Feeding Schedule Research Articles

Assessing Chronodisruption Distress in Goldfish: The Importance of Multimodal Approaches.

Chronodisruption caused by factors such as light at night and mistimed meals has been linked to numerous physiological alterations in vertebrates and may be an anxiogenic factor affecting welfare. This study aims to investigate whether chronodisruption causes measurable changes in the anxiety responses of goldfish under two conditions: randomly scheduled feeding (RF) and continuous light (LL). Anxiety-like behavior was assessed in the open field with object approach and black/white preference tests, which had been validated using diazepam. An increased thigmotaxis response and decreased object exploration under both chronodisruption protocols indicated anxiety states. Furthermore, locomotor activity was increased in LL fish. The black/white preference test discriminated anxiolysis induced by diazepam but was unable to detect anxiety caused by chronodisruption. Plasma cortisol increased in both RF and LL fish throughout the experiment, confirming that both conditions caused stress. The LL fish also showed an apparently desensitized hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal HPI axis, with a decrease in pomc and crf expression. Individual analysis found no correlation between anxiety-like behavior and stress axis activation nor between scototaxis and thigmotaxis responses. However, individual differences in sensitivity to each test were detected. Altogether, these results highlight circadian disruption as a stressor for fish and endorse a multiple variable approach for reliably assessing animal discomfort.

Insulin Controls Clock Gene Expression in the Liver of Goldfish Probably via Pi3k/Akt Pathway.

The liver circadian clock plays a pivotal role in driving metabolic rhythms, being primarily entrained by the feeding schedule, although the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of insulin as an intake signal mediating liver entrainment in fish. To achieve this, the expression of clock genes, which form the molecular basis of endogenous oscillators, was analyzed in goldfish liver explants treated with insulin. The presence of insulin directly increased the abundance of per1a and per2 transcripts in the liver. The dependency of protein translation for such insulin effects was evaluated using cycloheximide, which revealed that intermediate protein translation is seemingly unnecessary for the observed insulin actions. Furthermore, the putative interaction between insulin and glucocorticoid signaling in the liver was examined, with the results suggesting that both hormones exert their effects by independent mechanisms. Finally, to investigate the specific pathways involved in the insulin effects, inhibitors targeting PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK were employed. Notably, inhibition of PI3K/AKT pathway prevented the induction of per genes by insulin, supporting its involvement in this process. Together, these findings suggest a role of insulin in fish as a key element of the multifactorial system that entrains the liver clock to the feeding schedule.

Dietary Strategies for Complementary Feeding between 6 and 24 Months of Age: The Evidence.

Suboptimal complementary feeding practices remain highly prevent. This review aims to comprehensively synthesize new emerging evidence on a set of topics related to the selection and consumption of complementary foods. We synthesized evidence related to five key topics focused on nutritional interventions that target the complementary feeding period, based on four systematic reviews that include updated evidence to February 2022. While there have been many studies examining interventions during the complementary feeding period, there is an overall lack of relevant information through which to draw conclusions on the ideal feeding schedule by food type. Similarly, few studies have examined the effects of animal milk versus infant formula for non-breastfed infants (6-11 months), though those that did found a greater risk of anemia among infants who were provided cow's milk. This review highlights a number of interventions that are successful at improving micronutrient status and anthropometry during the complementary feeding period, including fortified blended foods, locally and commercially produced supplementary foods, and small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements. Complementary feeding education for caregivers can also be used to improve nutrition outcomes among infants in both food secure and insecure populations.

