Feeling States Research Articles

Impact of cardiac interoception cues and confidence on voluntary decisions to make or withhold action in an intentional inhibition task

Interoceptive signals concerning the internal physiological state of the body influence motivational feelings and action decisions. Cardiovascular arousal may facilitate inhibition to mitigate risks of impulsive actions. Baroreceptor discharge at ventricular systole underpins afferent signalling of cardiovascular arousal. In a modified Go/NoGo task, decisions to make or withhold actions on ‘Choose’ trials were not influenced by cardiac phase, nor individual differences in heart rate variability. However, cardiac interoceptive awareness and insight predicted how frequently participants chose to act, and their speed of action: Participants with better awareness and insight tended to withhold actions and respond slower, while those with poorer awareness and insight tended to execute actions and respond faster. Moreover, self-reported trait urgency correlated negatively with intentional inhibition rates. These findings suggest that lower insight into bodily signals is linked to urges to move the body, putatively by engendering noisier sensory input into motor decision processes eliciting reactive behaviour.

Exert more and feel better, not worse?: Examining links among changes in exertion, feelings of accomplishment, and feeling states

Zenko, Ekkekakis, and Ariely (2016) showed that participants whose exercise session became progressively easier over time showed more positive affect than participants whose session became increasingly more difficult. The current study examined whether Zenko et al.’s decrease in exertion-increase in feeling state relationship held in a series of three, unmanipulated practices among a sample of collegiate athletes. In addition, change in feelings of accomplishment was included as a predictor of overall after-practice feeling state and as a potential mediator of the relationship between change in exertion and change in feeling state during practice in multilevel models. Results showed the relationship between change in exertion and change in feeling state was negative but did not consistently reach significance, and change in feeling state did not consistently predict overall feeling state after practice. However, increase in accomplishment was a significant predictor of overall feeling state after practice, and change in accomplishment was a significant mediator of the relationship between change in exertion and change in feeling state. Increase in exertion can lead to an increase in positive feeling states when trying harder leads to an increase in feelings of accomplishment during practice settings despite a direct effect sometimes showing increase in exertion leads to a decrease in feeling states. These results demonstrate an inconsistent mediator effect and provide insight into how athletes may be able to feel better while working harder, not worse.

Wilhelm Reich’s character analysis revisited

ABSTRACT Reich character analytic technique is revisited. Many psychoanalytical researchers maintain that real psychic change only can occur through alterations in the implicit/procedural memory system. Therefore, they claim that analytical work should be focused on helping the patient to be aware of patterns of non-verbal manifestations and modes of behaving. The prominent problem of these researchers is that they do not have a workable and adequate methodology for investigating early experiences implicitly encoded. An improved character analytic approach can be applied to detect and explore such early experiences. The author presents clinical examples demonstrating that a character analytic approach to various non-verbal phenomena implicitly coded, can trigger and evoke different affects as crying, anger, laughter and anxiety etc. Moreover, clinical observations indicate that in the wake of such feeling states there quite often follows memories in the form of fragmented visual pictures related to relevant preverbal experiences.

How Pain Shapes Depression and Anxiety: A Hybrid Self-regulatory/Predictive Mind Perspective.

Because many persons living with chronic pain achieve a relatively balanced lifestyle without experiencing functional disability, medical psychologists must explain the well-documented co-occurrence of pain complaints and DSM-5-disorders (including but not limited to depression and anxiety) in a significant subset of individuals. The question of differential resilience versus susceptibility has received modest theoretical and empirical attention, but remains open. In this review, I deconstruct the temporally extended pain adaptation process in order to address this vexing question, relying upon two complementary explanatory frames. The first is a motivational/cybernetic systems formulation labeled the Goal-Centered, Self-Regulatory, Automated Social Systems Psychology (GRASSP) model, erected upon feedback sensitive, goal-guided, hierarchically organized self-regulatory processes. Depression and anxiety presumably result from compromised regulatory functions undermining pain processing, goal pursuit, and everyday performance. The second perspective postulates a "Bayesian Brain"/"Predictive Mind" capable of unifying perception, action, and emotion viapredictive processing. From a Bayesian perspective, predictive processing implies that our brains evolved to compare, without conscious direction, incoming environmental information against prior, model-based predictions in order to arrive at accurate perceptual representations of the world. Maladjustment results from failures of active inference. When applied to the perception of visceral information, the embodied process, termed interoceptive inference, can also yield pathogenic outcomes. The Bayesian model holds that depression and anxiety in individuals with pain result from error-prone (biased, rigid, or highly certain) prior evaluations of aversive feeling states and their relation to the external milieu. I consider how the hybrid conceptual framework advanced by the two models points to several novel and familiar avenues of intervention.

