Feeling Of Sickness Research Articles

Variability in COVID-19 symptom presentation during pregnancy and its impact on maternal and infant outcomes across the pandemic

BackgroundWith the dominance of different SARS-CoV-2 variants, the severity of COVID-19 has evolved. We aimed to investigate the difference in symptom prevalence and the association between symptoms and adverse pregnancy outcomes during the dominance of Wild-type/Alpha, Delta, and Omicron. MethodsCOVID-19 related symptom prevalence, maternal and specific neonatal outcomes of 5431 pregnant women registered in this prospective study were compared considering the dominant virus variant. Logistic regression models analyzed the association between specific symptoms and intensive care unit (ICU) admission or preterm birth. ResultsInfection with the Delta variant led to an increase in the symptom burden compared to the Wild-type/Alpha variant and the highest risk for respiratory tract symptoms, feeling of sickness, headache, and dizziness/drowsiness. An infection with the Omicron variant was associated with the lowest risk of dyspnea and changes in smell/taste but the highest risk for nasal obstruction, expectoration, headaches, myalgia, and fatigue compared to the Wild-type/Alpha and Delta variant dominant periods. With the progression of the Wild-type/Alpha to the Delta variant neonatal outcomes worsened. Dyspnea and fever were strong predictors for maternal ICU admission and preterm birth independent of vaccination status or trimester of infection onset. ConclusionThe symptom burden increased during the Delta period and was associated with worse pregnancy outcomes than in the Wild-type/Alpha area. During the Omicron dominance there still was a high prevalence of less severe symptoms. Dyspnea and fever can predict a severe maternal illness.

Clinical Manifestations of Infections with the Omicron Sub-Lineages BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5: A Retrospective Follow-Up Analysis of Public Health Data from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.

The Omicron variants BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5 caused several waves of SARS-CoV-2 in Germany in 2022. In this comparative study, public health data on SARS-CoV-2 infections from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany, between January and October 2022 were examined retrospectively using Pearson's chi-squared tests and Fisher's exact tests for testing for statistical significance. Compared to BA.5 infections, BA.1 and BA.2 infections affected younger individuals aged up to 19 years significantly more often, whereas BA.5 infections occurred significantly more frequently in patients between 40 and 59 years of age when compared to BA.1 and BA.2. Infections with all three variants predominantly caused flu-like symptoms; nevertheless, there were significant differences between the reported symptoms of BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5 infections. Especially, the symptoms of 'fever', 'severe feeling of sickness', 'loss of taste', and 'loss of smell' were significantly more often present in patients with BA.5 infections compared to BA.1 and BA.2 cases. Additionally, BA.2 and BA.5 cases reported significantly more often the symptoms of 'runny nose' and 'cough' than BA.1-infected cases. Our findings indicate remarkable differences in the clinical presentations among the sub-lineages, especially in BA.5 infections. Furthermore, the study demonstrates a powerful tool to link epidemiological data with genetic data in order to investigate their potential impact on public health.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT EFL STUDENTS' DIFFICULTY IN READING COMPREHENSION

This study aims to discover the internal factors that affect EFL students' difficulty in reading comprehension. The research participants in this study were five English as Foreign Language (EFL) students who could not achieve the grade standard in a Reading class at the English Language Education Program (ELEP) in a small town in Central Java. The Interviews were used as the instruments to collect the data. In the interview, 5 participants were asked about the internal factors that affected students' difficulties in reading comprehension. The thematic analysis revealed that students' difficulty in reading comprehension is affected by two primary internal factors. The first factor pertains to students' ability, encompassing their grammatical and vocabulary knowledge in English. The second factor encompasses students’ perceptions including feelings of interest, boredom, anxiety, sickness, and personal problems.

