Feelings Of Worthlessness Research Articles

A Cross-Cultural Comparison of ICD-11 Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Networks in Austria, the United Kingdom, and Lithuania.

The 11th revision of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐11) includes a new disorder, complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). The network approach to psychopathology enables investigation of the structure of disorders at the symptom level, which allows for analysis of direct symptom interactions. The network structure of ICD‐11 CPTSD has not yet been studied, and it remains unclear whether similar networks replicate across different samples. We investigated the network models of four different trauma samples that included a total of 879 participants (M age = 47.17 years, SD = 11.92; 59.04% women) drawn from Austria, Lithuania, and Scotland and Wales in the United Kingdom. The International Trauma Questionnaire was used to assess symptoms of ICD‐11 CPTSD in all samples. The prevalence of PTSD and CPTSD ranged from 23.7% to 37.3% and from 9.3% to 53.1%, respectively. Regularized partial correlation networks were estimated and the resulting networks compared. Despite several differences in the symptom presentation and cultural background, the networks across the four samples were considerably similar, with high correlations between symptom profiles (ρs = .48–.87), network structures (ρs = .69–.75), and centrality estimates (ρs = .59–.82). These results support the replicability of CPTSD network models across different samples and provide further evidence about the robust structure of CPTSD. The most central symptom in all four sample‐specific networks and the overall network was “feelings of worthlessness.” Implications of the network approach in research and practice are discussed.

Karakteristik Ibu Yangmengalami Depresi Postpartum

In a condition, pregnancy is defined as a crisis condition so that the women experience various psychological disorder, one of that is depression. Depression during pregnancy can continue in the postpartum period. Postpartum depression is characterized by feeling of sadness, crying, anxiety, fear, feeling lonely, suspicious, decreased appetite, sleep disorder, difficulty concentrating, feeling of worthlessness, loss of hope, lack of interest in the baby, and feeling of being unable to become mother, even in some cases of hallucinations so that there is an attempt by mothers to divorce babies, themselves or others These symptoms appear after the second week postpartum and can even continue for up to 2 years. The incidence of postpartum depression in the world reaches 20%, Asia is 15-20%, Indonesia is 15-20% and Riau Province is 20%. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristic of mother who experience postpartum depression. This research is a descriptive study, with consecutive sampling technique, carried out on 24 postpartum women in Kecamatan Bangkinang Kota and 30 postpartum women in Kecamatan Kuok. Using demographic instrument and Edinburgh postpartum depression scale (EPDS). The result showed, some postpartum women were at the age of not risk (88.89%), primary-secondary (72.22%), not working (61.11%), parity is multipara (72.22%), number of children 0-4, never abortion (87.04%), wanted pregnancy (81.48%), gestational age is mature (79.63%), normal labor (87.04%) and 7 (12.96%) postpartum women experience postpartum depression. Depression experienced by postpartum women in Kecamatan Bangkinang Kota and Kecamatan Kuok is quite high, this is thought to be caused by factors of employment, educational degree, number of children and unwanted pregnancy.