People Experience Different Emotions from Melancholic and Grieving Music

Two behavioral studies are reported that ask whether listeners experience different emotions in response to melancholic and grieving musical passages. In the first study, listeners were asked to rate the extent that musical passages made them feel positive and negative, as well as to identify which emotion(s) they felt from a list of 24 emotions. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that listeners experience different emotions when listening to melancholic and grieving music. The second study asked listeners to spontaneously describe their emotional states while listening to music. Content analysis was conducted in order to find any underlying dimensions of the identified responses. The analysis replicated the finding that melancholic and grieving music led to different feelings states, with melancholic music leading to feelings of Sad/Melancholy/Depressed, Reflective/Nostalgic, Rain/Dreary Weather, and Relaxed/Calm, while grieving music led to feelings of Anticipation/Uneasy, Tension/Intensity, Crying/Distraught/Turmoil, Death/Loss, and Epic/Dramatic/Cinematic.

Helping Parents Spare the Rod: Addressing Their Unbearable Emotions

ABSTRACT In this paper we review some of the literature on spanking, with an emphasis on its well-documented, negative sequalae. We discuss how clinicians need to appreciate that for both parents and children, fear and other unpleasant feeling states and a poor sense of themselves leads to a sense of vulnerability. This vulnerability is defended against by acting inappropriately powerful: disruption by the child and counteracting the child’s aggression with physical punishment by the parent. Empathizing with the parent’s sense of vulnerability can help the parents appreciate the child’s sense of vulnerability and minimize corporal punishment. A clinical example illustrates this perspective.

DETERMINATION OF PERSONAL AND SITUATION DETERMINANTS LAZINESS

This article contains the result of the theoretical and empirical study of personality and situational factors of laziness among young people and the presence of gender differences in the concept of laziness.
 Laziness is synonymous with a lack of motivation, unwillingness to do anything. Situational laziness is more of a temporary nature of the lack of desire to do something. Personal laziness is a set of determined human characteristics that attend it throughout life.
 Analysis of the results of self-assessment of laziness found that only 20% of respondents consider themselves to be a lazy person, while the other 80% consider themselves as hardworking.
 The most important personal determinant of laziness (in 83% of persons) were features of physical and psychological state. Namely: tiredness, desire to rest, drowsiness, no mood, the poor state of feeling, boredom, etc. Other determinants such as lack of opportunities, lack of interest, external pressure are less important and cause personal laziness in single cases.
 The personal and situational determinants of the laziness that have been investigated have different nature and manifestations. We believe that the features of the body condition can not be included in the group of personal determinants of laziness.
 Opportunity deficits (lack of perseverance, lack of skills and time, difficult task, other distracting problems) can be attributed to the personal determinants of laziness.
 Areas of maximum demonstration of laziness are (in descending order): professional (educational) activities, household chores, cases under pressure, and lack cases.
 Based on the analysis of the results of the study of self-regulation of laziness, we can speak about differences in the concept of laziness between men and women."Male laziness" is perceived as a feeling of unwillingness, apathy, inaction, and focused on the inner world and feelings. "Female laziness" is conditioned by the situation. More demonstrated as outward orientation, responsibility, feelings of guilt.
 Based on the results, it is planned to develop a program of correctional work based on a differentiated approach to people, taking into account factors that influence the manifestation of laziness.

