Feeding Policy Research Articles

Theoretical Analysis of Nitroxide‐Mediated Copolymerization of Styrene and α‐Methyl‐Styrene under Different Operating Policies and Reactor Designs

AbstractThe polymerization that IUPAC terms reversible‐deactivation radical polymerization is a controlled radical polymerization technique (CRP) that allows producing polymers with tailored properties without the stringent conditions typical in ionic polymerization. A theoretical analysis is presented of the influence of operating and design conditions on the product properties for the nitroxide‐mediated copolymerization (NMP) of styrene and α‐methyl styrene. Several reactor configurations are analyzed, with different feeding policies and temperature profiles. To this end a mathematical model is developed to predict copolymer average properties and the complete bivariate MWD. The results help establishing design parameters and optimal operating policies to obtain desired copolymer microstructures.

Non-compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes is not confined to the infant formula industry

Infant feeding policy and practice continues to be a contentious area of global health care. The infant formula industry is widely considered to be the bête noire with frequent claims that they adopt marketing and sales practices that are not compliant with the WHO Code. However, failure to resolve these issues over three decades suggests that there may be wider systemic failings. Review of published papers, commentaries and reports relating to the implementation and governance of the WHO Code with specific reference to issues of non-compliance. The analysis set out in this paper indicates that there are systemic failings at all levels of the implementation and monitoring process including the failure of WHO to successfully 'urge' governments to implement the Code in its entirety; a lack of political will by Member States to implement and monitor the Code and a lack of formal and transparent governance structures. Non-compliance with the WHO Code is not confined to the infant formula industry and several actions are identified, including the need to address issues of partnership working and the establishment of governance systems that are robust, independent and transparent.

Commentary: Stewart Forsyth's article - Non-compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes is not confined to the infant formula industry

In this paper the author implies that there is no hard evidence demonstrating consistent violations of the International Code by the baby food industry, despite the regular monitoring reports published by the International Code Documentation Centre (ICDC) (http://ibfan.org/ icdc/). And it must be pointed out that there is more than ‘an assumption’ that the baby food industry plays a part in decreasing breastfeeding rates. Studies have found that when frequency of adverts for artificial feeding increased, percentage change in breastfeeding rates decreased, while a 2006 review by the US Congressional Accountability Office found a majority of studies that examine giving free formula samples to mothers at hospital discharge found lower breastfeeding rates among mothers receiving samples. No one denies that the Code includes recommendations for stakeholders other than the baby food industry. There is also no argument that some of these stakeholders have failed as duty bearers to protect the best interest of the child. But when it comes to unethical marketing and the ensuing harm to infant and young child health, the fault must lie solely with industry. What the author describes as a ‘systematic deficiency’ in a ‘multi-stakeholder’, ‘multi-layered process’ is no excuse for the baby food industry to not comply with the minimum standard set by the International Code. Forward looking companies recognise that compliance is the price of doing business and are developing governance, risks and compliance initiatives to ensure greater corporate accountability. The baby food industry should not be looking for excuses or soft alternatives where Code commitments are concerned. FTSE4Good is one glaring example of a soft alternative. While the author points to it as an interesting initiative addressing governance of infant formula manufacturers through its breastmilk substitute criteria, many critics point out that the FTSE4Good criteria were actually weakened to allow a well-known Code violating company like Nestle to gain access to this ethical investment index, while still engaging in marketing practices prohibited by the Code. Just like Nestle (and lately Danone), the FTSE criteria now introduce a false distinction between high-risk countries (those with at least 10 per 1000 under five mortality rate) where they require an ‘acknowledgement that the adoption and adherence to the Code is a minimum requirement’ and the rest of the world where they don’t. The author endorses the Nestle/Danone /FTSE approach on the assumption that global infant feeding policy is oriented towards the poorest of nations and finds it illogical that all nations should commit to the same recommendations. This is contrary to the World Health Assembly’s position that the International Code is global and applies in all countries, since parents and infants in industrialised countries deserve the same level of protection from inappropriate and unethical marketing as those in developing nations. Interestingly, the author ignores the 2012 UNICEF-commissioned report from his own country which shows that low breastfeeding rates in the UK lead to an increased incidence of illness with significant cost to the health service. Even a moderate increase in breastfeeding rates could save £40 million in the UK health budget. If that is not considered significant for a policy review on Code implementation, one can only speculate as to what interests are at play. See also Pediatircs which reported that if 90% of US families comply with recommendations to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months, the US would save $13 billion and prevent more than 911 deaths per year.