The Increased Vulnerability of Refugee Population to Mental Health Disorders

Around the world, the number of refugees displaced by war or violence reaches over 19 million. Rates of mental health disorders, such as anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression were higher among refugee populations in comparison to the general population. This increased vulnerability has been linked to experiences prior to migration, such as war exposure and trauma. Additionally, anxiety and other mental health disorders can manifest due to stressors post-migration, such as separation anxiety and the added load of resettlement in a new country. In general, increased rates of these disorders remain prevalent in refugee populations long after resettlement; however, some studies have shown otherwise.1 In the Karenni refugees along the Burmese-Thai border, depression and anxiety rates (41% and 42%, respectively) were higher than the average rates of depression and anxiety among the general US population (7% and 10%, respectively).2 These rates have been linked to traumatic events like violence, harassment, and a lack of basic needs. Moreover, the mental health of refugees is thought to be distinct from the experiences of other traumatized populations, such as veterans and sexual assault victims, due to their unique traumatic experiences as well as acculturative stress that follows the resettlement process, which features entirely new settings, practices, and a lack of familiar support systems.3 Furthermore, this population showed a correlation of depression and anxiety disorders with post-resettlement hardships in regards to finding employment and adapting to a new environment culturally and linguistically. In another population, 82.6% of Cambodian refugees residing in a refugee camp on the Thailand-Cambodia border self-reported depression. Fifty-five percent were confirmed by the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist to have experienced symptoms of major depression.2 Symptoms of depression include changes in weight, sleep pattern, exhibiting a depressed mood for much of a day, a loss of interest in activities, lack of energy, feelings of worthlessness and guilt almost daily, lack of focus, and recurrent thoughts of death and suicide, which can include attempting or creating plans for suicide. Symptoms of PTSD include intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal. PTSD typically is associated with traumatic experiences. These traumatic events can include experiencing war, being held prisoner/hostage, torture and physical violence, death of a loved one, serious accidents/explosions, sexual harassment, and serious illness. Symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder include restlessness, irritability, fatigue, excessive worrying, having trouble relaxing, sleeping, and focusing.4 The current refugee demographic is a highly heterogeneous group, however, there has been an increase of refugees from Arabic speaking countries in recent years.5 Europe, in particular, has seen a large increase of asylum applicants from Arabic speaking countries, the most frequent being Syria (35.9% of applications) and Iraq (6.9% of applications). Despite the growth of Arabic speaking refugees, few studies have investigated the mental health of these populations in recent years. The large variations in results show that the refugee population is a diverse group. Complications in studies that inhibit direct comparison between refugee populations include the use of different psychometric instruments to measure mental health.5 Another factor that could promote the symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety is acculturative stress. While trauma related to war negatively impacts mental health, the effects of acculturative stress on mental health among refugees resettled in Australia and Austria demonstrated that stress which accompanies the migration process can have similar effects.6 One cause of these stressors is acculturation, the process of integrating into a new culture while also maintaining one’s origin culture and identity. This process is dependent on the attitudes of both the migrant and host groups. There are inconsistencies present in existing studies investigating the effects of acculturation on mental health; however, acculturative stress in migration has been identified as a mental health risk factor.6 The purpose of this review was to investigate the relationship between refugee populations and their increased vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety disorders. This study also examined the factors before, during, and after the migration process associated with increased vulnerability of refugees to mental health disorders.

The replicability of ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder symptom networks in adults.

The ICD-11 includes a new disorder, complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). A network approach to CPTSD will enable investigation of the structure of the disorder at the symptom level, which may inform the development of treatments that target specific symptoms to accelerate clinical outcomes.AimsWe aimed to test whether similar networks of ICD-11 CPTSD replicate across culturally different samples and to investigate possible differences, using a network analysis. We investigated the network models of four nationally representative, community-based cross-sectional samples drawn from Germany, Israel, the UK, and the USA (total N = 6417). CPTSD symptoms were assessed with the International Trauma Questionnaire in all samples. Only those participants who reported significant functional impairment by CPTSD symptoms were included (N = 1591 included in analysis; mean age 43.55 years, s.d. 15.10, range 14-99, 67.7% women). Regularised partial correlation networks were estimated for each sample and the resulting networks were compared. Despite differences in traumatic experiences, symptom severity and symptom profiles, the networks were very similar across the four countries. The symptoms within dimensions were strongly associated with each other in all networks, except for the two symptom indicators assessing aspects of affective dysregulation. The most central symptoms were 'feelings of worthlessness' and 'exaggerated startle response'. The structure of CPTSD symptoms appears very similar across countries. Addressing symptoms with the strongest associations in the network, such as negative self-worth and startle reactivity, will likely result in rapid treatment response.Declaration of interestA.M. and M.C. were members of the World Health Organization (WHO) ICD-11 Working Group on the Classification of Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress, reporting to the WHO International Advisory Group for the Revision of ICD-10 Mental and Behavioural Disorders. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official policies or positions of the International Advisory Group or the WHO.