Monitoring the pH and temperature of IoT-based fish farming using Arduino

The Internet of Things (IoT) based intelligent Fish farming refers to the integration of various IoT devices and sensors into traditional fish farming practices to monitor and optimize various aspects of the fish farming environment such as water temperature, pH levels, oxygen levels, and feed schedules. This can help to improve the overall health and wellbeing of the fish, reduce waste, and increase productivity and efficiency. IoT devices can also be used to track the growth and health of individual fish, allowing farmers to make data-driven decisions about when to harvest or move fish to different tanks. The use of IoT technology can also help to detect potential health issues or environmental problems early on, allowing farmers to take preventative measures to minimize the impact on their fish. Overall, smart fish farming using IoT has the potential to revolutionize the way fish are farmed, making the process more sustainable, efficient, and profitable. The project focuses on an IoT-enabled smart fish farming system. In order to deal with them, the system is coupled with an irrigation system. Indonesia’s weather is erratic. This system's microcontroller is an Arduino ESP32. The temperature sensor DSb18B20 and the soil moisture sensor DF Robot are used to regulate the environment. Both a computer and a smartphone are used to display the results.

Design and Build Automatic Catfish Feeding System Biofloc

Catfish is one of the results of freshwater cultivation that is popular with the community and has economic value. The high public interest in catfish, is one of the factors cultivators increase production yields. Feeding and treatment of catfish pond water still uses human resources. This reduces the efficiency of the farmer and allows for negligence in providing feed and water treatment if the farmer has a large number of ponds or more than one. In this study, it is proposed to control and monitor feeding and water treatment with a biofloc system automatically and regularly, with the catfish biofloc system also obtaining natural food when the feeding schedule is raining. It takes a wireless sensor network system as a control system, fc-37 sensor, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Loadcell, Real Time Clock (RTC). All of these sensors will be integrated with the Arduino Uno which will then send data from each sensor to the Raspberry Pi with the nRF24l01 communication module. The results of this study are monitoring the appearance of the web server processed by the Raspberry Pi which shows feed availability, pond conditions and turbidity levels. From the experimental results, it is found that the planned system can work well and as desired.

Implementation at full scale of demand-driven biogas production from anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge

Abstract In a net-zero emissions scenario, a secure supply of electricity involves renewable generators that can flexibly increase their production when needed. Currently, electricity generation from biogas in the water industry is most commonly at a steady level, given Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is traditionally operated in steady state. This research demonstrated at different scales that demand-driven biogas production from AD of sewage sludge is feasible. Performance parameters are not negatively affected by a flexible feeding schedule and stability parameters show transitional imbalances that do not threaten the overall process. This paper presents the trial implementation in digesters of volume 3800 m3, which became permanent. Economic and environmental benefits exist; however, in order to unlock the full potential of flexible electricity generation from sewage sludge, synergies between technical, operational and political factors in the water and energy sectors need to be developed.

Effect of ad libitum feeding of Holstein Friesian calves on immunological parameters and molecular stress on a transcriptional level

Our aim was to compare the health and performance of ad libitum (ADLIB) and restrictedly fed Holstein Friesian heifer calves. Calves were selected to ADLIB (n = 13) and control (n = 13) groups randomly. The period of ADLIB feeding lasted for 3 weeks after colostrum supplementation. The calves in the control group received the same milk replacer, which was supplied according to the restrained feeding schedule of the farm. There was no difference between the two groups in weight, weight gain or movement activity, furthermore in the values of glucose, albumin, total protein, BHB, AST, oxidant and antioxidant status incl. dROM, PAT and OSI. The IL8 gene had higher levels (non significant, p > 0.05) of expression in the ADLIB group during the first 20 days of life, which indicates that ADLIB feeding might potentiate a stronger immune response to environmental stress. The IGF1 gene showed increased expression in the ADLIB fed group at almost all time points, however the difference was already detected on the first day of the study, indicating the importance of individual differences even within the same breed. During the first 10 days INS expression was higher in the restricted group, followed by a shift by day 20 and after, when the ADLIB group showed a higher relative expression level. The observed values describe a trend that, although not significant (p > 0.05), would seem to indicate that ADLIB feeding might potentiate a stronger immune response to environmental stress.