Modelling P2P Airbnb online host advertising effectiveness: the role of emotional appeal information completeness creativity and social responsibility

Purpose This study aims to examine the factors that influence peer-to-peer online host advertising effectiveness (POHAE). The study posits that POHAE is a multidimensional construct supported by emotional appeal, information completeness, advertising creativity and social responsibility practices influencing purchase intention and positive word of mouth. Perceived value is hypothesised as the moderating variable for the relationship between POHAE and purchase intention. Design/methodology/approach Quantitative data were collected from New Zealand through a quasi-experimental survey. A total of 95 people participated in the experiment. The study uses one-way repeated measures design ANOVA to test Hypothesis 1 and MEMORE model to test the effects of mediation and moderation for repeated measures. Findings Results are significant to the study model. ANOVA results show that the assumption of sphericity is not violated: Mauchly’s W, Greenhouse–Geisser, Huynh–Feldt estimates are equal to one, suggesting that the data are perfectly spherical. The mediation and moderation effects for repeated measure designs are also significant. The tests are based on 95 per cent Monte Carlo confidence interval and 20,000 bootstrapping samples. Research limitations/implications This study enhances the hierarchy of effects theory (HOE) (Lavidge and Steiner, 1961), which posits that consumers respond to a specific marketing communication through three components: the cognitive component, which is measured by an individual’s intellectual, mental or rational states; the affective component that refers to an individual’s emotional and feeling states; and finally the conative or motivational state, that is, the striving state relating to the tendency to treat objects as positive or negative. This study observes significant paths from POHAE to purchase intention and word of mouth. Limitations include a small sample size (95) and not regressing the POHAE variables individually on purchase intention and word of mouth. Practical implications Given the absence of a brand, as in the Airbnb host advertisement, attention should be given to writing the adverts effectively. Advertising creativity does not only hold for graphics and personal pictures but also for the hosts who need to be creative in crafting their advertisement text. Elements such as social responsibility practice and creativity should also not be overlooked. Social implications This study provides insights on how to effectively communicate with potential customers in a peer-to-peer marketplace. Originality/value This study provides an insight into peer-to-peer marketplaces on the importance of marketing communication strategies by providing more attention to writing advertisement texts. It is important to understand the variables that influence consumers’ motivation in responding to Airbnb online advertisements.

An investigation of blended learning in at-home and in-school education of information ethics using tablet PCs

The goal of this study is to develop a blended learning in at-home and in-school education of information ethics using tablet PCs and to evaluate the effectiveness of the lesson. Information technology such as the internet and smart phones in society has been progressing speedily. On the other hand, the negative effects of information technology, such as bullying and calumniation on social media have become social problems for more than twenty years. The education of information ethics has been introduced to schools in order to solve these problems in Japan. However, the problems haven’t been solved yet. Then, the national curriculum standards of elementary and junior high schools stated that the education of information ethics should be brought into the moral instruction in 2008. This requested us to develop a teaching method of moral instruction to educate students in information ethics. Therefore, the theoretical framework of the information ethics was set up, and I established a new judgment model of information ethics. I assumed that ambivalence, the state of contradictory feeling or emotion, exists behind the three types of knowledge and that ambivalence affects inappropriate judgment related to information ethics. Therefore, a teaching method with the aim of overcoming ambivalence should be developed using the structural method. From now on, cooperation with parents is essential to enhance the education of information ethics. I conceived something available to help cooperation with parents. Recently tablet PCs have been brought into the school. Then, I devised the procedure of blended learning. As a result, I developed three steps: 1) Students learn the introduction part of moral instruction in school and learn how to use the tablet PCs. 2) Students take the tablet PCs home and discuss the learning material on the tablet PCs with their parents. 3) Students learn the conclusion part of moral instruction again in school. In order to assess the effectiveness of the lesson, blended learning was practiced on 4rd grade elementary school students. As a result, it was suggested that blended learning was fairly effective in educating the students in information ethics.

