Feeding Treatments Research Articles

Spawning, larval morphological ontogeny and first feeding of yellow-striped cardinalfish Ostorhinchus cyanosoma (Bleeker, 1853)

The yellow-striped cardinalfish (Ostorhinchus cyanosoma) can be found in the Indo-West Pacific region. It possesses great potential for the ornamental aquarium market due to its vibrant body coloration and tendency of group swimming. This study aims to investigate the spawning frequency and larval morphological ontogeny, and develop first feeding techniques of O. cyanosoma reared in capacity. From April 2021 to August 2022, a total of 70 spawning events were documented for the broodstock. These spawning events did not exhibit specific patterns related to seasonal or lunar cycles. The effects of four live prey treatments (mono-feeding and co-feeding of SS-type rotifer Brachionus sp. and nauplii of copepod Bestiolina coreana) on the mouth opening rate, prey ingestion rate, and prey selectivity of the 0 day-post-hatch (dph) larvae were investigated. The O. cyanosoma larvae displayed significantly higher mouth opening rate, ingestion rate and prey selectivity on the copepod nauplii over the rotifer. In the 7-d larviculture experiment, the larvae showed significant higher survival rate in the copepod feeding treatment (68%) than the rotifer feeding treatment (0%). For ontogeny, O. cyanosoma larvae appeared to be altricial (at pre-flexion stage with no gas bladder and poor-developed fins) and small-mouthed (235.94 μm) when leaving the mouthbrood. The standard length increased from 2.64 to 6.51 mm during 0 to 21dph. Ntochord flexion initiated at 12 dph, and the metamorphosis was completed by 21 dph. This study is the first attempt to document the broodstock management, first feeding protocol and larval ontogeny of O. cyanosoma. The findings could have implications for larviculture of cardinalfishes.

Rearing of Rhynchophorus phoenicis Fabricius (Coleoptera: Dryophtoridae) last instar larvae on three artificial substrates in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Insects have been a particularly popular resource for human and animal nutrition since the turn of the century, owing mostly to population increase and the ever-increasing need for animal protein. A five (5) months experimental study was carried out at the Yangambi Laboratory of Applied and Functional Entomology in Kisangani to explore a variety of artificial substrates for the mass production of African palm weevil (Rhynchophorus phoenicis) larvae. The larvae were reared in plastic boxes with three types of substrate: T1, based on ripe plantains; T2, based on brewery flour; and T3, based on Makololo flour, which was used as the energy component and made up 60% of the substrate. Palm oilcake and soybean, which accounted for 40% of the substrate, supplied protein. Each treatment was divided into two (2) groups (A and B), this subdivision being based on the presence or absence of soybean meal. 0.8 kg of substrate for each box was given ad libitum every two weeks (14 days). The adults used were captured after trapping in the forest. Broodstocks were randomly assigned to 42 groups (boxes), randomly assigned to six (6) feeding treatments, using a completely randomised design (CRD) with seven (7) replicates. After feeding trial, the results showed that the number and weight of last instar larvae differed between treatments. From the various treatments, an average of 398 last instar larvae LIV, rearing for 32 to 37 days and weighing between 1.56 and 2.22 g were collected. The substrate based on ripe plantain (T1A) produced the highest average number of larvae compared to others (p<0.05), while the substrate based on brew (T2B) produced LIV with higher average weights (p<0.05).

The Effect of Providing Different Natural Feeds on The Growth of Manfish (Pterophyllum scale)

Decorative fish is a significant fishery product since it tends to be finished by exporters, one of the elaborate fish that adjusts to be sent out is manfish on the grounds that it has the excellence of variety and agile developments. The growth of manfish can be influenced by appropriate feed, so this study aims to find out what type of natural feed is suitable for the growth of manfish with artificial feed comparisons (pellets). The treatments used in this study were 100% artificial feed (petet) as control/P0, 100% Daphnia sp as 1/P1 treatment, 100% Tubifex as 2/P2 treatment, and 50% Daphnia sp and 50% Tubifex as 3/P3 treatment. The parameters observed during the study were absolute weight growth, absolute length growth, survival rate, water quality, and feed conversion ratio. The results showed a treatment that used good natural feed in the long growth of manfish, namely P1 treatment of 100% Daphnia sp feed by showing a figure of 5.27±0.29 cm. The absolute weight growth parameters in good natural feed treatment are P1 treatment of 100% Daphnia sp with a figure of 3.20±0.34 g. The results of the study with feed conversion ratio parameters in natural feed treatment showed the results that P1 treatment experienced high fish appetite because feed needs during the study showed a figure of 11454.02 mg. The lowest survival rate was obtained in the control at 66.67% and the highest survival rate at P1 treatment at 91.67%. The measured water quality parameters are temperature, pH, salinity, and dissolved oxygen which each show numbers in the range of 27-17oC, 00/00, 7-8 and 4-5mg/L.