Acupuncture versus Western medicine drugs (antidepressant) to treat depression

The aim of the study is to assess the beneficial effects of acupuncture compared with Western medicine in treating patientswith depression. Depression is a serious psychiatric illness that involves symptoms such as depressed or sad mood, loss ofinterest or pleasure in activities, changes in weight, difficult sleep or oversleeping, energy loss, feelings of worthlessness, psychomotorchanges, and thoughts of death or suicide. Acupuncture and Western medicine have been widely used to treat the patient with depression. The following electronic databases were searched: The Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials (Central),MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, PsycINFO, and PUBMED. The summary of this report was evaluated by using the Preferred Reporting Itemsfor Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Checklist. Sixty-four journals on acupuncture, Western medicine drugs (antidepressant),and containing both in treating depression were identified and included in this review. In term of Western medicine, antidepressant may helpthe ego function in short term, and for long-term using, it may cause the patient to become addictive toward the drug. Acupuncture is relativelysafe to use and proven significantly effective to treat the depression and less side effect for long term used by the patient. Currentevidence from this summary literature review shows that acupuncture and Western medicine (antidepressant) drugs can treat depression. However, acupuncture therapies almost give none of side effect compared to antidepressant, and every patient with depression can try acupuncture notexcluding the pregnant woman.

Post Marital Depression among Women

Marriage, for women in a patriarchal society is an enormous transitional process. Being the centre of attention in her house is not valued much after her marriage and that is what all women can relate to. She juggles with new responsibilities and expectations which is quite overwhelming for her. But with the feelings of worthlessness and feeling trapped and bound in loveless and thankless bond, sets in depression. Depression is a state of mind producing serious, long term lowering of enjoyment of life or inability to visualize a happy future. Therefore, this study aims to find out the level of depression among women in relation to various factors of life which can examine their experience of well-being in their marriage life so far. A self-prepared questionnaire was developed to assess the level of post marital depression among women, the samples were selected randomly from Coimbatore city and the total number of participants were 66 married women. Self-prepared questionnaire on post marital depression was constructed to asses their level of depression. Results revealed that young aged women experienced higher post marital depression due to new family life, high expectations from in law's and husbands and managing home and work and managing children. But the study did not observe any significant difference among working and non-working women's post marital depression.

Situational low self-esteem nursing diagnosis in people with an ostomy: a diagnostic accuracy study.

To verify the accuracy of the defining characteristics of the situational low self-esteem nursing diagnosis in people with an ostomy. A cross-sectional and descriptive study developed in two stages. The first stage was performed with 90 people with an ostomy, and a descriptive analysis of the collected data was performed. In the second phase, diagnostic inference was verified with nursing judges. The situational low self-esteem nursing diagnosis frequency was low (23.3%). Among the defining characteristics, self-deprecating verbalizations (33.3%), indecisive behavior (28.8%) and non-assertive behavior (26.1%) prevailed. The most sensitive were indecisive behavior (71.0%) and expressing feelings of worthlessness (71.0%). It was observed that the situational low self-esteem nursing diagnosis can be identified in people with an ostomy, and that there are defining characteristics in this diagnosis which better predict and increase the chance of its occurrence. In this sense, the importance of nursing care in the adaptation process and self-esteem is emphasized.

Trabalho, tempo livre e aposentadoria: categorias coexistentes dentro do processo de envelhecimento

Trabalho e aposentadoria são temas recorrentes no cenário das pesquisas no Brasil, notadamente devido à elevação da expectativa de vida, que possibilitou aos indivíduos um tempo logo após a aposentadoria que necessita ser visto, compreendido e explorado. Este artigo objetiva discutir sobre três categorias que envolvem o idoso no séc. XXI - Trabalho, Tempo Livre e Aposentadoria – mediante desenvolvimento de pesquisa de natureza bibliográfica em livros e artigos correlatos ao assunto. Obteve-se que o trabalho pode ser compreendido de forma positiva e negativa e que a maneira como o idoso vive reflete em uma aposentadoria com significados agradáveis ou desagradáveis - tempo livre que alguns até desejam, enquanto outros temem, pelo sentimento de inutilidade e abandono que suscita. Conclui-se que o estar aposentado no séc. XXI envolve uma gama de interpretações e o simbolismo individual desse tempo de forma peculiar, influenciado pela sua história de vida.

The varying burden of depressive symptoms across adulthood: Results from six NHANES cohorts.