Optimal Bioreactor Operational Policies for the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sugarcane Bagasse

The consolidation of the industrial production of second-generation (2G) bioethanol relies on the improvement of the economics of the process. Within this general scope, this paper addresses one aspect that impacts the costs of the biochemical route for producing 2G bioethanol: defining optimal operational policies for the reactor running the enzymatic hydrolysis of the C6 biomass fraction. The use of fed-batch reactors is one common choice for this process, aiming at maximum yields and productivities. The optimization problem for fed-batch reactors usually consists in determining substrate feeding profiles, in order to maximize some performance index. In the present control problem, the performance index and the system dynamics are both linear with respect to the control variable (the trajectory of substrate feed flow). Simple Michaelis–Menten pseudo-homogeneous kinetic models with product inhibition were used in the dynamic modeling of a fed-bath reactor, and two feeding policies were implemented and validated in bench-scale reactors processing pre-treated sugarcane bagasse. The first approach applied classical optimal control theory. The second policy was defined with the purpose of sustaining high rates of glucose production, adding enzyme (Accellerase® 1500) and substrate simultaneously during the reaction course. A methodology is described, which used economical criteria for comparing the performance of the reactor operating in successive batches and in fed-batch modes. Fed-batch mode was less sensitive to enzyme prices than successive batches. Process intensification in the fed-batch reactor led to glucose final concentrations around 200 g/L.

Challenges in the implementation of the Infant and Young Child Feeding policy to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in the Nelson Mandela Bay District

Objective: To assess the Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) policy implementation among healthcare workers working at the Nelson Mandela Bay District (NMBD) public healthcare facilities.Design: Descriptive survey using quantitative closed structured questionnaires.Setting: Nursing professionals (n = 32) rendering maternal and child health services in 19 permanent NMBD clinics were included in a convenience sample in October 2011.Method: The closed, structured questionnaire was developed based on statements contained within the 2007 IYCF policy and administered by one interviewer. Ethics approval was obtained and respondents had to provide informed written consent. Data were analysed by means of descriptive and differential statistics.Results: Sixty-three per cent of nursing professionals were older than 40 years of age and more than half had already completed the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) and 20-hour IYCF training course. Respondents achieved a high mean score of 8.07 on knowledge of infant feeding in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, no association could be demonstrated between knowledge scores and previous training. Despite high scores on perceptions of the importance of IYCF counselling, 56% of the participants reported that they had never seen the IYCF policy before.Conclusion: Relevant training in IYCF in the context of HIV, the availability of IYCF policy guidelines and monitoring of counselling and training of health professionals and volunteers, are some of the challenges that need to be addressed to improve implementation of IYCF policy in the NMBD district.

Free formula milk in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme: voices of a peri-urban community in South Africa on policy change

In 2001, South Africa began implementing the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programme. This programme included distribution of free formula milk for infants up to 6 months of age at all public health facilities. Effective from 1 January 2011, KwaZulu-Natal became the first province to phase out free formula milk from its PMTCT programme. On 23 August 2011, the South African National Department of Health adopted promotion of exclusive breastfeeding as the national infant feeding strategy and made a decision to withdraw free formula milk from the PMTCT programme. To explore the perceptions and understanding of households at community level on the policy decision to phase out free formula milk from the PMTCT programme in South Africa. An exploratory qualitative study was conducted amongst women enrolled in a community randomized trial known as Good Start III. Focus group discussions were held with grandmothers, fathers and teenage mothers; and in-depth interviews were performed with HIV-positive and HIV-negative mothers. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Identified themes included: (1) variations in awareness and lack of understanding of the basis for the policy change, (2) abuse of and dysfunctional policy as perceived reasons for policy change and (3) proposed strategies for communicating the policy change. There is an urgent need to develop a multifaceted communication strategy clearly articulating the reasons for the infant feeding policy change and promoting the new breastfeeding strategy. The communication strategy should take into account inputs from the community. With a supportive environment and one national infant feeding strategy, South Africa has an opportunity to reverse years of poor infant feeding practices and to improve the health of all children in the country.