Feed withdrawal influences egg production, egg quality and antioxidant variables in White Leghorn layers reared during the tropical summer season

ABSTRACT 1. An experiment was conducted with White Leghorn layers (Babcock BV 300) to optimise the feed withdrawal schedule for egg-laying hens (67 to 80 weeks) reared in open-sided poultry houses during the tropical summer season. 2. Four feeding schedules (1. ad libitum access to the layer feed, 2. feed withdrawal from 9 AM-5 PM, 3. 11 AM-5 PM, and 4. 1 PM-5 PM followed by free access to the layer feed) were examined. Each feeding schedule was offered to 12 replicates consisting of 12 layers housed in four adjacent cages (45.7 × 35.6 × 43.2 cm). 3. Fasting the layers from 1-5 pm reduced egg production compared to layers fasting from 9 or 11 am. The FI/egg or unit egg mass was highest in layers fasted from 1-5 pm. In the 9 am-5 pm fasted group, the cloacal temperature (CT) increased significantly at 11 am and gradually reduced at 3 pm. In the 1-5 pm fasted group, the CT remained higher at 3 pm and 5 pm. 4. The cell-mediated immune response in layers fasted from 9 am or 11 am was higher than those fed ad libitum or 1-5 pm fasted group. Lipid peroxidation was higher in layers 1-5 pm fasted group, and significantly lower LP was found in groups that fasted from 9 am or 11 am. In general, the activities of serum antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase) were higher in layers that fasted from 9 am or 11 am compared to those that had ad libitum feed or fasted from 1-5 pm. 5. It was concluded that the feed withdrawal should be initiated during the forenoon (9 AM/11 am-5 pm) for optimum production and to reduce oxidative stress in egg-laying hens reared during summer in the tropical region.

0775 Differences in subjective sleep measures in mothers and fathers of premature infants: A preliminary study

Abstract Introduction It has been documented that newborn’s sleep is strongly associated with maternal and paternal sleep. However, mothers seem to be more affected by their infant’s sleep than fathers. These associations are not well known in families of premature newborns yet. This was the objective of the present study. Methods 30 families of premature newborns (mothers, fathers and infants) participated in this study one month after discharge from the hospital. Parents completed, among other measures, sleep diaries during three consecutive weekdays for themselves and their child. Multiple linear regression analyses were computed to examine the association between sleep duration and nocturnal awakenings of the premature infant and their mothers’ and fathers’ sleep duration and number of awakenings during the night. Analyses were done separately for mothers and fathers. Results Regression models for parents’ sleep duration were significant and explained 31.7% of the variance in mothers’ sleep duration (p=.009) and 30.8% of the variance in fathers’ sleep duration (p=.01). Infants’ sleep duration was the only significant predictor in both models (□=.663, p=.005 and □=.670, p=.005, respectively for mothers and fathers). Thus, shorter sleep duration in premature infants predicted shorter sleep duration in mothers and fathers. Analyses of parents’ nocturnal awakenings showed that the model was significant for mothers (p<.001), but not for fathers (p=.372). The variables explained 73.4% of the variance in mothers’ awakenings, and infants’ nocturnal awakenings was the only significant predictor (□=.801, p<.001). Conclusion Our results suggest that premature infants’ sleep is strongly associated with mothers and fathers’ sleep. In addition, it seems that nocturnal awakenings are particularly associated with the mothers, but not the fathers’ awakenings during the night, which may be related to their involvement in feeding schedules during the night. Future studies should focus on sleep disturbances in families of preterm infants and on interventions targeted for both mothers and fathers that can be implemented to improve sleep in this population. Support (if any)

Smart automated fish feeding based on IoT system using LoRa TTGO SX1276 and cayenne platform

One type of aquaculture that is commonly found in Indonesia is freshwater fisheries in the form of densely stocked fish ponds. An important factor that supports the success of this aquaculture is an appropriate and scheduled feeding system the fish. To address this problem, this paper proposed a smart automation system was designed and implemented to perform feeding management with solar panel as the power. To enhance the productivity of the fish, this paper proposing a new contribution based on Internet of Things (IoT) solution that could control and monitoring the schedule time and amount of feeding and the food behavior of fish. This system is accessed through the Cayenne website and using LoRa TTGO SX1276 to microcontroller and it showed that the schedule and amount of feed was successful with a high accuracy and the panel system also worked well in monitoring and controlling the power system. From the results of testing the entire system, it can be concluded that the feeding automation system can help optimize the productivity of freshwater aquaculture, and provides an innovative solution which user-friendly, secure, scalable, low cost and go green, reliable

Circadian Factors in Stroke: A Clinician's Perspective.