Depressive symptoms differ from each other in the degree of functional impairment they cause. The incidence of depression varies across the adult lifespan. We examined whether age moderates the impairment caused by depressive symptoms. The study sample (n = 21,056) was adults drawn from six multistage probability samples from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey series (NHANES, years 2005-2016) conducted in the United States using cross-sectional, representative cohorts. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). We used regression models to predict high functional impairment, while controlling for sociodemographic variables and physical disorders. Age moderated the association between depressive symptoms and functional impairment: middle-aged adults perceived moderate and severe symptoms as more impairing than did others. Older adults reported slightly higher impairment due to mild symptoms. The individual symptoms of low mood, feelings of worthlessness and guilt, and concentration difficulties were more strongly related to high impairment in mid-adulthood as compared to early and late adulthood. Cross-sectional data allows only between-person comparisons. The PHQ-9 is brief and joins compound symptoms into single items. There was no information available concerning comorbid mental disorders. Co-occurring physical disorders were self-reported. Symptoms of depression may imply varying levels of impairment at different ages. The results suggest a need for age adjustments when estimating the functional impact of depression in the general population. Additionally, they show a need for more accurate assessments of depression-related impairment at older ages. Evidence-based programs may generally benefit from symptom- and age-specific findings.

General Health Status of Women Beedi Workers in Mysuru City

The present study is an attempt to find out the health status of the beedi workers representing unorganized sector of Mysuru. A total of 900 respondents were selected from eight different areas of Mysuru. Based on the availability of respondents and the majority of contribution from female employees who are home based beedi workers. The tools used for the study were General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) which identifies minor psychiatric problems such as depression, sleeplessness, anxiety, feelings of worthlessness, insecurity, pessimism and suicidal tendencies. The results revealed that the whole 53.3% of the selected beedi workers sample expressed somatic symptoms, 51.9% of them expressed anxiety, 42.6% of them were suffering from social dysfunction and 32.8% of them had severe depression. Area of the beedi workers had significant influence over somatic symptoms, where respondents from Udayagiri expressed highest somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and severe depression too. Respondents from Kesare expressed lesser GHQ symptoms of somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and severe depression.

The event of death: Reflections on the dynamics of emotions and embodied resistance in the Moroccan Contexts of hirak (movement) and la hirak ((non)movement)

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the role of emotions in creating spectacular revolt situations. We underline the travelling competence of sentiments and their power in crafting trans-local moments of embodied resistance. In contemporary Moroccan society, the adaptation of the Bouazizian style of protest has been a reaction to the prevailing feelings of worthlessness gripping the common citizen. The images of wasted beings in the post-2011 atmosphere have been associated with instances of social insurgence, by individuals who attempt self-immolation, or citizens treated by figures from the centre (e.g. police, public figures) in a way that inculcate in them powerful feelings of abjection, after which they feel irreparably delinked from their sense of humanity. This paper seeks to demonstrate how practices of al-hogra (humiliation) have produced cultural forms of abjection that could also be traced in the way common people inferiorize one another in everyday life through the use of a terminology of trash. By disclosing people’s non-subtle armaments of protest (i.e. self-immolation), we contend that resistance and its various trances, as well as the emotions that prompt them, have their origin in the reality of the body, realistic visions of the body owner and his/her awareness of the potential for realization (through it). Hence we will examine how vulnerable people manipulate the three conditions of corporeality, corporealism and corporealization, to subvert the humiliation and symptoms of social death imposed on them by the regime.

The latent structure of major depressive symptoms and its relationship with somatic disorder symptoms among Filipino female domestic workers in China

Emerging research have investigated the factor structure of major depressive disorder (MDD) symptoms based on DSM-5 nomenclature. However, to date, results have been inconsistent on what symptom-structure best represent MDD. This study examines the best fitting MDD among four competing models in a sample of overseas Filipino domestic helpers (N = 232). The results show that a two-factor model (Model 2b; Krause etal., 2010) provided the best fit. The model consist of two factors: somatic and non-somatic/affective symptoms. Somatic component includes sleep difficulties, fatigue, appetite changes, concentration difficulties, and psychomotor agitation/retardation while non-somatic/affective component covers anhedonia, depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness, and thoughts of death. Further, the results reveal a pattern where PHQ-15 somatic symptom-items have a higher significant relationship with MDD's somatic symptoms than with the MDD's non-somatic/affective symptoms. These findings suggest that the items of model 2b are appropriately embedded in their respective factors. Differentiating MDD factors have important clinical implications, particularly in the diagnosis and treatment of depression among overseas Filipino domestic helpers.