Improved operating policy utilizing aerobic operation for fermentation process to produce bio-ethanol

To enhance the productivity of the alcohol fermentation process, combined aerobic and anaerobic fed-batch operation could improve the growth of microbes and also achieve better alcohol production because of well-utilizing the characteristics of the microbial metabolism. Using a realistic model fitted from experimental data, result shows that the highest productivity can be achieved using a proposed fed-batch operation with high glucose concentration. The proposed operating policy combines an initial aerobic operation to increase the biomass formation in the early phase of the fed-batch operation and then followed by the anaerobic operation to accelerate the alcohol production in the later phase. The glucose feeding policy for this optimal fed-batch operation should try to maintain a lower optimal glucose concentration in the fermenter during initial aerobic phase and then to maintain another higher optimal glucose concentration during the next anaerobic phase. Toward the ending of the fed-batch, the glucose concentration in the fermenter should be increased further in order to speed up the productivity of ethanol after the feeding stopped.

Semibatch RAFT polymerization for branched polyacrylamide production: Effect of divinyl monomer feeding policies

Star and hyperbranched polyacrylamides (s‐PAMs and b‐PAMs) were synthesized via semibatch RAFT copolymerization of acrylamide (AM) and N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (BisAM) using four monomer feeding policies. The BisAM to chain transfer agent (CTA) ratios from 1 to 40 at a constant [AM]0/[CTA]0 of 600 were investigated at 60°C. The s‐PAMs with the number of arms of 1.4–12.8 and 1.8–8.4 were, respectively, produced by arm‐first (AF) and core‐first (CF) approaches, whereas the b‐PAMs having the branching density of 1.34–13.1C/1000Cs were synthesized by constant BisAM feeding (semibatch polymerization, SB) and batch (batch polymerization, BA). Soluble b‐PAMs were produced with the four feeding policies at [BisAM]0/[CTA]0 of 5. However, when the [BisAM]0/[CTA]0 was increased to 30, the gelation occurred with the CF and BA approaches while the AF and SB synthesized soluble branched PAMs. The AF and SB approaches appeared to be practical in producing the respective s‐PAM and b‐PAM at high [BisAM]0/[CTA]0 ratios or low CTA usages. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1322–1333, 2013

Publisher's Note relating to ‘Letter from New Zealand: Individualising Breast Feeding Policies’ [Journal of Neonatal Nursing 18(3) (2012) 88–89

Publisher's Note relating to ‘Letter from New Zealand: Individualising Breast Feeding Policies’ [Journal of Neonatal Nursing 18(3) (2012) 88–89

Improved operating scenarios for the production of acrylonitrile‐butadiene emulsions

AbstractThis article focuses on important aspects related to the production of acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (nitrile rubber or NBR) emulsions using a train of eight continuously stirred tank reactors. The first aspect we discuss concerns miscellaneous operating procedures, targeted toward achieving desired properties of the NBR emulsion and at the same time reducing the amount of off‐spec material during the transient period. In one of the operating procedures discussed, the first reactor is started full of “batch recipe,” whereas the remaining reactors in the train are half full with all reaction ingredients. In another case, we discuss an alternative design scenario, where the first reactor in the train is of a much smaller volume compared with the following reactors. The benefits of these two operating (production) scenarios are illustrated by comparison of different polymer and latex properties obtained with the commonly used procedures. Second, we discuss a novel criterion that can quantitatively distinguish between Cases I and II kinetics emulsion polymerization behavior with respect to continuous reactor stability (oscillatory behavior). Finally, additional feed policies are addressed, such as splitting the more reactive monomer and/or other reaction ingredients among the reactors of the train for better control of certain desired properties. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers

To kit or not to kit: optimizing part feeding in the automotive assembly industry