Attitudes and Barriers to Physical Activity and Exercise Self-Efficacy Among Chinese Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Most pregnant women do not reach the recommendation for physical activity (PA). As a subcategory of PA, exercise is also essential. Evidence on pregnant women's attitudes and barriers to PA and exercise self-efficacy in China is scarce. To explore the levels and influencing factors of attitudes and barriers to PA and exercise self-efficacy among pregnant women. A cross-sectional study of 311 pregnant women was conducted from August to December 2022. Individual characteristics, pregnant women's attitudes toward exercise, barriers to prenatal PA and exercise, and exercise self-efficacy were measured using the self-designed demographic questionnaire, pregnant women's attitudes toward exercise questionnaire, barriers to prenatal PA and exercise questionnaire, and the pregnancy exercise self-efficacy scale, respectively. More than 90% of pregnant women believed exercise benefits themselves and their babies, and 40.8% of pregnant women did not know how to exercise. Women encounter different types of barriers to PA and exercise. Intrapersonal barriers included the proportion of feelings of tiredness (56.6%), low energy (54.7%), lack of interest or motivation (49.2%), feelings of illness and morning sickness (46.6%), and large body weight (43.7%). Interpersonal barriers included pregnant women being advised to avoid PA and exercise (49.2%), lack of clear advice about the intensity and dose of exercise (41.8%), no one to exercise with (38.9%), and lack of advice from healthcare professionals (38.6%). Weather conditions were the most significant environmental barriers (41.2%). The total score of pregnancy exercise self-efficacy was (38.50±7.33). Education level, parity, and attitudes toward exercise independently predict pregnant women's attitudes toward exercise, barriers to prenatal PA and exercise, and exercise self-efficacy, respectively. Pregnant women have a favorable attitude toward exercise and relatively good exercise self-efficacy but lack knowledge of exercise. They face numerous barriers. Medical professionals should encourage pregnant women with lower levels of education to exercise and assist multipara in overcoming obstacles.

Tuberculosis as an infectious disease and its prevalence in society current status

Since the beginning of recorded history, tuberculosis has been and continues to be a major health concern all over the world. Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that is caused by bacteria that are passed from person to person through the air. In the past 15 years, the number of new cases of TB as well as the number of deaths has been declining. However, TB is still a very serious condition. The lungs are the most common target of tuberculosis infection; nevertheless, the disease can attack and harm any region of the body, including the brain, kidneys, or spine. Some of the general signs of tuberculosis disease include feelings of sickness or weakness, loss of weight, fever, and sweating at night. In addition to coughing, chest pain, and blood in the sputum, other symptoms of tuberculosis lung illness may include: Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis, The treatment of tuberculosis disease includes the use of various medications, each of which must be taken for a period ranging from six months to nine months (or even longer in the case of drug-resistant TB), depending on the chosen regimen.

Immersive Virtual-Reality System for Aircraft Maintenance Education: A Case Study

Aircraft maintenance is a highly relevant procedure in many industries, yet obtaining qualified personnel to carry it out is a difficult task. Training in such techniques is complex and requires access to facilities and materials that are not readily available. Virtual reality can be a tool to improve this situation. This paper presents the whole process of design, development, and evaluation of a virtual environment that allows users to perform some of the main tasks required in aircraft maintenance after landing or for take-off. By following a user-centered design methodology and the Octalysis framework to apply motivation and engagement techniques, a gamified virtual environment was developed that allows the user to practice specific aircraft maintenance techniques. The environment was tested by users of different profiles who answered questionnaires to evaluate the perceived gamification, usability, and the feeling of sickness from the experience. The analysis of the data corroborates the good performance of the VR environment in these fields.

Perceptions of health and illness among older Hispanic adults.