Sustainability of Growth Performance, Water Quality, and Productivity of Nile Tilapia-Spinach Affected by Feeding and Fasting Regimes in Nutrient Film Technique-Based Aquaponics

Aquaponic systems offer an innovative approach to sustainable agriculture, where the interplay between fish and plant cultivation can be optimized. The choice of feeding and fasting schedules plays a crucial role in system efficiency and overall productivity. This study aims to investigate the impacts of various feeding and fasting schedules on water quality, and the growth performance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, and spinach productivity in an aquaponic system based on the nutrient film technique (NFT). O. niloticus fingerlings with an initial weight of 13.47 ± 0.14 g were randomly stocked at a density of 6 kg/m3, and spinach plants (Spinacia oleracea) were included. The study employed a completely randomized block design with five replications. Various water quality parameters were monitored, and the effects of different feeding/fasting schedules on fish and spinach were assessed. The data revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in water quality parameters, all of which remained within acceptable ranges for aquaponic systems. The one-day feeding/one-day fasting treatment resulted in reduced final body weight, weight gain percentage, and specific growth rate, compared to other treatment groups (p < 0.05). Higher levels of glucose and plasma cortisol were observed in this treatment. Economic efficiency was highest in the daily feeding treatment (40.05%), with no statistical difference (p > 0.05) observed in the group subjected to three-day feeding/one-day fasting (39.03%). Spinach yield varied significantly between treatments (p < 0.05), with the daily feeding treatment recording the highest yield (2.78 kg/m2) and the one-day feeding/one-day fasting cycle having the lowest yield (1.57 kg/m2). The findings suggest that the three-day feeding/one-day fasting regime in an NFT-based aquaponic system results in efficient nutrient utilization, higher productivity, and profitability for Nile tilapia. Additionally, this approach supports marketable biomass production for spinach. Different feeding and fasting schedules have distinct effects on water quality, fish growth, and spinach productivity in aquaponic systems. The three-day feeding/one-day fasting schedule emerges as an effective strategy for optimizing resource utilization and increasing overall productivity.

Lactic Acid Bacteria-Fermented Diet Containing Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles Inhibited Pathogenic Bacteria in Striped Beakfish (Oplegnathus fasciatus)

In recent years, probiotics have received considerable attention for improving the health of aquaculture organisms, such as fish and shrimp, by stimulating immune activity and increasing growth rates. Oplegnathus fasciatus is a common and economically important cultured fish species in Asia. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB; Limosilactobacillus reuteri)-fermented feed to promote growth and enhance immune function in O. fasciatus. The feed contained the highest proportion of LAB after L. reuteri fermentation for 3 days in anaerobic conditions. Oplegnathus fasciatus was fed LAB-fermented feed for 30 days. The administration of LAB-fermented feed (live bacteria > 109 CFU/g) significantly increased the growth rate (weight gain = 174.8%; FCR = 4.23) and intestinal probiotic levels of O. fasciatus. After LAB-fermented feeding, the immunity index was evaluated by superoxide anion production, the phagocytic activity of leukocytes, and bactericidal and lysozyme activities in the serum of O. fasciatus. We found that LAB-fermented feed treatment potentially elevated the proportions of intestinal Bifidobacterium, Blautia, and Dorea species and reduced pathogenic bacterial growth (Acinetobacter, Escherichia_Shigella, and Megasphaera) in O. fasciatus. This study demonstrated that LAB-fermented feed containing extracellular vesicles improves growth performance and the inhibition of pathogenic Acinetobacter baumannii.