This is a summary of the author’s PhD thesis supervised by Hendrik Van Landeghem and defended on 22 December 2011 at the Universiteit Gent. The thesis is written in English and is available from the author upon request at veronique.limere@ugent.be and from https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1985447. This work deals with the materials supply of automotive assembly lines. Mathematical optimization models are proposed for the tactical choice between two opposite materials supply systems, i.e. line stocking and kitting, and a theoretical basis for hybrid materials feeding policies is developed. The automotive industry is characterized by mass customization. Customers are very demanding and want products tailored to their needs. As a consequence, production in the automotive industry takes place on mixed-model assembly lines and a lot of different variant parts need to be supplied to the line. Because of the high number of transactions, efficient material handling is of great importance. An additional distinguishing feature of the automotive industry is the diversity of parts being assembled at the line, ranging from small (e.g. bolts and nuts) to large and voluminous (e.g. wheel well liners and truck side mirrors). This diversity of parts suggests that different methods of line feeding might be appropriate. In industry, different materials supply systems are found. Two opposites in the spectrum of materials supply systems are line stocking and kitting. Both systems have been studied separately, but no general purpose model that would facilitate the selection process—between kitting, partial kitting, and line stocking (i.e. no kitting)—has been reported in literature. This is the topic of this PhD study. A first mixed integer linear programming model (MILP) is developed to assign individual parts to one of both materials supply system alternatives to minimize total costs. The costs considered are the average yearly labor costs for operator picking at the line, internal transport, the kit assembly operation and replenishment of the supermarket. Based on some initial results, a second improved model is obtained taking into

Comparison of the levels of the growth factors in umbilical cord serum and human milk and its clinical significance

The process of the growth of the fetus begins in the uterus and gets further accelerated following the birth, especially during initial few months. The role of the growth factors in the physiology of the cellular growth is already well established. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) seem to be imperative for angiogenesis, cell development and proliferation as well as maintenance of the tissues. The levels of these factors in the maternal serum during pregnancy as well as during postpartum period are insignificant. Consequently, we hypothesized that the fetus receives moderate supply of these growth factors from the placenta during its stay in the uterus. This supply gets further augmented during the postpartum period through the different source, i.e. mother’s milk. To study this physiological transition of the source of the growth factors from the placenta to the breast milk, the concentrations of VEGF and HGF in the cord serum of full term neonates and that in the breast milk of the corresponding mothers were analyzed during ELISA. The human milk, especially the colostrum revealed significantly higher levels of VEGF and HGF (1541.759±119.349pg/ml and 7129.249±273.472pg/ml) than cord serum (16.632±0.773pg/ml and 2581.6±108.275pg/ml) respectively. The multifold higher levels of VEGF observed in colostrum probably correlates with its high neonatal requirement for the maturation of the gastrointestinal epithelium following birth. The higher levels of both the growth factors in the breast milk than those observed in the cord serum probably explain their higher needs by the neonates for immunological protection, protein synthesis and neurocognitive development. The observations of the present study strengthen the policy of the colostrum feeding, which is promoted by organizations like World Health Organization (WHO). This study further documents the fact that the commercial milk formulae cannot replace the human milk.

We only talk about breast feeding: A discourse analysis of infant feeding messages in antenatal group-based education

Aimthe aim of the study was to examine the dominant discourses that midwives draw on to present information on breast feeding in group-based antenatal education sessions. Backgroundbreast-feeding initiation rates are high among Australian women however, duration rates are low. Antenatal breast-feeding education is considered a key strategy in promoting breast feeding to childbearing women. The efficacy and effectiveness of such a strategy is equivocal and there is little qualitative work examining group-based antenatal breast-feeding education. Methodsdiscourse analysis was used to explore the language and practises of midwives facilitating group antenatal breast-feeding education sessions at two Australian maternity facilities. Nine sessions were observed and tape recorded over a 12 month period. Each session lasted between 60 and 140mins. Findingsthe analysis revealed four dominate discourses midwives used to promote breast feeding during group-based antenatal education session. The predominant discourses ‘There is only one feeding option’: breast feeding’ and ‘Selling the ‘breast is best’ reflected how midwives used their personal and professional commitment to breast feeding, within supportive and protective policy frameworks, to convince as many pregnant women as possible to commit to breast feeding. Sessions were organised to ensure women and their partners were ‘armed’ with as much information as possible about the value of breastmilk, successful positioning and attachment and practical strategies to deal with early breast-feeding problems. Antenatal commitment to breast feeding was deemed necessary if women were to overcome potential hurdles and maintain a commitment to the supply of breast milk. The latter two discourses, drawn upon to promote the breast-feeding message, presented infants as ‘hard wired’ to breast feed and male partners as ‘protectors’ of breast feeding. Conclusionsmidwives clearly demonstrated a passion and enthusiasm for breast-feeding education. Examining the dominant discourses used by midwives during the antenatal sessions revealed, however, that their language and practices were often limited to convincing women to breast feed rather than engaging with them in conversations that facilitated exploration and discovery of how breast feeding might be experienced within the mother–infant relationship and broader social and cultural context. In addition, there was evidence that global breast-feeding policies, in resource rich countries such as Australia, may influence how midwives talk about breast feeding without them being fully cognisant of the potentially coercive nature of the messages women receive.