Affective and enjoyment responses to 12 weeks of high intensity interval training and moderate continuous training in adults with Crohn's disease.

The aim was to undertake secondary data analysis from a three-arm randomised feasibility trial of high intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), and usual care control in adults with Crohn’s disease (CD; n = 36), with a primary focus on exploring affective and enjoyment responses. Twenty-five participants with quiescent or mildly-active CD were randomised to one of the two exercise groups: HIIT (n = 13) and MICT (n = 12). Both groups were offered thrice weekly sessions for 12 weeks. MICT consisted of cycling for 30 minutes at 35% peak power (Wpeak), whereas HIIT involved ten 1-minute bouts at 90% Wpeak, interspersed with 1-minute bouts at 15% Wpeak. Heart rate (HR), differentiated ratings of perceived exertion for legs (RPE-L) and central (RPE-C), along with feeling state (Feeling Scale; FS) were measured at 92.5% of each session. Enjoyment was measured at the end of training using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). Post-hoc exploratory analysis involved a mixed-model two-way ANOVA to compare HR, RPE-L, RPE-C and FS for the exercise sessions in weeks 1, 6 and 12 between groups. Overall, HR was greater (p < 0.01) during HIIT (173 ± 8 bpm) compared with MICT (128 ± 6 bpm). Similarly, RPE-L and RPE-C responses were greater overall (p = 0.03 and p = 0.03, respectively) during HIIT (5.5 ± 1.6 and 5.1 ± 1.7, respectively) compared to MICT (3.3 ± 1.5 and 2.9 ± 1.5, respectively). Overall, FS was 2.2 ± 1.9 for HIIT and 2.1 ± 1.4 for MICT with no effect of treatment group (p = 0.25) or time (p = 0.94). There was also no significant difference in PACES scores between HIIT (99.4 ± 12.9) and MICT (101.3 ± 17.4; p = 0.78). The findings suggest HIIT and MICT protocols elicited similar enjoyment and affect in adults with quiescent or mildly-active CD.

The Psychobiosocial States (PBS-S) Scale

Abstract. This study examined the factor structure and reliability of the Psychobiosocial States (PBS-S) scale in the assessment of situational performance-related experiences. We administered the scale to 483 Finnish athletes before a practice session to assess the intensity and perceived impact of their performance-related feeling states. The hypothesized two-factor structure indicating functional effects (10 items) and dysfunctional effects (10 items) toward performance was examined via exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Regarding the intensity and perceived impact dimensions of reported states, ESEM and CFA showed a good fit for a two-factor solution of a 14-item PBS-S scale (seven functional and seven dysfunctional items). For both intensity and impact ratings, core state functional modalities were bodily, cognitive, and volitional, while core state dysfunctional modalities were volitional, operational, and anxiety. Findings support the use of a 14-item PBS-S scale to measure a range of preperformance states.

REVIEW OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT AT COMPLICATED GRIEF BASED ON THE COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY

The article discusses the actual studies concerning the psychological support at complicated grief. The author notes that practitioners and researchers continues debate about the definition, diagnostic criteria and best treatment of the pathopsychological phenomenon that follow the loss of a loved one and usually named as complicated grief. At the present, complicated grief is viewed as a clinical state of a persistent feeling of mourning during, at least, six months with increasing psychosocial disability. Due to many evidences of distinct clinical features for this phenomenon, it was included into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders as a persistent complex bereavement disorder (the condition for further study), and as a new diagnostic category – Prolonged Grief Disorder - is to be added to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). The article describes the cognitive model of psychological-emotional changes characteristic for people suffering from complicated grief. The cognitive-behavioral model of complicated grief proposes that a traumatic experience of a loss and negative cognition (negative beliefs about Self, life, and the future and threatening interpretations of grief reactions) plays a core role in the development and persistence of emotional problems, so mourners start to avoid social support. The emphasis in the performed analysis is laid on the psychological and psychotherapeutic interventions based on the cognitive-behavioral theory; there are evidences of their effectiveness in dealing with people mourning for deceased. The author summarizes that psychotherapeutic interventions based on the cognitive-behavioral therapy are evidence-based, comprehensive, and methodologically substantiated; they are focused on achieving psychological-emotional stability and returning to normal life. The performed approbation of these methods of intervention have shown lowered intensity of bereavement-related depression, anxiety, traumatic pain and the integration of the traumatic memory of death into a grieving person’s life experience. The cognitive-behavioural model of complicated grief can have wide clinical and psychological practical use, and cognitive-behavioral therapy manuals for dealing with complicated grief (or recommendations based on them) can be proposed as measures of psychotherapeutic and psychosocial support in Ukraine.