Understanding perceptions of health and illness among older Hispanic adults is vital for nurses when designing effective health promotion programs. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of health and illness and how health was maintained during times of illness. This inductive qualitative descriptive study used a single focus group with interviews over three sessions. All eight members of the focus group were Spanish-speaking, older adults living in the community. Immersion/crystallization and editing analytic styles were used to analyze the data. Participants were parishioners at a local church and knew each other from participating in community events. Perceptions of health mainly focused on both the absence of illness and physical limitations. Maintaining health included a healthy lifestyle and being physically active; however, food was central to maintaining health. Perceptions of illness were described as "feelings of sickness" such as sadness and worry. Dealing with illness was equated with physical limitations, with strategies suggested, including going to the doctor, preparing natural and folk remedies, spirituality, and support from family and friends. Nurses have an important role in assessing the health management strategies of older Hispanic adults and need to incorporate the older adults' understanding of health and illness into their plan of care.

Study protocol-Evoked craving in high-dose benzodiazepine users.

Benzodiazepine (BDZ) abuse, especially concerning high doses of BDZs, is an impairing substance use disorder (SUD) that is often difficult to treat. Craving and cue reactivity (CR) are two important phenomena that have a prominent role in maintaining addiction and triggering relapses in BDZ abuse; nevertheless, they have rarely been addressed in scientific literature. The present study aims to fill these gaps by implementing a highly innovative virtual reality (VR) design to assess the impact of substance-related environmental cues on BDZ craving, as well as their influence on patients’ affective states. Therefore, on one hand, this research will contribute to the assessment of VR feasibility in the study of these phenomena, and, on the other, it will help disentangle the role that CR and craving have on mood and attention, which are equally important factors to consider when treating SUDs. We will recruit a healthy control group and a patient group comprising people seeking treatment for BDZ detoxification. The experimental design will consist of the presentation of three VR scenarios, one neutral, one BDZ-related but without BDZ cues, and another with BDZ cues. The craving will be measured through a virtual analog scale (VAS); the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Alcohol Attention Scale (AAS) questionnaires in a modified version will also be administered. We will additionally control for VR-induced feelings of sickness by administering the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ), and the Presence Questionnaire (PQ) will be used to investigate participants’ sense of presence in virtual environments. We expect patients to exhibit higher levels of craving, and that the craving will be higher after exposure to a cue-related virtual environment as compared to a neutral scenario.

Overdose symptoms and positive affect in never-established smokers are moderated by nicotine patch type: A between-subjects experimental investigation

Background: A growing number of studies have assessed the effects of acute nicotine on affect, cognition, and brain activity in never-established smokers in attempts to identify mechanisms by which nicotine promotes progression to dependence. However, these acute administration studies have not adequately addressed the problem of potential adverse side effects due to lack of tolerance, such as nausea, feelings of sickness, lightheadedness, and general negative affect and malaise – a term referred to as nicotine overdose events (NODEs). Thus, we report the first study to carefully characterize the prevalence, intensity, and effects of NODEs in never-established-smokers after acute nicotine administration. Methods: We compared the subjective effects of two different 7 mg nicotine patches that have different pharmacokinetics on never-established smokers (n = 67). One patch produces gradual increases in blood nicotine and the other produces more rapid increases in blood nicotine. Results: The findings suggest that in never-smokers, the lowest dose (7 mg) of rapid blood nicotine-rise patches are associated with a high prevalence of NODEs (45.83%) and decreased positive affect (PA) (54.17%) compared to a placebo patch (8.34% for NODEs and 33.34% for PA). The slow-rise patch did not significantly affect nicotine overdose symptoms or PA. Conclusions: Fast blood-rise nicotine patches may not be an ecologically valid method of nicotine delivery to never-smokers, while slow-rise nicotine patches, lower dose, and self-paced dosing may be more appropriate in this population. Findings also highlight the importance of the careful assessment of NODES in this population.

UNDERSTANDING MOTION SICKNESS THROUGH AYURVEDA: A REVIEW

In the present era, so many newly formed diseases are not explained in ayurvedic classics. Motion sickness is one such kind. It is a sick feeling triggered by movement. Anukta vyadhi siddhanta is one of the principles of the Ayurveda, which gives us the directions to understand the newly formed diseases. Unsaid diseases can be studied based on the etiological factors and their pathogenesis. Though Motion sickness is not explained in Ayurveda Samhita, our Samhitas has explained how to learn, diagnose and treat such diseases. In this article, an attempt has been made to apply the knowledge of Anukta vyadhi in the context of Motion sickness.

