Findings provide preliminary evidence that the crying doll paradigm may be a more ecologically valid approach to exploring the impact of crying on adults; however, methodological considerations related to individual differences in physiological responses need further clarification in future research.

The association of negative attributions with irritation and anger after brain injury.

Study objectives were to examine associations of irritation and anger with negative attributions, and associations of negative attributions with trait aggression in participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Forty-eight participants with moderate to severe TBI participated in this study. Participants were primarily male (68.8%), and on average, approximately 5 years postinjury. Prospective study using a quasi-experimental design. Participants were presented with 21 vignettes that hypothetically led to negative consequences for the participant. Stories portrayed characters' actions as benign, ambiguous, or hostile. After each vignette, participants rated how irritated and angry they would be, and how intentional, hostile, and blameworthy they perceived the characters' actions. Participants' trait aggression was evaluated with the aggression questionnaire. Irritation and anger ratings were strongly correlated with intent, hostility, and blame ratings of the character (p < .001). Trait aggression was significantly associated with attributions of intent, hostility, and blame (p < .001). These preliminary findings suggest that irritation and anger after TBI may be linked to the negative attributions they make about others' behaviors. Findings further indicate a relationship between negative attributions and trait aggression. Thus, individuals with TBI who have higher trait aggression may have a tendency to make more negative attributions about others' behaviors, and in turn, have stronger feelings of irritation and anger as a response. Future studies with healthy controls and larger sample sizes are needed to build upon this clinically relevant topic.

Attentional distraction during exercise in overweight and normal-weight boys.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of attentional distraction on field running distance and activity intensity during an exercise session in normal-weight and overweight youngsters and to investigate potential mediators. Fifty-three 12–14 yr-old boys participated twice in a 12-min running test and a 20-min exercise session, once with attentional distraction (by listerning to music) and once without distraction (counterbalanced randomised controlled design). At the end of the endurance test running distance was recorded. During the exercise session activity intensity was assessed by accelerometers. After each experiment, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was estimated and seven questions were asked about how participants experienced the experiment. Both overweight and normal-weight boys ran further during the running test with music (p < 0.05) and this effect was mediated by a decrease in feelings of annoyance. During the exercise session with music, both overweight and normal-weight boys exercised less at low and high intensity and more at moderate and very high intensity (p < 0.01) and this effect was mediated by a decrease in RPE. We can conclude that attentional distraction has a positive effect on running distance on a field endurance test and on activity intensity during an exercise session through different mechanisms in both overweight and normal-weight boys.

Impact of wildfire smoke in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on ocular surface.

To evaluate the acute impact of the wildfire smoke episode in 2008 on the ocular surface of subjects living in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires (MABA). A total of 86 subjects were evaluated: Group 1 comprised patients from a public ophthalmology hospital (N=35) and Group 2 comprised healthy volunteers (N=51). All subjects answered a questionnaire on ocular symptoms and underwent ophthalmologic examination [bulbar conjunctival hyperemia, corneal fluorescein staining, rose bengal vital staining, tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer I test, tear lysozyme, and impression cytology] during and after the acute episode. Concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter (PM) were measured before, during, and after the acute episode. Both groups showed a statically significant increase in ocular symptoms and bulbar conjunctival hyperemia and a statically significant decrease in tear break-up time during the acute episode. Group 1 showed more severe symptoms and a statistically significant increase in fluorescein and rose bengal staining intensities during the acute episode. We found a significant negative correlation between ocular symptoms and tear break-up time. During the episode, the levels of CO, NO2, and particulate matter in MABA were four times higher than the usual average levels for the same period in 2007 and 2009. Increased air pollution from the burning of biomass is associated with a decrease in the stability of the tear film (TBUT), generating areas of ocular surface exposure that may be the cause of the increased feeling of irritation. Group 1 was more affected by not having a healthy ocular surface, and thus consulted an ophthalmologist. Cytological changes in the conjunctiva were not observed, which could be due to the short duration of the episode.

“The Alcohol Just Pissed Me Off”

This exploratory study was designed to examine the beliefs of youth users of alcohol and marijuana about the connections between their substance use and dating violence perpetration. Eighteen youth (ages 14-20 years old), who were primarily of Black or Hispanic race/ethnicity, participated in in-depth interviews about times when they had perpetrated dating violence. They were asked to reflect on whether and how they felt that alcohol and/or marijuana may have contributed. Responses coalesced around four major themes, which were that users believed that (a) Alcohol escalates minor conflict; (b) Alcohol exacerbates feelings of irritation and anger; (c) Marijuana reduces feelings of irritation and anger; and (d) Substances are used to cope with conflict-related stress. We conclude that momentary event-level research that investigates the immediate influence of alcohol and marijuana use on dating violence perpetration is needed and that dating violence prevention interventions should consider addressing substance use and substance-aggression expectancies.

"Early Psychosis" as a mirror of biologist controversies in post-war German, Anglo-Saxon, and Soviet Psychiatry.

The English term “early psychosis” was coined in the 1930s to refer to feelings of irritability, loss of concentration, hypochondriac ideas, moodiness, and lassitude that were seen to precede the onset of clear-cut hallucinations and delusions. The history of thinking about “early psychosis” under names such as “latent,” “masked,” “mild,” “simple” or “sluggish” schizophrenia before World War II and afterwards on the different sides of the Wall and the Iron Curtain reveals “early psychosis” as a mirror of quite aged international biologist controversies that are still alive today and to the same extent as they are misunderstood, are influential in their implications in today's psychiatry.

Attachment in the brain: adult attachment representations predict amygdala and behavioral responses to infant crying

Current research found that adult attachment representations influence neural, emotional, and behavioral responses to infant crying, thus validating the Berkeley Adult Attachment Interview with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. This study examined amygdala activation, feelings of irritation, and the use of excessive force as indicated by grip strength using a handgrip dynamometer during exposure to infant crying and scrambled control sounds in 21 women without children. Individuals with insecure attachment representations showed heightened amygdala activation when exposed to infant crying compared to individuals with secure attachment representations. In addition, insecure individuals experienced more irritation during infant crying and used more excessive force than individuals with a secure representation. Amygdala hyperactivity might be one of the mechanisms underlying the experience of negative emotions during exposure to infant crying in insecure individuals and might explain why insecure parents respond inconsistently to infant signals or reject their infants' attachment behavior.