Dietary Tryptophan Supplementation Made No Difference on the Cannibalism, Survival and Growth of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings

Heterobranchus longifilis is a popular cultured and food fish but its cannibalism greatly reduces harvest thus necessitating proactive control measures. Tryptophan is believed to raise the serotogenic activity in the brain at certain levels leading to reduced aggression and cannibalism in certain species of fish which possibilities this research tried to explore in Heterobranchus longifilis. Fingerlings (0.58 ± 0.123g mean weight and 3. 8 ± 0.52cm mean length) were stocked in 18 round plastic tanks, each 45 litres containing 40 litres of water, at 45 fish per tank. Tryptophan was incorporated at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 % in commercial Catfish feed by spraying each tryptophan - 70% alcohol solution to separate feed samples to form six different experimental feeds. The dried feeds were fed to the fish daily at 4 % body weight for 8 weeks. The experiment used a complete randomized design with 6 feed treatments and 3 replications. Water quality, growth, mortality and feed utilization data noted and at the end, their associated indices were determined and subjected to the analysis of variance for significant differences (P= 0.05). The results revealed that tryptophan supplementation at the levels used in the diets of Heterobranchus longifilis did not have any significant effects on all the parameters examined excepting mean weight gain. This was discussed in the context of growth and cannibalism.

Morphological, Genetic, and Physiological Effects of Nutrient Manipulation on a Colonial Marine Hydroid.

AbstractThe availability of environmental nutrients is an existential constraint for heterotrophic organisms and is thus expected to impact numerous biochemical and physiological features. The continuously proliferative polyp stage of colonial hydroids provides a useful model to study these features, allowing genetically identical replicates to be compared. Two groups of colonies of Eirene sp., defined by different feeding treatments, were grown by explanting the same founder colony onto cover glass. Colonies of both treatments were allowed to grow continuously by explanting them onto new cover glass as they reached the edge of the existing surface. The nutrient-abundant polyps grew faster and produced more clumped or "sheet-like" colonies. Compared to the founder colony, the nutrient-abundant colonies exhibited more mutations (i.e., single-nucleotide polymorphisms) than the nutrient-scarce colonies. Nevertheless, these differences were not commensurate with the differences in growth. Using a polarographic electrode, we found that the nutrient-abundant colonies exhibited lower rates of oxygen uptake relative to total protein. The probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and fluorescent microscopy allowed visualization of the mitochondrion-rich cells at the base of the polyps and showed that the nutrient-abundant colonies exhibited greater amounts of reactive oxygen species than the nutrient-scarce colonies. Parallels to the Warburg effect-aerobic glycolysis, diminished oxygen uptake, and lactate secretion-found in human cancers and other proliferative cells may be suggested. However, little is known about anaerobic metabolism in cnidarians. Examination of oxygen uptake suggests an anaerobic threshold at a roughly 1-mg/L oxygen concentration. Nutrient-abundant colonies may respond more dramatically to this threshold than nutrient-scarce colonies.

Effectiveness of Mysis diluviana as a Substitute for Fishmeal in Formulated Aquafeed for Fingerling Rainbow Trout

The present study explored the potential of wild Mysis diluviana, a widespread freshwater crustacean that is also invasive in many lakes, to serve as a substitute for fishmeal in the formulation of salmonid aquafeed. M. diluviana, harvested from Okanagan Lake in British Columbia, Canada, had a high protein content, with crude protein making up 53% of its dry body weight; lipids formed 32% of dry M. diluviana body weight. Fingerlings from two distinct strains of rainbow trout were fed for 60 days with one of three diet treatments: experimental feeds in which 25% or 50% of the fishmeal ingredient was replaced with M. diluviana and a feed containing no M. diluviana. Feeds containing M. diluviana supported the same survivorship and similar or better fingerling growth as the fishmeal‐only feed, including fingerlings of a trout strain that are highly selective feeders. The amino acid and fatty acid composition of fingerling tissues at the end of the experiment was mostly indistinguishable among the three feed treatments. In addition, the tissue composition of fingerlings, such as the EAA : NEAA ratio and the amounts of SFA, MUFA, and PUFA, did not fully match the biochemical composition of their feeds, likely due in part to the capacity of freshwater salmonids for bioconversion of some amino acids into other less available amino acids. M. diluviana was therefore found to be an effective source of protein and lipid for fingerling rainbow trout and an effective substitute for marine fishmeal in trout aquafeed.