Development and evaluation of a VR research tool to study wayfinding behaviour in a multi-story building

Although understanding wayfinding behaviour in complex buildings is important to ensure pedestrian safety, the state of the art predominantly investigated pedestrian movement in simplified environments. This paper presents a Virtual Reality tool – WayR, that is designed to investigate pedestrian wayfinding behaviour in a multi-story building under both normal and emergency situations. WayR supports free navigation and collects pedestrian walking trajectories, head movements and gaze points automatically. To evaluate WayR, a VR experiment consists of four wayfinding assignments were conducted. The validity and usability of WayR are evaluated using objective measures (i.e., route choice, evacuation exit choice, wayfinding performance, and observation behaviour) and subjective measures (i.e., realism, feeling of presence, system usability, and simulation sickness). Analysis of the objective measures indicates that participants’ wayfinding behaviour in VR matches with findings in the literature. Moreover, we found that overall participants behaved significantly different across wayfinding assignments with increasing complexity. Furthermore, the results of subjective measures indicate a high degree of realism, immersion, usability, and low level of sickness of WayR. Overall, the results demonstrated the face validity, content validity, construct validity and usability of WayR as a research tool to study wayfinding behaviour in a complex multi-story building.

Understanding the Central Nervous System Symptoms of Rotavirus: A Qualitative Review.

This qualitative review on rotavirus infection and its complications in the central nervous system (CNS) aims to understand the gut–brain mechanisms that give rise to CNS driven symptoms such as vomiting, fever, feelings of sickness, convulsions, encephalitis, and encephalopathy. There is substantial evidence to indicate the involvement of the gut–brain axis in symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. The underlying mechanisms are, however, not rotavirus specific, they represent evolutionarily conserved survival mechanisms for protection against pathogen entry and invasion. The reviewed studies show that rotavirus can exert effects on the CNS trough nervous gut–brain communication, via the release of mediators, such as the rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4, which stimulates neighboring enterochromaffin cells in the intestine to release serotonin and activate both enteric neurons and vagal afferents to the brain. Another route to CNS effects is presented through systemic spread via lymphatic pathways, and there are indications that rotavirus RNA can, in some cases where the blood brain barrier is weakened, enter the brain and have direct CNS effects. CNS effects can also be induced indirectly as a consequence of systemic elevation of toxins, cytokines, and/or other messenger molecules. Nevertheless, there is still no definitive or consistent evidence for the underlying mechanisms of rotavirus-induced CNS complications and more in-depth studies are required in the future.

Intuitive and subtle motion-anticipatory auditory cues reduce motion sickness in self-driving cars

Motion sickness may be a factor detrimental to the experience of self-driving cars. This study investigates whether auditory displays can support in lowering passengers' feeling of motion sickness ...

The Roles of Autoimmunity and Biotoxicosis in Sick Building Syndrome as a "Starting Point" for Irreversible Dampness and Mold Hypersensitivity Syndrome.

Background: The terminology of “sick building syndrome” (SBS), meaning that a person may feel sick in a certain building, but when leaving the building, the symptoms will reverse, is imprecise. Many different environmental hazards may cause the feeling of sickness, such as high indoor air velocity, elevated noise, low or high humidity, vapors or dust. The Aim: To describe SBS in connection with exposure to indoor air dampness microbiota (DM). Methods: A search through Medline/Pubmed. Results and Conclusions: Chronic course of SBS may be avoided. By contrast, persistent or cumulative exposure to DM may make SBS potentially life-threatening and lead to irreversible dampness and mold hypersensitivity syndrome (DMHS). The corner feature of DMHS is acquired by dysregulation of the immune system in the direction of hypersensitivities (types I–IV) and simultaneous deprivation of immunity that manifests as increased susceptibility to infections. DMHS is a systemic low-grade inflammation and a biotoxicosis. There is already some evidence that DMHS may be linked to autoimmunity. Autoantibodies towards, e.g., myelin basic protein, myelin-associated glycoprotein, ganglioside GM1, smooth muscle cells and antinuclear autoantibodies were reported in mold-related illness. DMHS is also a mitochondropathy and endocrinopathy. The association of autoimmunity with DMHS should be confirmed through cohort studies preferably using chip-based technology.