Coming to terms with oneself: a mixed methods approach to perceived self-esteem of adult survivors of childhood maltreatment in foster care settings

BackgroundA broad range of psychopathological sequelae was found in adult survivors of institutional childhood maltreatment (IM). Childhood maltreatment is also associated with lower self–esteem (SE). In previous qualitative research, adult survivors of IM reported feelings of worthlessness and self-doubts, but research on IM and its associations with SE is still scarce.MethodTo investigate the emotional facet of SE in 46 adult survivors of IM in foster care settings provided by the City of Vienna we used the Emotional SE subscale of the Multidimensional Self-Esteem Scale (‘Multidimensionale Selbstwertskala’, MSWS) and applied a semi-structured interview with open-ended questions. Qualitative data were analyzed with thematic analysis. Finally, qualitative and quantitative data were merged in a mixed method approach to detect similarities and differences between both assessment modalities.ResultsFindings showed a significantly lower emotional SE level (MSWS) in adult survivors compared to a norm sample. Qualitative findings revealed five main themes reporting positive and negative emotions and attitudes towards oneself. Merged data showed a tendency of more positive attitudes and emotions within participants with higher emotional SE levels and more negative attitudes within participants with lower levels. No gender differences were found in both data sets.ConclusionsIM seems to predict lower emotional SE. Observed qualitative aspects of emotional SE seem to concur with symptoms of disturbances in self-organization (DSO) that are typically present in persons suffering from Complex PTSD. Considering emotional SE in future research could facilitate the understanding of the sequelae of complex trauma.

Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents.

In this study, we determined the current prevalence of depressive symptoms in adolescents in Germany. A sample of 1001 adolescents aged 12 to 17 that was representative for Germany was surveyed in August and September 2017 through telephone interviews about depressive symptoms in the two weeks leading up to the interview and about the subjects' psychosocial features. The instrument that was used, called DesTeen, includes questions about depressed mood, loss of interest, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, guilt feelings, and cognitive symptoms. Prevalences could be estimated and associated factors could be determined in a subset comprising 988 of the original 1001 subjects (mean age 14.58 years, 48.4% female). The estimated point prevalence of depressive symptoms (summated DesTeen score ≥ 14) in adolescents aged 12 to 17 was 8.2% (95% confidence interval [6.5; 9.9]). Girls (11.6% [95% CI 8.8; 14.4]) were more commonly affected than boys (5.0% [95% CI 3.1; 6.9]), and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). Depressive symptoms were more common with female sex, older age, poorer scholastic performance, lower interpersonal trust, more negative body image, more problematic use of social media or computer games, and lower family functioning. A multivariable regression model explained approximately one-third of the variation among groups (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.35). A substantial percentage of German adolescents suffers from depres - sive symptoms. This study was the first to show certain associations, such as that between depressive symptoms in adolescence and the problematic use of social media in German youth.

Factors and Prevalence of Depression in Students at Iran’s Urmia University of Medical Sciences

Background: Depression is characterized by decreased tendency to work, reduced pleasure from work, increased or decreased weight, increased or decreased appetite, insomnia or narcolepsy, irritability, fatigue, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, feelings of guilt, reduced ability to concentrate and think, and thoughts of suicide or actual suicide attempts. In this 2016 study, we examined the factors and prevalence of depression in students at Urmia University of Medical Sciences in Urmia, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 students. Data were collected through the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II): a 21- item standard questionnaire in multiple-choice format to evaluate depression. The questionnaires were distributed randomly by trained students over a period of 5 months. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 19 software and by descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, logistic regression models, and the chi-squared test. Results: The mean BDI score was 14.67 ± 11.30. Of the study population, 278 (69.8%) were men and 120 (30.2%) were women. In terms of depression, 40.2% of the students were in the normal range and had no depression, 23.6% were slightly depressed, and 18.3% were partially depressed. Also, 6.03% of students had severe depression, and 3.51% of students had very severe depression. No statistically signi cant relationship was observed between depression and sex (P = 0.11). However, signi cant relationships were observed between depression and education level (P = 0.001), smoking history (P = 0.001), and age (P = 0.023). P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically signi cant. Conclusion: The prevalence of different degrees of depression in the plurality of students at Urmia University of Medical Sciences necessitates the development and institution of psychological training classes.