Optimal feeding strategy of diafiltration buffer in batch membrane processes

This work addresses the optimal control strategy of diafiltration buffer utilisation in discontinuous membrane processes that are designed to fulfil the twin aims of concentration and fractionation. The problem of optimal process operation is formulated using a general membrane response model that encounters concentration-dependent flux and rejections. We consider two problems, operation time minimisation and diluant consumption minimisation, and we apply theory of optimal control and derive necessary conditions of optimality. Through selected case studies from the literature, we demonstrate how to apply the proposed methodology to determine optimal time-dependent wash-water feeding policy. The analytical results are confirmed by numerical computations, using numerical methods of dynamic optimisation. The presented methodology allows decision makers to analyse suboptimality of conventional diafiltration strategies in terms of processing time and diluant consumption. Results show that depending on the complexity of the membrane response model, it may be attractive to implement optimal trajectory.

A Model Infant Feeding Policy for Baby-Friendly Designation in the USA

In June 2010, the Communities Putting Prevention to Work program (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) funded a New Jersey (NJ) Office on Nutrition and Fitness, Department of Health and Senior Services project to reduce obesity and increase exclusive breastfeeding by increased implementation of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative in the state of NJ. At baseline, NJ had no Baby-Friendly hospitals and no hospital was using an infant feeding policy that conformed to standards required by Baby-Friendly USA for designation. To create a model infant feeding policy that would be adaptable for use at multiple NJ hospitals preparing for Baby-Friendly designation. Project consultants created a policy based on existent policies from the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, certified Baby-Friendly hospitals, and guidance from Baby-Friendly USA. This policy was submitted to Baby-Friendly USA, the US body responsible for Baby-Friendly designation. Baby-Friendly USA requested changes; after adaptations, the policy was made available to targeted NJ hospitals via a statewide portal. The hospitals made relevant adaptations for their setting, and those that were ready submitted the policy during the Baby-Friendly designation process. The policy was acceptable to Baby-Friendly USA. A collaborative initiative can use a single breastfeeding policy template as an aid toward Baby-Friendly designation. Such work streamlines the process and saves time and resources.

Kinetics and Mechanism of H2O2 Direct Synthesis over a Pd/C Catalyst in a Batch Reactor

Kinetic experiments of the decomposition, hydrogenation, and direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide were performed on a commercial Pd/C catalyst. Temperature effects and subsequent hydrogen addition were investigated without using promoters. The hydrogen amount in the liquid phase was measured online by using a Fugatron Instrument to investigate the effect of the gas on the direct synthesis. Decomposition and hydrogenation reactions were affected differently by the temperatures used during the experiments. The formation of hydrogen peroxide showed different behaviors with different hydrogen feeding policies. The hydrogen dissolved in the liquid phase measured experimentally was correlated with the hydrogen peroxide production. As the amount of dissolved hydrogen increases in the liquid phase the direct synthesis rate increases, while the reaction slows down as the hydrogen pressure is decreased. The selectivity is also affected by the H2 recharges. Every time that hydrogen is recharged in the reactor (duri...