SlicerVR for Medical Intervention Training and Planning in Immersive Virtual Reality.

Virtual reality (VR) provides immersive visualization that has proved to be useful in a variety of medical applications. Currently, however, no free open-source software platform exists that would provide comprehensive support for translational clinical researchers in prototyping experimental VR scenarios in training, planning or guiding medical interventions. By integrating VR functions in 3D Slicer, an established medical image analysis and visualization platform, SlicerVR enables virtual reality experience by a single click. It provides functions to navigate and manipulate the virtual scene, as well as various settings to abate the feeling of motion sickness. SlicerVR allows for shared collaborative VR experience both locally and remotely. We present illustrative scenarios created with SlicerVR in a wide spectrum of applications, including echocardiography, neurosurgery, spine surgery, brachytherapy, intervention training and personalized patient education. SlicerVR is freely available under BSD type license as an extension to 3D Slicer and it has been downloaded over 7,800 times at the time of writing this article.

Visual Vertigo, Motion Sickness, and Disorientation in Vehicles.

Environmental circumstances that result in ambiguity or conflict with the patterns of sensory stimulation may adversely affect the vestibular system. The effect of this conflict in sensory information may be dizziness, a sense of imbalance, nausea, and motion sickness sometimes even to seemingly minor daily head movement activities. In some, it is not only exposure to motion but also the observation of objects in motion around them such as in supermarket aisles or other places with visual commotion; this can lead to dizziness, nausea, or a feeling of motion sickness that is referred to as visual vertigo. All people with normal vestibular function can be made to experience motion sickness, although individual susceptibility varies widely and is at least partially heritable. Motorists learn to interpret sensory stimuli in the context of the car stabilized by its suspension and guided by steering. A type of motorist's disorientation occurs in some individuals who develop a heightened awareness of perceptions of motion in the automobile that makes them feel as though they may be rolling over on corners and as though they are veering on open highways or in streaming traffic. This article discusses the putative mechanisms, consequences and approach to managing patients with visual vertigo, motion sickness, and motorist's disorientation syndrome in the context of chronic dizziness and motion sensitivity.