Severe depression; psychotic symptoms in ages from 20 to 40 years

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; depression is identified as a mental health problem that comes with a very high risk of suicide, this work refers to the "severe depression; psychotic symptoms in ages from 20 to 40 years; In a study carried out in an ideal place for the subject to be treated, it is the same that corresponds to the study of the patients of the 2010-2015 period, the objective is to establish the psychotic characteristics in depression in patients from 20 to 40 years in the Institute of Neurosciences of the city of Guayaquil in the period 2010- 2015, through the analysis of medical records so that suicide can be prevented, whose compliance is followed with application of the methodology for quantitative-qualitative research, of a non-experimental design , cross-sectional, with an observational method to analyze medical records of the 182 patients that make up a population of 700 patients who are treated at the Institute of Neurosciences. The inclusion of the present psychotic symptoms of both sexes and in ages between 20 and 40 years was estimated. Highlighting the results that could be verified the hypothesis posed, to "Determine the characteristics of psychotic symptoms would allow working with patients with severe depression to prevent suicide. It was concluded that a greater presence of hallucinations such as psychotic symptoms and a depressed mood causes weight loss, insomnia, psychomotor retardation, feelings of worthlessness or guilt and recurring thoughts of death or suicidal ideation. What should be encouraged to society to commit to their contribution so that this problem is not increased.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Assessing the Psychological Well-being and Coping Mechanisms of Law Enforcement Investigators vs. Digital Forensic Examiners of Child Pornography Investigations

Previous research indicates law enforcement investigators and digital forensic examiners working child exploitation cases are at an increased risk for experiencing psychological distress; however, the roles of digital forensic examiners and investigators often overlap substantially when working child pornography cases. Thus, the current study was the first to compare the psychological well-being, job satisfaction, coping mechanisms, and attitudes toward mental health services for individuals working as either digital forensic examiners and/or investigators of child pornography cases. Law enforcement officers were solicited from the Internet Crimes Against Children task force listserv, and based on their current self-reported duties, 20 were classified as digital forensic examiners-only, 71 as investigators-only, and 38 as both digital forensic examiners and investigators of cases involving Internet child pornography. Results showed significant differences between groups; individuals performing both duties scored significantly higher on secondary traumatic stress, higher on feelings of worthlessness, and lower on concentration compared to digital forensic examiners-only. Individuals performing both duties also reported significantly lower scores on job satisfaction compared to investigators-only. Finally, individuals working both duties were significantly more likely to know someone who sought counseling as a result of work-related stress. The study’s mental health implications and future research suggestions are discussed.

Approche qualitative de l’éprouvé au Jardin de Soins. Une étude exploratoire en Psychiatrie de l’Adulte