Blood profiles of Etawa crossbreed goats fed concentrates substitution diet with bread waste

This study aims to determine the maximum level of the use of bread waste as a substitute for concentrates on feed utilization by livestock through blood profiles consisting of the amount of hemoglobin, erythrocyte numbers, hematocrit levels and leukocyte numbers. The material used in this study was 15 lactating Etawa crossbreed goats. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design with 3 treatments and 5 replicates. The feed treatment given was forage and concentrate with a composition of 20:80 with ration treatments namely P1 = Silages 20% + Concentrates 64% + Bread waste 16% + Zeolite 2%, P2 = Silages 20% + Concentrates 56% + Bread waste 24% + Zeolite 2%, P3 = Silages 20% + Concentrates 48% + Bread waste 32% + Zeolite 2%. The observed variables were hemoglobin level (g/dL), erythrocyte count (million/μL), hematocrit level (%) and leukocyte count (thousand/μL). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results showed that the treatment had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the blood profile which included hemoglobin levels, erythrocyte numbers, hematocrit levels and leukocyte numbers. Substitution of 24% bread flour in the ration gave the highest blood profile calculation results among the three treatments. The amount of Hemoglobin (g/dL) of P1, P2 and P3 were 8.88; 10.05 and 8.94. Erythrocyte numbers (million/μL). P1, P2 and P3 were 14.23; 15.92 and 14.59 respectively. Hematocrit levels (%) P1, P2 and P3 were 28.3; 30.98 and 28.72. Leukocyte numbers (thousand/μL) of P1, P2 and P3 were 13.68; 18.00 and 17.3. The conclusion of this study is that bread flour can be used as a substitute for concentrate up to 32% level in the ration and can maintain the blood profile of lactating Ettawa crossbreed goats in a normal state.

Ameliorative effect of dietary supplementation of kinnow peel powder on the health status of Cyprinus carpio (L.) fingerlings

An outdoor feeding trial (120 days) was carried out in FRP pools (1.5 × 1.0 × 0.75 m) to evaluate the efficacy of dietary incorporation of kinnow peel powder (KPP) on the health status of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings. Healthy fingerlings (av. length 9.19 cm, and av. weight 10.51 g) were stocked in five feeding treatments @ 15 nos./tank following a complete randomized design with three replicates for each treatment and daily fed with five iso-proteinous experimental feeds containing KPP at 0 (KPP0), 0.5 (KPP1), 1.0 (KPP2), 1.50 (KPP3) and 2.0% (KPP4) inclusion levels @ 2% of fish body weight. The results demonstrated that the water quality parameters remained within the optimum/permissible limit for freshwater carps in all the treatments. Further, KPP supplementation improved the haematological indices (total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count, haemoglobin and haematocrit) and immunological parameters (serum total protein, Albumin (A), globulin (G) and A: G ratio) of fish at all the inclusion levels in respect to control, while the best (P0.05) findings observed at 1.5% KPP inclusion level. Additionally, in comparison with the control group, KPP supplementation decreased the glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lipid peroxidation level, being lowest (P0.05) in KPP3, while increased the superoxide dismutase activity and recorded highest (P0.05) in KPP3 group. The results revealed that KPP can be potentially utilized as health promoting natural feed additive at a 1.5 % inclusion level to improve the overall health condition of C. carpio fingerlings.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ВАРОЧНОГО КОТЛА С ЭНЕРГОНЕЗАВИСИМЫМ ГАЗОГОРЕЛОЧНЫМ УСТРОЙСТВОМ