Stroke remains one of the leading causes of mortality and long-term and permanent disability worldwide despite technological innovations and developments in pharmacotherapy. In the last few decades, the growing data have evidenced the role of the circadian system in brain vulnerability to damage, the development and evolution of stroke, and short-term and long-term recovery. On the other hand, the stroke itself can affect the circadian system via direct injury of specific brain structures involved in circadian regulation (i.e., hypothalamus, retinohypothalamic tracts, etc.) and impairment of endogenous regulatory mechanisms, metabolic derangement, and a neurogenic inflammatory response in acute stroke. Moreover, the disruption of circadian rhythms can occur or exacerbate as a result of exogenous factors related to hospitalization itself, the conditions in the intensive care unit and the ward (light, noise, etc.), medication (sedatives and hypnotics), and loss of external factors entraining the circadian rhythms. In the acute phase of stroke, patients demonstrate abnormal circadian variations in circadian biomarkers (melatonin, cortisol), core body temperature, and rest-activity patterns. The approaches aimed at the restoration of disrupted circadian patterns include pharmacological (melatonin supplementation) and non-medication (bright light therapy, shifting feeding schedules, etc.) interventions; however, their effects on short- and long-term recovery after stroke are not well understood.

Physiological and behavioural effects of intermittent fasting vs daily caloric restriction in meat-type poultry

Intermittent fasting (IF) is the practice of temporal food restriction to promote metabolic switching between a glucose- and a ketone-based metabolism, which has been reported to come with diverse health benefits. IF practices appear to confer many of the advantages of caloric restriction without restricting total energy intake, and studies in both rodents and humans suggest organism-wide improvements in neurological, cardiovascular and metabolic health. IF is also commonly employed in the commercial rearing of breeding meat-type poultry, i.e. broiler breeders, which require strict feed restriction throughout life to maintain physical health. While the scientific poultry literature holds vast amounts of data on such “skip-a-day” feeding schedules, it has been unclear to what extent avian and mammalian literature may be compared as broiler breeders are typically feed-restricted to around 30% of ad libitum intake even in IF schedules. In this study, we set out to disentangle the effects of IF and caloric restriction in meat-type poultry by employing both IF and daily feeding schedules at two different restriction levels. Our results suggest that the physiological response to IF in chickens is only marginally affected by the intensity of feed restriction, while behavioural parameters are more closely related to feeding level and are expected to better mirror animal welfare. Our results suggest that avian and mammalian literature on IF should be comparable. Meat-type chickens do show some peculiarities in response to IF, such as a reduced insulin sensitivity, but it is currently unclear whether this is true for all chickens or is an effect of the intense selection for rapid growth in meat-type chickens.

Xenophobia amidst and post-COVID-19 pandemic.

Xenophobia amidst and post-COVID-19 pandemic.

Automation of Animal Feeders Using NODEMCU ESP8266 and Smartphone-Based BLYNK APP

Most humans today have used smartphones or smartphones, and besides that, humans also have pets where these pets require routine care, such as feeding the pet and others. We as humans sometimes when are not available or unable to care for our pets. Therefore the author raises the title "Automation of Animal Feeding Using Nodemcu Esp8266 and Smartphone-Based Blynk App".This research uses Research and Development methods or research and development. The source of data used in previous studies was Pet Feeder and direct observation for making the author's tool using the ADDIE method (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation). Based on the observation of the finished results of the tool, it was concluded that the tool can work smoothly and show results to pets in the form of regular pet feeding schedules and with the right portions.