In Adult Psychiatry, the Healing Garden seems today an innovative therapeutic mediation aimed likely take part in the recovery of severe patients. The therapeutic effect would depend on several bound mechanisms, in keeping with our fundamental relation with the natural environment and socio-relational purposes supported by a nonintrusive support of low complexity. Formal scientific clinical studies began in psychiatry in reactive disorders. We want to consolidate the clinical impressions accumulated in practice care in the suffering hospitalized adult of a severe pathology, through a pilot study of a qualitative type using the content analysis of interviews in a short form. The method consists of exploring elements of their comments through a feedback of personal experiences within a small group of patients to identify recurring and shared issues. Then, a structural synthesis of central elements of described experience aims at understanding the patient unique experience meanwhile and perceive the meaning for them. We began the investigation with 7 patients. The clinical evaluation was based on a semi structured interview lasting 20–30minutes with the help of an interview guide collecting experience. The personal experience of the patient once re-written has been analyzed. The first step of qualitative data confirms the assumption of a device of care supporting the process of recovery, the benefit in a reduction of perception of symptoms of the disease, the impression to get back on their feet, the interest of a differently perceived relation with caregivers, the advantage of a resumption of the power to act, and the recognition of the importance of the support from others. Therefore patients state a re-start of their physical or psychic energy. It can be understood with the support of the group as well as the direct effects of the vegetal, or more, with discovering new possibilities to enable them to rebound back into daily life. Then, they can describe that whenever the caregiver goes to the same level as the patient in charge, and that he agrees to be taught and surprised by what the other knows, he restores on a making-together method a failing self-esteem. This feeling of self-efficiency, highlighted by human interaction with a newly renamed caregiver, enables people to get past feeling stigmatized even if this feeling is unfortunately deeply buried in the person. If the feeling of worthlessness and impossibility to change give way to a slightest action, a dynamic settles down. It enables the patient to get aware that it can act and influence on its environment, like the others. As a result, the feeling of inadequacy decreases and even the slightest result enable to recover self-confidence thanks to a positive environment. It doesn’t take much for them to realize they can act and widen their experience to other areas of their lives. The feeling of the ability to act by themselves comes back. Finally the relationship with others seems a key element in the Healing Garden. It can be shared between peers, between caregivers and patients, between the relationships of these people with the rest of society. The matter is the acceptance of its own abilities even if they are diminished. This perspective cannot be separated from the above mentioned elements: The achievement is team work and overtake individual boundaries. It allows the patient. It is the feedback of society over creation and work performed. The feeling of self-efficiency created by the pride they can feel is reward and may lead to other achievement. To conclude, we propose to consider the thematic emergence of the experience of the concept of vitality as spring action in the real in front of others as echo in a psychopathologic tradition dedicated to the existential comprehension of disorders. The implementation of a healing garden in the psychiatric fields comes as a response of our survey and sustains the patients differently. The originality is in that patients acquire resources from the environment, in a dynamic recovery. So we suggest offering this mediation as soon as possible to curb the spread of their illness. We would like to see this pilot survey taking part in structuring relevant dimensions and new researches.

UTILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT ANIMAL MODELS OF DEPRESSION

Depression is one of the most debilitating medical conditions in the world today, yet its etiologies remain imprecise, and current treatments are not wholly helpful. Depression is more than just a feeling of sadness. Depression can affect the daily routine of an individual disrupting work, play, and overall ability to concentrate. People with depression usually experience a lack of interest and enjoyment in daily activities, notable weight loss or gain, sleeplessness or excessive sleeping, lack of energy, inability to concentrate, feelings of worthlessness or shame, and recurrent thoughts of suicide (diagnostic and statistical manual-V). It is projected to be the second leading cause of disability worldwide by 2020. It is estimated that depression currently affects 350 million people from around the world. There are a number of drugs of different pharmacological classes being used in the treatment of clinical depression. Animal models are indispensable tools in the search to identify new antidepressant drugs and to provide insights into the neuropathology that underlies the idiopathic disease state of depression. Animal models of depression can be used for a variety of purposes, including use as a tool for investigating aspects of the neurobiology and pathophysiology of depression, as an experimental model for studying the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs and for screening antidepressant activity. None of existing animal models currently fulfil the existing criteria for an ideal animal model, and therefore, demands an insight view of the existing models of depression. This article attempts to review the most widely used animal models and highlights their important features with respect to different pharmacological classes of antidepressant drugs.

An Introduction to Network Psychometrics: Relating Ising Network Models to Item Response Theory Models

ABSTRACTIn recent years, network models have been proposed as an alternative representation of psychometric constructs such as depression. In such models, the covariance between observables (e.g., symptoms like depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness, and guilt) is explained in terms of a pattern of causal interactions between these observables, which contrasts with classical interpretations in which the observables are conceptualized as the effects of a reflective latent variable. However, few investigations have been directed at the question how these different models relate to each other. To shed light on this issue, the current paper explores the relation between one of the most important network models—the Ising model from physics—and one of the most important latent variable models—the Item Response Theory (IRT) model from psychometrics. The Ising model describes the interaction between states of particles that are connected in a network, whereas the IRT model describes the probability distribution associated with item responses in a psychometric test as a function of a latent variable. Despite the divergent backgrounds of the models, we show a broad equivalence between them and also illustrate several opportunities that arise from this connection.