Intensive gasification of the village makes it possible to use natural gas on a large scale for the heat treatment of animal feed. The paper proposes a gas-using power supply system for a digester for cooking feed and food in peasant farms, which allows it to operate during the failures of centralized power supply due to accidents in electrical grids or planned outages for their repair. (Research purpose) The research purpose is increasing the efficiency of natural gas use, reducing energy consumption by improving the energy supply system of the gas-using digester. (Materials and methods) Automation of the process of ignition of the gas burner, control of the flame, draft in the chimney, ensuring safe operation of the digester with analysis and modern automation tools used in domestic gas-using heating boilers was performed. The design and technological scheme of the power supply system of the gas burner device with automatic power control was presented. Studies were carried out and showed the dynamics of gas consumption and the temperature of the product in the cooking digester during different modes of operation. (Results and discussion) The operating mode of the digester was substantiated, in which the saving of natural gas amounted to 11.4 percent due to the use of an automated system for its energy supply. (Conclusions) It was shown that the power supply system of the gas-using digester is independent from electrical grid, which makes it possible to operate the boiler during failures of centralized power supply. It was found that the use of smooth automatic regulation of gas consumption in the digester during the preparation of feed and food allows saving it up to 11.4 percent. It was determined that the boiler efficiency for the full cycle of product preparation in automatic mode is 0.87, in manual mode - 0.83.

Commentary to: "Timely dying in dementia: Use patients' judgments and broaden the concept of suffering." Timely dying, suffering in dementia, and a role for family and professional caregivers in preventing it.

Broadening the concept of suffering in dementia to five types of suffering including suffering of family caregivers as proposed by Terman etal., may help raise awareness on a need to relieve suffering when living with dementia and adopt a holistic approach. However, as objective criteria in advance care plans for severe enough suffering to stop assisted feeding or other life-sustaining treatment in people with advanced dementia, these still need interpretation in the context of, for example, available treatment, and change in coping. New is the proposal to broaden severe enough suffering to suffering of family, including "bi-directional empathic suffering." We believe this creates new dilemmas regarding responsibility and may increase feelings of guilt. Quantifying suffering by adding up moderate suffering could further complicate matters. Therefore, we argue that a health care professional should guide the process and assume responsibility over current decisions to follow a person's previous wishes.

Lernaeid parasites prevalence in commercial freshwater fish species at various fish farms in Pakistan.

Reports abound on Lernaea parasitizing the brood stock, fingerlings, and marketable-sized culturable freshwater fish species in various parts of the world. We investigated seven small-scale aquaculture farms and how the prevailing Lernaea is impacting them. Randomly seven fish farms were selected to determine the prevalence percentage of lernaeid ectoparasites. Relevant information of the fishponds to estimate the various aspects such as effects of water source and quality, feed, stocking density, treatment used, and weight and length of fish, concerned with Lernaea infestation and prevalence was gathered. The results indicated that Catla catla (F. Hamilton, 1822) showed highest prevalence (41.7%) among the seven fish species, whereas Oreochromis niloticus showed zero. Other five fish species Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cirrhinus cirrhosis, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix showed 13.2%, 8.1%, 7.7%, 7.4%, 0.9% prevalence, respectively. In Royal Fish Farm 84.3% lernaeid infestation was observed, while no parasite was observed in the Vicent's Chunnian fish farm. The water source, quality, feed, fertilizers, stocking density, water temperature, and potential treatment options displayed varying tendencies among fish farms and prevalence. Depending on the weight and length, the highest prevalence (56.7%, and 66.7%) was observed in 3501-4000 g and 81-90 cm groups. The infestation rate varied in various fish body parts with the dorsal fin the most vulnerable organ and showed 2.3% overall prevalence (while 18.4% contribution within total 12.6% infestation). Out of 147 infected fish samples, 45 were extensively contaminated by Lernaea spread. In conclusion, our findings confirm that Lernaea could pose a considerable threat to marketable fish, and various treatment options should be educated to the farmers to help mitigate the spread and potential losses. Furthermore, Catla catla is more vulnerable to Lernaea infestation (41.7%), so are the fish species being cultured at higher stocking densities.

Optimizing Performance of Madura Cattle in Smallholder Farms in Bangkalan Madura

Bangkalan Regency is located on Madura Island, which is one of the districts that has a population of 1,047,783 Madura cattle or around 21.7% and 5.99% of the national cattle population. Madura cattle are evenly distributed on Madura Island. Forages that are often used as feed are field grass and agricultural waste. In Vivo research uses concentrate to support the growth of beef cattle in Bangkalan Regency. The concentrate feed ingredients used consist of cassava waste, palm kernel cake, copra meal and tofu waste. The treatment given to Madura cattle consisted of four treatments.The feed treatments consisted of T1 (cassava waste 40% + copra meal 28% + palm kernel cake 30% + tofu waste 2%), T2 (cassava waste 42% + copra meal 36% + palm kernel cake 19% + tofu waste 3%), T3 (cassava waste 38% + copra meal 31% + palm kernel cake 27% + tofu waste 4%), and T4 (cassava waste 41% + copra meal 33% + palm kernel cake 21% + tofu waste 5%). Data on nutrient content and nutrients feed intake were analyzed using a randomized block design (RBD). The results show that local feed ingredients in Bangkalan Regency can influence nutrient content and nutrients feed intake.