Unethical reading and the limits of empathy

192 aria tumarkin, who was born in Soviet Ukraine and emigrated to Australia as a teenager, everywhere exhibits in her work the hard-­ won knowledge that authentic civic-mindedness often produces, and requires—an estrangement from consensus and the deadening language of common sense. Tumarkin’s fourth book, Axiomatic (2019), challenges reflexive frameworks of grief and trauma, offering instead the specificity of individual lives in their entanglement with the lives of others. Such vigilance is a quality Tumarkin shares with the Zambian novelist, critic, essayist, and scholar Namwali Serpell. Author of the critical study Seven Modes of Uncertainty (2014); of the novel The Old Drift (2019), a multigeneric, multigenerational conversation Namwali Serpell and Maria Tumarkin Unethical reading and the limits of empathy M exploration of Zambia’s history and future; and, most recently, of Stranger Faces (2020), a series of linked essays, Serpell displays throughout her work a rigorous attention to affect, aesthetics, and ethics, and how they are enmeshed with our individual and collective histories. In 2019, Serpell published an essay in The New York Review of Books called “The Banality of Empathy,” in which she questioned our assumption that art promotes empathy—or that it should. The problem, she argued, is not simply that empathy substitutes for action, but that it promotes its own kind of moral callousness, a fascination with others’ pain. Assuming a basic fungibility between self and other, empathy of this kind is particularly dangerous when it comes to race: “Black pain, black death, is the clarifying limit case for the use of art for empathy. Its very seamlessness condemns it.” Over an exchange of emails, she and Maria Tumarkin revisit her argument about the banality of empathy in the context of the present, while also discussing their respective interests in narrative, the ethics of time, and the fraught nature of writing and reading. —the editors maria tumarkin I must say that by talking about the banality of empathy in your 2019 essay of the same title, you articulated very precisely something (a disquiet, a protest, a sick feeling) that had been in my head for over a decade. I wonder, with the world being what it is, whether you see any “non-­ banal models” of ethics that could describe some (potential) ethical work that literature can do or has done. Or perhaps there is something intrinsically banalizing and self-­ serving about “ethicalizing” conversations about reading and writing (e.g., “giving voice to the voiceless”—yet another pungent banality…)? namwali serpell Iris Murdoch has a remarkable anecdote in her book The Sovereignty of Good. She’s arguing against the models TUMARKIN | 193 194 | SERPELL of ethics so prominent in philosophy courses: theories of moral action and utilitarianism. And, because she’s a writer, she tells a story about a woman, a mother (M), who is struggling with her relationship to her daughter-­ in-­ law (D): “M finds D quite a good-­ hearted girl, but while not exactly common yet certainly unpolished and lacking in dignity and refinement. D is inclined to be pert and familiar, insufficiently ceremonious, brusque, sometimes positively rude, always tiresomely juvenile. M does not like D’s accent or the way D dresses. M feels that her son has married beneath him.” Now, M doesn’t ever reveal this view of D: she “behaves beautifully to the girl throughout, not allowing her real opinion to appear in any way.” But, as I’ve written elsewhere, even if her behavior doesn’t alter in the least, if M “‘observes D or at least reflects deliberately about D, until gradually her vision of D alters,’ then any internal change ought to seem moral to us.” Which is to say, our general understanding of morality is as much about thinking, reflecting, and changing internally as it is about external actions. This means that perfectly quotidian, internal experiences of consciousness— like reading and writing—can be a mode of ethics. Now, Murdoch never says exactly how M’s perspective on D changes; she doesn’t even suggest that empathy is the ground of her deliberate reflection. Murdoch leaves all of this to our imagination , which is a beautiful trick, in that it demonstrates precisely what telling...