Soothe ourselves in times of need: A qualitative exploration of how the feeling of 'soothe' is understood and experienced in everyday life.

Evidence suggests that self-compassion is linked to psychological benefits. Compassion-focused therapy emphasizes the importance of developing abilities to self-soothe in alleviating psychological distress. However, little is known about how the feeling of soothe is understood, experienced, and achieved in everyday life. This study addressed two research questions: (1) How is the feeling of soothe understood? (2) How is the feeling of soothe experienced in everyday life? This is part of our ongoing research Project Soothe (www.projectsoothe.com), which collects soothing images from the public with the goal to develop a bank of soothing images for psychotherapeutic and research use. We also set up an online survey to explore how individuals understand and experience the feeling of soothe in everyday lives. The current study was based on the qualitative narratives obtained in this survey. A total of 176 participants were recruited. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Three themes emerged in response to the first research question: (1) a complex interconnected state of feelings, (2) self-soothe and being soothed, and (3) involvement of physical sensations. Five themes emerged regarding the second research question: (1) venturing out in nature, (2) being in a familiar surrounding, (3) being solitary, (4) being affiliated, and (5) being physically and mentally relaxed. Our study illustrated the importance of affiliations, physical sensations, mindfulness, connection with nature, and solitude on the cultivation of soothe. Results may help develop therapeutic techniques in enhancing self-soothe by tapping into individuals' understanding and subjective experience in everyday contexts. Compassion-focused therapy and related third wave therapies emphasize the role of cultivating self-compassion and feelings of self-soothe in reducing psychological distress and improving mental well-being. This study sheds light on how individuals understand and achieve self-soothe in everyday life contexts. Individuals' subjective narratives suggested that both being in solitude and affiliated with others were associated with feelings of self-soothe, in addition to feeling connected with the nature, being in familiar environments and experiencing physical sensations. These findings will help practitioners develop different ways to enhance individuals' self-compassion by tapping into their understanding and experience of self-soothe in everyday life.

Life style activities and feeling state responses in community sample of diabetic patients in Eastern Providence Saudi Arabia.

The aim of the present study was to surveyed life style activity levels within diabetic patients attending the King Fahd teaching hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia, and studied their feeling towards performing different physical activity. For this purpose, thirty Diabetic patients were randomly recruited, physically tested and handed a questionnaire to fill in. The result showed that the levels of physical activity are low and found an excessive use of cars by patients to go to public services and homes of friends and neighbors. Such unhealthy lifestyle habits encouraged patients to follow unhealthy habits such as disordered working patterns and infrequent social activity. While for those who follow healthy lifestyle pattern have better feeling while doing certain activities. For instance, patients who exercise running or jogging activities have better feeling while they rum. Moreover, patient who have healthier relaxing lifestyle pattern, have better feeling of what they do while they relax. The use of exercise physiologists or physiotherapists and psychologists, education system is highly needed to explaining about the health benefits of physical activity. Physical activities should be promoted within the real context of the built environment in the eastern province, KSA.