Exploring the Effect of Functional Diets Containing Phytobiotic Compounds in Whiteleg Shrimp Health: Resistance to Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrotic Disease Caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis (AHPND) is an emerging severe disease caused by strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VpAHPND) in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Mitigating its negative impact, and at the same time minimizing antibiotics treatments, is the major challenge in shrimp aquaculture. A sustainable strategy could be to include immunostimulants in diet. Phytobiotics, harmless plant extracts with immunostimulatory and biocidal activities, are promising candidates. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of two diets (E and F) supplemented with phytobiotics (functional diets) in terms of protecting shrimp against AHPND. For this purpose, groups of animals were fed functional or control diets for 4 and 5 weeks and, subsequently, they were challenged with VpAHPND by immersion. We compared the mortality in infected groups and estimated the percentage of carriers by using a specific qPCR in hepatopancreas tissue. The results showed that mortality was significantly lower in the group fed functional diet E and, after a 5-week feeding schedule. This group also showed the lowest percentage of carriers. The pathological effects were also reduced with diet F. Thus, feeding shrimp with phytobiotic-enriched diets in critical periods will be highly beneficial because it increases the host's resistance to AHPND pathology.

Dynamic, Mechanistic Modeling Approach as a Tool to Mitigate N Excretion in Broilers

The nitrogen (N) load of broiler meat production is known for its high contribution to the environmental footprint of animal agriculture. The modeling work presented here is to be used as a tool to understand and quantify N excretion via a dynamic mechanistic nutrient partitioning simulation. The model has been developed for broilers, representing energy and protein utilization. Three case studies are presented and discussed, such as (1) feeding schedules with adjusted protein content feeds; (2) feeding diets with different digestibility of crude protein; and (3) feeding diets with the same digestible protein and different SID lysine, methionine plus cystine or threonine contents. In addition to N retention and total N excretion, diagnostic variables for N excretion via urine and obligatory urinary N excretion were studied to evaluate N partitioning in response to different feeding schedules. The excess N was calculated in each scenario for the whole fattening period. This in silico study has confirmed that unprecise diet formulation has considerable consequences: overestimation of digestibility or oversupply of dietary protein increases the total ammonia N in the manure and thus the N emission potential of poultry meat production. The presented approach may be recommended to design alternative feeding strategies with a low environmental footprint.

Obesity-Linked PPARγ Ser273 Phosphorylation Promotes Beneficial Effects on the Liver, despite Reduced Insulin Sensitivity in Mice

Since the removal of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) from the market, researchers have been exploring alternative anti-diabetic drugs that target PPARγ without causing adverse effects while promoting insulin sensitization by blocking serine 273 phosphorylation (Ser273 or S273). Nonetheless, the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between insulin resistance and S273 phosphorylation are still largely unknown, except for the involvement of growth differentiation factor (GDF3) regulation in the process. To further investigate potential pathways, we generated a whole organism knockin mouse line with a single S273A mutation (KI) that blocks the occurrence of its phosphorylation. Our observations of KI mice on different diets and feeding schedules revealed that they were hyperglycemic, hypoinsulinemic, presented more body fat at weaning, and presented an altered plasma and hepatic lipid profile, distinctive liver morphology and gene expression. These results suggest that total blockage of S273 phosphorylation may have unforeseen effects that, in addition to promoting insulin sensitivity, could lead to metabolic disturbances, particularly in the liver. Therefore, our findings demonstrate both the beneficial and detrimental effects of PPAR S273 phosphorylation and suggest selective modulation of this post translational modification is a viable strategy to treat type 2 diabetes.

Design and implementation of automatic fish feeder (AFF) using microcontroller powered by solar cell: A Contribution to the fish farmers

This study aims to design and test an automatic fish feeder (AFF) controlled by a microcontroller with an electricity supply from a solar cell. To build a reliable and accurate system, input data is collected for design, followed by system development, feasibility analysis, and performance testing. The test results show that AFF works according to the settings of the microcontroller, where the servo motor can open and close the feed channel periodically, three times a day. The feeding schedule is set at 07.00, 12.00, and 16.00. In addition, fundamental indicators including feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed efficiency (FE) are showing positive results. Through the application of AFF which replaces manual feeding, the FCR is obtained at 1.15 from the initial value of 1.44. Meanwhile, FE increased from 69.4% to 86.8%. Technically, AFF is suitable for use by tilapia and carp farmers.