Man of the House

Man of the House Kim Coleman Foote (bio) his muh was barely a week in the ground when his phone rang with Verna on the line. “Jebby, how soon can you come by the house?” she said in her sugary telephone voice. “I need you to remove your things from the yard.” A sick feeling came to Jeb’s stomach. For the first time since they had moved into their childhood house, it was inhabited by a single person and she thought she owned it. Verna had paid the property taxes, but Jeb had helped their mother with household expenses since he was a teenager. And the deed was technically still in their mother’s name. That meant Jeb [End Page 65] had a right to the place. He’d used the yard for storage for decades, so why should it bother Verna now? Not wanting to risk her winter mood, which could make her go off on you at the drop of a dime, he asked calmly if he could move some things to the basement. “It’s full already.” Lyin ass. “What about the bedrooms, then?” “I’m using them too.” “Come on, Verna. Ain’t you sleepin in the parlor like Muh was? What you doin with both those rooms upstairs?” “That’s my business.” Hands starting to sweat, he scrambled for an alternative. Maybe build a fence? But it would take too long to collect wood. The pieces would be mismatched. That wouldn’t suit her either. “When are you coming, Jeb?” Her words had taken on that ragged edge like their mother’s at her exploding point. “My girlfriends are joining me for tea next week and I don’t want them looking at all this junk.” Her friends had been by before and seen the yard, along with everybody else in Vauxhall. And their mother never called it junk. She didn’t exactly offer compliments, but she once compared it to artwork in a museum she visited over in New York with the family she kept house for. But the man who created the work in the museum was white, and an artist at that. Jeb didn’t consider his things art. They were simply what people no longer wanted— what they thought was worthless. When he started working as a trash man, he was shocked at what people threw away. The broken chairs and rusted doorknobs, patched tires and dented pots, scrap metal and auto parts, used cans and bottles. So much of it could be mended and resurrected, unlike people when they die. “Muh didn’t mind my stuff,” he muttered. “Mother didn’t mind nothin her baby Jebby did.” There it was: the real reason she wanted his things gone. Jeb could acknowledge that their mother did beat and yell at him less, but he figured it was because their daddy had given him more than his fair share. Jeb had practically been the old man’s whipping post. And it was natural for their mother to defer to Jeb about matters after their daddy died. After all, Jeb became the man of the house. He tried to get Verna off the subject by proposing the fence, but when she hissed the word “junk” again, and “eyesore,” their conversation dissolved into yelling and cussing, with Verna dropping more of her g’s. Before slamming the phone down, she said: “I’m gon get a dump truck over here tomorrow and I’m movin it all out, motherfucker.” [End Page 66] This coming from the queen of lies, Jeb didn’t believe it—who in God’s name did she know with a dump truck? But he never knew when to call her bluff. That afternoon, he rounded up his closest friend Booker, his hunting buddies, and a former coworker. As they congregated in the yard on Waldorf Place, surveying his life’s savings, Jeb noticed Verna peeking from the kitchen window at back. Glowering at her, he mumbled for the men to choose items as payment for helping him. They made their selections and Jeb cringed, especially when his coworker, who also had an eye for the salvageable, indicated the brass...

Combined effects of cholecystokinin-8 and gastric distension on food intake in humans.

In a previous study (Kissileff HR, Carretta JC, Geliebter A, Pi-Sunyer FX. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 285: R992-R998, 2003), when subthreshold gastric distension (300 ml) and a low dose of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) (112 ng/min for 21 min) were concurrently administered to human participants, intake of a test meal was significantly reduced. However, the supra-additive interaction of CCK-8 and gastric distension was not significant. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a significant interaction would be obtained when CCK-8 and gastric distension were each increased by 50% above levels used in the previous study. Twelve normal-weight, healthy participants were tested four times each with either CCK-8 (168 ng/min for 30 min) or saline infusion crossed with gastric distension (450 ml) or no distension. The combination of CCK-8 and gastric distension reduced food intake by a mean of 405 ± 86 g (SE) in comparison with the saline nondistension condition (P < 0.001), which is a 51% reduction. Although there were some differences in the protocols, the combined effect was double that seen in the previous study. Although the interactive effect was larger [118 ± 109 g (SE)] than it was previously [73 ± 86 (SE)], it was not significant (P = 0.29). There were also reports of a short-lived sick feeling after CCK-8, with and without distension, that was not observed in the previous study. Thus the combination of CCK-8 at 1.5 times threshold and gastric distension at 450 ml (increased from 300 ml) resulted in a combined effect to reduce food intake, which was also 1.5 times its previous value, and thus appears linear.

Meditation Promotes Healing: A Case Study

Whenever we perceive a stress, soon a thought of not being well arrives into our mind. Brain releases certain hormones. There is a change in behavioural and emotional response. Then there is feeling of sickness. Now one should ask a question is it the stress that cause infection in the body or is it infection that leads to stress? With many researches, it is clear that the both infection and stress makes us sick. In Psychosomatic disorders mental make-up of patient causes physical symptoms in the body, causes diseases like peptic ulcers, heart disease etc. In Somatoform diseases body shows physical symptoms although there is no finding of disease in infection. In both disorders mental stress influencing bodily symptoms. Here also body is lacking Feel Good Factor.