Enjoyment Responses to High Intensity Interval and Moderate Intensity Continuous Training in Crohn’s Disease Patients

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to undertake secondary data analysis from a three-arm feasibility trial of high intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), and usual care, in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients (n=36), with a primary focus on exploring affective and enjoyment responses to the two types of exercise training. METHODS: Twenty-five participants with quiescent or mildly-active CD were randomised to one of the two active groups: HIIT (n=13) and MICT (n=12). Both groups were offered three exercise sessions per week for 12 weeks. MICT consisted of cycling for 30 minutes at 35% peak power (Wpeak), whereas HIIT involved ten 1-minute bouts at 90% Wpeak, interspersed with 1-minute bouts at 15% Wpeak. Peak power was determined prior to the intervention and reassessed at weeks 4 and 8 to adjust training load. Heart rate (HR) and differentiated ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) for legs (RPE-L) and central (i.e. ventilatory and circulatory; RPE-C), along with feeling state (Feeling Scale; FS) were measured at regular time intervals during each exercise session. In addition, enjoyment was measured at the end of the training programmes using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). Post-hoc exploratory analysis involved a mixed-model two-way ANOVA to compare HR, RPE-C, RPE-L and FS at weeks 1, 6 and 12 between groups. An independent t-test was used to assess between-group differences in PACES scores. RESULTS: HR was greater (p < 0.01) during HIIT (168 ± 20 bpm) compared with MICT (124 ± 18 bpm). Similarly, RPE-L and RPE-C responses were greater (p = 0.03 and p = 0.03, respectively) during HIIT (5.5 ± 1.6 and 5.1 ± 1.7 i.e. ‘hard’, respectively) compared to MICT (3.3 ± 1.5 and 2.9 ± 1.5 i.e. ‘moderate’, respectively). Overall, FS recorded was 2.2 ± 1.8 (i.e. ‘fairly good’) for HIIT and 2.1 ± 1.3 (i.e. ‘fairly good’) for MICT with no effect of condition (P=0.25) or time (P=0.94). There was also no statistically significant difference in PACES scores between HIIT (99.4 ± 12.9) and MICT (101.3 ± 17.4; p = 0.78). CONCLUSION: Despite the differences in HR and RPE responses, the findings suggest that the HIIT and MICT protocols elicited similar enjoyment and affective responses in adults with quiescent or mildly-active CD. Support by CCUK Grant SP2015/1.

Interoceptive awareness mitigates deficits in emotional prosody recognition in Autism

The sensing of internal bodily signals, a process known as interoception, contributes to subjective emotional feeling states that can guide empathic understanding of the emotions of others. Individuals with Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) typically show an attenuated intuitive capacity to recognise and interpret other peoples’ emotional signals. Here we test directly if differences in interoceptive processing relate to the ability to perceive emotional signals from the intonation of speech (affective prosody) in ASC adults. We employed a novel prosody paradigm to compare emotional prosody recognition in ASC individuals and a group of neurotypical controls. Then, in a larger group of ASC individuals, we tested how recognition of affective prosody related to objective, subjective and metacognitive (awareness) psychological dimensions of interoception. ASC individuals showed reduced recognition of affective prosody compared to controls. Deficits in performance on the prosody task were mitigated by greater interoceptive awareness, so that ASC individuals were better able to judge the prosodic emotion if they had better insight into their own interoceptive abilities. This data links the ability to access interoceptive representations consciously to the recognition of emotional expression in others, suggesting a crossmodal target for interventions to enhance interpersonal skills.

Incongruent Feeling States in Psychoanalysis

ABSTRACTAnalysts occasionally find that we have dreamt of a patient or experienced feelings in sessions that appear to have nothing to do with the feelings or content presented by the patient. This can be disturbing or confusing, but is always fascinating. This article defines and illustrates these phenomena, grapples with their meanings, and attempts to understand how they came about.