Decline of exclusive breastfeeding: Practical advice and stronger policy compliance are needed in government health services in Lima, Peru

In Peru, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in urban areas decreased from 64.5% in 2007 to 59.9% in 2010 despite a national infant feeding policy to protect, promote and support breastfeeding (BF). Health care providers (HCPs) play an essential role in influencing mothers’ feeding decisions. This study examined infant feeding advice provided by HCPs in government health services (N=3) in a peri‐urban area of Lima using a case‐study methodology. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 16 HCPs and 11 mothers of infants < 6 months of age. Seven mothers participated in two focus group discussions. The health service environment and educational activities were observed. Advice was provided via growth monitoring and medical visits, nutrition counseling sessions, home visits and talks. HCPs recommended EBF for 6 months but did not provide practical advice to address common problems. Barriers to providing adequate BF counseling by HCPs included heavy client load, inadequate in‐service training, poor counseling skills, and formula industry influence. Barriers to EBF among mothers included employment, perceived breast milk insufficiency, and infant formula promotion. Improved training of HCPs, stronger monitoring of compliance and implementation of national policy are needed in government health services to protect BF behaviors. Funding: CIHR GBH‐87063; McGill University

On the control of molecular weight distribution of polyhydroxybutyrate in Azohydromonas lata cultures

The microbial production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) has been reported by several studies dealing with the identification and optimisation of key-process variables and fermentation strategies for the maximisation of polymer yield and productivity. However, little work has been done on the control of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of PHB, as a product quality variable that significantly affects its end-use properties and processing characteristics. In this study, batch and fed-batch cultures of Azohydromonas lata, as a PHB host bacterium, are conducted in flasks and in a lab-scale bioreactor, where a number of culture nutritional and operational variables (i.e., medium composition, dissolved oxygen concentration, harvesting time, feeding policy and post-treatment conditions) are examined in a comprehensive way for their effect on the time evolution of the molecular properties of the produced PHB. Under specific nutritional conditions, batch or fed-batch cultivation mode and pulse or continuous nutrients addition policies, a wide range of number and weight average molecular weights of PHB was attained. Moreover, the harvested culture post-treatment conditions were assessed and found to greatly affect the MWD of PHB. Finally, the optimal nutritional and operational (i.e., feeding policy) conditions were established for the maximisation of the intracellular PHB content and productivity. In general, the PHB is efficiently produced in A. lata bacteria with relatively narrow and unimodal MWD, however, under extreme conditions favouring the enzymic or mechanical degradation of PHB, a broad and bimodal MWD can be effected

Scheme for Time-optimal Operation of Semi-batch Emulsion Polymerization Reactors

Emulsion polymerization processes are characterized by exothermic reactions with complicated nonlinear dynamics. A very precise temperature control is necessary in order to ensure that the end product satisfies the quality demands. In industry, this issue is addressed by adopting a conservative monomer feed policy such that a robust operation is guaranteed under various disturbing influences. A combination of a monomer feed controller based on jacket temperature constraint and a monomer feed controller based on droplet phase avoidance constraint that optimizes the batch time is analysed in terms of robustness and performance. The simulation results show that the scheme reduces the batch time without harming the quality of the temperature control.

Optimization of Bioethanol Ethanol Production in Fed-batch Fermentation

This study focuses on improving the productivity of a fed-batch ethanol fermentation process by developing and implementing in real time, an optimum feeding policy. A constraint-based stoichiometric model is developed using the systems biology approach, which can quantitatively predict the cellular behavior of the E coli strain, KO11. However, the predictions from this model are accurate under low concentrations of substrate. In order to extend the usage of the model to higher substrate concentrations, we modified this model by introducing changes in glucose utilization rate to restrict the metabolic capacity of the cell. Using the proposed model, the fed-batch optimization problem becomes a constrained optimization problem, and a modified Iterative Dynamic Programming (IDP) algorithm was developed with an adaptive-stage updating methodology, which was applied to solve the global optimization problem. Experiments were carried out based on the optimal feed profile generated using the modified stoichiometric model and the Iterative Dynamic Programming algorithm. Approximately 90% of the theoretical ethanol yield was obtained; the fermentation consumed a total of 521.5 g of glucose and produced 237.5 g of ethanol.