Observation of Excess Air Discharge in the Budikdamber Pond Aeration System on the Real Effect of Tilapia Fish Health (Oreochromis spp.)

DO levels are needed by fish organisms for metabolic processes, so the value changes quickly. So, giving aeration all the time and siphonization every day is the best treatment in maintaining water quality for growth. However, a study revealed that there is a negative side to excessive aeration until it reaches a saturation point. The results of the study on the process and level of exposure related to gas bubble disease caused by hyperoxia. The first symptom is the presence of gas bubbles under the skin, gas bubbles appear on most of the fins, along the lateral line, gills and in the eyes. Currently, another research is being conducted to prove the real effect of excess aeration, specifically on the health of Tilapia in closed ponds at normal ambient temperatures. In the closed water pond system, air flow is given at 25 mg/L (first pool), 40 mg/L (second pool), and 54 mg/L (third pool), with variable treatment of feed, water quality (temperature & pH). , and the same volume. The focus of the type of fish that will be observed in this research is Tilapia, with a duration of observation for ± 1 month. The maximum DO measurement results at a normal ambient temperature of 25.6 °C pool water is 8.2 mg/L. The optimum DO level in the first pond that is aerated with an air flow of 25 L/m is ± 7.9 mg/L, the optimum DO level in an aerated pond with an air flow of 40 L/m is ± 8.1 mg/L, and the optimum DO level in an aerated pond with an air flow rate of 54 L/m is ± 8.1 mg/L. No matter how big the air flow from the aerator is put into the water, the DO level will not exceed the value of 8.2 mg/L as long as the water temperature is not lower than 25 °C. Tilapia in ponds containing the highest DO levels at normal ambient temperature conditions of this pond water (24.4 – 25.9 °C), grows and develops very well, in fact there is no adverse effect on health.

Effects of two diets on growth and condition factor of Chitala lopis

The giant featherback Chitala lopis is fully protected fish species according to Indonesia's official list. The conservation of aquatic resources is achieved through implementing fish farming practices and optimizing feed utilization. This study aims to investigate the impact of different feeding rate on the growth patterns, performance, and condition factors of the first generation of giant featherback. The first generation of the fish were collected from the natural reproduction of broodstock in the earthen ponds. Fish were randomly divided at three different groups replicated three times and reared in the nine net cages installed in the earthen pond. The stocking density of the fish in each group was three fish per cage. The feed treatment involved fish bycatch as control (T0) (5% of the total weight) and freshwater shrimp, Caridina sp. with two different feeding rates including 5% (T1) and 7% (T2) of the total weight, respectively. The mean initial weight of the fish was 41 ± 3.85 g. The survival and absolute growth rate of T1 were highest (29.9±6.38 g, 78± 11%), but it is not significantly different (p0.05). The average relative growth rate of T1 is also highest (76.28±18.61%) and significantly different (p0.05). The growth pattern of the fish at the beginning of the study was negative allometric (0.54), which was low correlated (0.03), and at the end became positive allometric (4.17), which was moderately correlated (0.66). The highest condition factor was T2 (0.78±0.03) and had a significant effect (p0.05). Caridina sp. has a good impact on the first generation of giant featherback weight growth compared to other treatments in this study.Keywords:CultivationFeeding rateGiant featherbackCaridina sp.Rasbora sp.

From disparities to equity: striving for more in our treatments for feeding and eating disorders

Adopting a framework of equity is urgently needed to reduce disparities persistent in feeding and eating disorder (FED) treatment models. This framework must emphasize the exchange of knowledge between relevant stakeholders and implementation strategies to impact practice and embrace a systemic change in the FED field.