Quantifying Mental Health A Mood Science Metric Measurement of the PER (Progesterone/Estrogen Ratio)

Human's basic moods associated with her/his feeling state are examined in a Forensic Simulator. The simulator utilizes bio-feedback algorithms which use recorded hormonal measurement information as it's input. The input is the raw data taken from the mother during her menstrual cycle. The measurements used in the research was the progesterone/estrogen ratio as obtained from recordings of four subjects. This ratio (once computed from the raw data) was then input to the Forensic Simulator and it's OLM/CLM state difference optimized. This optimization potential provides an understanding of both the OLM and CLM state variables associated with the mood's of the mother. At the time of conception, the mother experiences a wide variety of mood's ranging over the cycle from good to bad. As such this nominal 28 day cycle provides a fertile source of information as to the origin of moods [16]. With the visual aid's that are obtainable from the Forensic Simulator the possibilities of incorporation of a subject into the “loop” completes the notion necessary for effective bio-feedback. A feature of the FS architecture is it's use of aerospace guidance and control technologies such as that of the gyro-compass in order to find direction of mood in it's travel. In doing so this research provides a systematic use of aerospace techno-logos in support of the quantification of mood science.

Quantifying Mental Health ~ The Mood Science of Mental Health

Human's basic moods associated with her/his feeling state are examined in a Forensic Simulator. The simulator utilizes bio-feedback algorithms which use recorded hormonal measurement information as it's input which are taken from the mother during her menstrual\cycle. They are the specific recordings of the mother's LH hormonal temporal activity. As such they provide a baseline for this research. The quantification of mood's will be presented in the form of the dynamic motion of the LH state space variables as expressed in various coordinate frames of reference. At the time of conception, the mother experiences a wide variety of mood's ranging over the cycle from good to bad. As such this nominal 28 day cycle provides a fertile source of information as to the origin of moods. Conception is most likely to evolve either of two ways: a) with consent, or b) non-consent. In both cases, the health of the mother effects that of the child in the womb. Since the development of the human brain at the time of conception is virtual nonexistent, it is very probable that the moods of the mother during the pregnancy effects the child. Hence the feelings (mood science) of the mother provide circumstantial evidence of the child's mental health prior to birth. With the visual aid's that are obtainable from the Forensic Simulator the possibilities of incorporation of a subject into the “loop” completes the notion necessary for effective bio-feedback.

Listening to neutral or self-selected motivational music during warm-up to improve short-term maximal performance in soccer players: Effect of time of day

The present experiment examined the effects of listening to different types of music during warm-up on the diurnal variation of short-term maximal performance (STMP) in soccer players, using a 3 × 2 mixed design with factors “Condition” (warm-up with self-selected motivational-music (WUMM) vs. warm-up with neutral-music (WUNM) vs. warm-up without-music (WUWM) and “Time of Day” (07 h00 vs. 17 h00). In a random order, twelve male soccer players performed a 5-m shuttle run test after a 10 min of WUMM, a 10 min of WUNM and a 10 min WUWM at 07 h00 and 17 h00. The higher distance (HD) and total distance (TD) were measured during the test, and the rated perceived exertion (RPE) and the feelings states (FS) were obtained immediately after the warm-up and the test. The results revealed that HD and TD were higher at 17 h00 than 07 h00 in all conditions (p < .01). At 07 h00 and 17 h00, TD and HD were higher after WUMM and WUNM than WUWM and after WUMM than WUNM (p < .01). This improvement was greater at 07 h00 than 17 h00 (e.g., 6.97% vs. 5.26% for TD). Moreover, FS were more positive after WUNM than WUWM only at 07 h00, after WUMM than WUWM at the two time-of-day (p < .01), and after WUMM than WUNM at 17 h00 (p < .01). After the 5-m shuttle run test, FS were more negative and the RPE scores were higher with WUMM than WUWM at 07 h00 (p < .01). The findings suggested that STMP and feelings depend on types of music listened during a warm-up. A warm-up with self-selected motivational-music improves STMP and feelings at 07 h00 and 17 h00 with greater enhancement in the morning. However, a warm-up with neutral-music improves STMP and feelings only at 07 h00.