A28 TIME-RESTRICTED FEEDING REDUCES INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE AND IMPROVES EPITHELIUM COLON REGENERATION

Abstract Background The circadian clock is a time keeping mechanism that drives daily rhythms in the body, including behavior and gastrointestinal digestion, inflammation, and metabolism. These daily rhythms are endogenous to cells, and they must adjust themselves to cyclic environmental cues like feeding schedules and light dark cycles. However, when the cyclical environment is chrono-disrupted (ex. shiftwork and jetlag), the temporal organization in the body is lost. Chrono-disruption is linked to an increase in the risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD); studies in rodents shown that IBD is more severe in mice without a circadian clock and intestinal regeneration is compromised Purpose Recent studies have shown that time-restricted feeding (TRF, the provision of food at times of peak behavior activity – without caloric restriction), that aligns with circadian behavior improves daily organization in the body and health. Therefore, we hypothesized that time-restricted feeding would be an effective strategy to ameliorate IBD and improve regeneration in chrono-disrupted animals. Method To test this, we used the DSS induction of colitis in mutant mice without clock function (Bmal1-/-) and controls with an intact clock (Bmal1+/+) and compared ad libitum feeding vs. TRF conditions (food available from 7pm to 7am). Result(s) Our results show that TRF ameliorates IBD symptoms and protects against epithelium colon damage in animals without clock function. Our preliminary results suggest that TRF may function by increasing the expression of the anti-inflammatory signal PPARg in the colon. Currently, we are testing if the circadian clock controls the daily expression of PPARg in vivo and in vitro. To further test the effect of TRF during regeneration after colitis, we tested proliferation (Ki67) and regeneration in the colon. (Hopx). Our results show that TRF increases the number of Ki67 positive cells and the expression of fetal-like regenerative precursor Hopx in both animals with and without a functional clock. Conclusion(s) Together these data suggest that TRF enhances regeneration in the colon after colitis. Moving forward, we are testing transcriptional pathways that are activated during regeneration in animals under TRF. Our results show that time restricted feeding can ameliorate IBD and highlight the role of circadian rhythms in regeneration and intestinal stem cell biology. Please acknowledge all funding agencies by checking the applicable boxes below CIHR, Other Please indicate your source of funding; Crohn's and Colitis Canada Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Different susceptibility to body deformities in juveniles of 13 European species (Cypriniformes: Pisces) intensively fed dry formulated diet under controlled conditions

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the susceptibility to body deformities in juveniles of 13 common European cypriniform fish, caused by intensive feeding with the same commercial dry diet administered at 25°C according to a similar feeding schedule. The final share of individuals with body malformations differed considerably among species and was 0.0-87.0%. Unaffected by the intensive feeding were only Barbus barbus (L.), Chondrostoma nasus (L.), Cyprinus carpio L. and Leuciscus aspius (L.). They can be safely fed with the highest rations of dry diet constituting 2,5-3% of fish biomass daily. Most of the species exhibited body malformations in a short time of only 20-30 days of feeding. Abramis brama (L.) , Leuciscus idus (L.) , Leuciscus leuciscus (L.) , Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.) , Carassius carassius (L.) , Rutilus rutilus (L.) and Squalius cephalus (L.) proved to be highly prone to body deformities – daily ration of feed 2.5% of fish biomass resulted in high incidence of malformed individuals after 60 days of feeding (50-87%). For these species safe daily ration of a dry diet should not exceed 2% of total fish biomass. Tinca tinca (L.) and Vimba vimba (L.) showed medium susceptibility to body deformities (11 and 24%, respectively). They can be fed with the daily ration of a dry diet about 2,3% of fish biomass. Some regularities connected with different susceptibility to fish body deformities are discussed in the paper.