EFEK BLIND FEEDING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERTUMBUHAN POST LARVA UDANG VANAME KEPADATAN TINGGI DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP KUALITAS AIR [The Effect of Blind feeding to Increase Post Larva Growth of High-density Vaname Shrimp and Their Effect on Water Quality

Blind feeding is a feed dosage of feeding shrimp cultivation that is carried out without looking at the shrimp biomass conditions for the first 30 days. The goal is to ensure that shrimp get adequate feed intake in the early stages of growth, yet blind feeding often has an impact on the decline in water quality as a result of overfeeding. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the blind feeding method on the growth of vaname shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and water quality. The treatments to be tested were the quantity of feed: (a) 123.5 kg/100,000 shrimp; (b) 148.2 kg/100,000 shrimp; (c) 172.9 kg/100,000 shrimp; (d) 197.6 kg/100,000 shrimp; and (e) 222.3 kg/100,000 shrimp. The dose range of blind feeding referred to the habits applied by the cultivators in the field. The shrimp used was PL 12 with a density of 1,000 individuals/m3, which were maintained for 30 days in an aquarium container of 50 x 40 x 30 cm or a volume of 50 liters. The feed was given four times a day at 8.00, 12.00, 16.00, and 20.00. The results of the study showed that the blind feeding feed dosage had a significant effect on the absolute growth of shrimp and total ammonia nitrogen (P < 0.05). The blind feeding treatment (c), which was 172.9 kg/100,000 shrimps, produced the best growth with a lower total ammonium nitrogen so it is recommended that it be applied in shell cultivation in the first 30 days of maintenance.

The Pakan Fermentasi Berbasis Bahan Lokal Berbentuk Pellet dan Tepung Terhadap Performa, Karkas dan Organ Intestinal Ayam Broiler

This study aims to examine the fermentation method on local feed in the form of mash and pellets on the performance, carcass and intestinal organs of broiler chickens. The livestock used were 144 CP 707 broiler chickens aged 21 days. The study used a completely randomized design with a 3x2 factorial pattern, namely 3 fermented feed treatments (F0 = non-fermented, F1 = fermented with Effective Microorganisms-4 (EM4), and F2 = Local Microorganism (MOL) fermented), and 2 forms of feed (B1 = mash, B2 = Pellet), so there were 6 treatment. Each treatment was repeated 6 times and each repetition consisted of 4 chickens. Parameters measured were the performance of broiler chickens, carcasses and intestinal organs. Data were analysed by ANOVA test and continued with Duncan's test. The results showed that feeding fermented Effective Microorganisms-4 (EM4) and Local Microorganism (MOL) had a significant effect on chicken performance and final weight (P<0.01), but no significant effect on carcass weight and percentage (P>0.05). As for the intestinal organs, feeding fermented Effective Microorganisms-4 (EM4) and Local Microorganism (MOL) had no significant effect on the percentage of liver, ventricle, proventriculus and small intestine (P>0.05) and had a significant effect on the length of the small intestine (P<0.01).

Effects of Crab Shell Waste as Feed on Growth Performance and Colouration of Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta splendens)

Betta splendens, Siamese fighting fish exhibit behavior, coloration, and morphology that make them popular aquarium fish in aquaculture. Coloration for this fish requires high-quality feeds rich in carotenoids. Crab shells, mostly dumped as agro-waste by the seafood industry contain carotenoids and protein that can be an alternative for carotenoids in fish feed. The objectives of this study were to analyze the proximate composition and carotenoid content in feed and determine the effect of crab shells as feedstuff on the growth performance and coloration of Betta splendens. A 40-day feeding trial using 45 tails of B. splendens with an average body weight, of 0.25 g was conducted by using five feed treatments namely TC (0% crab shell), T1 (25% crab shell), T2 (50% crab shell), T3 (75% crab shell) and T4 (100% crab shell) respectively. Sampling was done weekly. Analysis done were proximate composition and extraction of carotenoid while growth performance parameters such as body weight gain (BWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were also taken. Skin coloration and water quality data were collected every 10 days. All data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA via SPSS. Results showed protein content for T1 (22.40±0.29) was slightly higher compared to all treatments. Carotenoid content in crab shells was lower compared to krill. Body weight from T1 (25% crab shell) showed a significant increase among all treatments. All treatments show no changes in coloration. In conclusion, T1 (25% crab shell waste) is the best treatment as it has a high protein content that improves body weight gain without any significant effect on coloration in all treatments.