Thyroprotein Feeding Research Articles

Thyroprotein Feeding to Dairy Cows During Successive Lactations

Thyroprotein Feeding to Dairy Cows During Successive Lactations

Effect of Thyroprotein on Egg Production, Egg Weight and Body Weight of Chickens During Summer

IN Egypt, egg production is the lowest during July and August, which are the hottest months of the year. Reineke and Turner (1945), Turner et al. (1945b) and Turner (1948a) found that thyroxine secretion started to decline in May at a time when egg production began to decrease. They concluded that the seasonal cycle of egg production was due in part to a reduced secretion of thyroxine during summer.While Turner et al. (1945a, b, 1946 and 1947) found that egg production was maintained at a higher level than the control by feeding thyroprotein during the hot months of the year, Wilson (1949) stated that thyroprotein did not prevent the decline in egg production due to high ambient temperature. On the other hand, Hutt and Gowe (1948), Godfrey (1949) and Berg and Bearse (1951) found that feeding thyroprotein caused a depression in the rate of lay during summer.With the …

The Effect of Feeding Thyroprotein to Dairy Cows during the Decline Of Lactation in Successive Lactations

Summary Five cows were fed 15 g. thyroprotein daily during the declining phase of two successive lactations, and two other cows were fed thyroprotein in single lactations. Each of the cows fed thyroprotein was paired with a suitable control cow. Thyroprotein produced an increase in milk yield and heart rate and slight to insignificant changes in respiration, body temperature and milk fat test, as well as a loss of body weight. Body weight gains were resumed in 2 mo. following introduction of the thyroprotein and, at the same time, the average milk production and other physiological characteristics indicated that the treated cows again were functioning similarly to the controls. The histology of the thyroid gland of the treated cows indicated that it was almost inactive at this time. Following removal of thyroprotein when the cows were dried off, the cows continued to regain weight during 60-day dry periods and freshened apparently in normal condition. No harmful effect could be attributed to this moderate thyroprotein feeding either because of stimulation or of depression.

Thyroprotein for Lactating Cows in Mid-Summer

Summary Thyroprotein was fed in midsummer to four cows on a 15-wk. double reversal study at a rate of 1.5 g. per 100 lb. of body weight, and at levels of 1.33 g. and 2.0 g. to six cows on 8-wk. continuous study, using two controls. 1. F.C.M. production increases noted were 32 per cent on reversal and 12 and 22 per cent on continuous as compared to preliminary period with an 8 per cent loss for controls on the latter study. 2. Efficiencies of T.D.N. utilization, using formula table 1 were 69 per cent for thyroprotein feeding periods compared to 104 per cent on basal ration for reversal trial; and 71 and 69 per cent respectively for continuous study, with 99 per cent efficiency for control pair. 3. Several cows receiving thyroprotein improved in efficiency of T.D.N. utilization as the period of thyroprotein feeding proceeded. Rapid body weight losses occurred in both trials when thyroprotein was fed, even when additional T.D.N. was provided. When thyroprotein was withdrawn from the ration of two cows on continuous trial they suffered heavy losses in milk yield and made unusually rapid and efficient weight gains over a 21-day period during cooler weather. These rapid gains and losses raise questions concerning the type of tissue involved. 4. Accelerated respiratory rates and pulse rates, as well as increased body temperatures, offered partial explanation for the reduced efficiency of energy utilization by the thyroprotein-fed cows during this summer trial.

The effect of feeding thyroprotein and thiouracil on the vitamin A requirement of the chick.

The effect of feeding thyroprotein and thiouracil on the vitamin A requirement of the chick.

The Effect of Thyroprotein on the Growth and Carcass Composition of Swine

Significantly increased (P <.05) growth rate was obtained by the feeding of thyroprotein at levels of 0.0088 percent, 0.0132 percent, and 0.0176 per cent of the ration of growing, fattening swine. Less feed per unit of gain was required by all animals receiving thyro protein in their ration. When compared on the same age basis, hogs receiving thyroprotein had a higher percentage of fat and lower percentages of moisture, protein, and mineral matter than animals receiving no thyroprotein.

Thyroprotein in the Ration of Dairy Cattle. I. Its Influence on Milk Production, Fat Test, Heart Rate and Body Weight

Summary The daily feeding of 15g. of thyroprotein to eight cows resulted in an initial increase in milk production of 24.8 per cent (7.9 to 36.2). Of seven cows in which lactation curves were projected, four remained above and three dropped below their estimated production. Thyroprotein feeding increased the fat content of the milk from 3.69 to 4.37 per cent. The fat test then decreased to 4.09 per cent at which level it was maintained until the end of the feeding period. The solids-not-fat content of the milk increased and then decreased slightly during a 16-wk. feeding period. The average body weight of four cows decreased from 1,198lb. to 1,126lb. and then steadily increased to 1,175lb. Heart rate increased from 62 to 86 beats per min. and remained fairly constant for 12 wk.

The Effect of Thyroprotein and Thiouracil on the Growth and Fattening of Swine

A thiouracil intake of 0.1 percent of the ration resulted in highly significantly reduced growth rate, reduced food intake, and caused severe myxedema in weanling pigs. When thiouracil was fed at the level of 0.1 percent of the ration to pigs which averaged 150 pounds live weight and which previously had received thyroprotein at the level of 0.0088 percent of the ration, growth was almost stopped and it was not until after two weeks that the animals began to grow at about the same rate as the animals in the control groups. Significantly increased growth rate was obtained by the feeding of thyroprotein at the level of 0.0088 percent of the ration in Trial I, at the level of 0.0132 percent of the ration in Trial II, and at the level of 0.0176 percent of the ration in Trial III. The feeding of thyroprotein at all levels caused an increased growth rate. Less feed per unit of gain was required by animals receiving thyroprotein in Trials I and III. In Trial II, animals receiving thyroprotein required no more feed per unit of gain than the control animals. When carcass comparisons were made on animals that were of approximately the same weight at the time of slaughter, (Trial III) carcasses from animals which received thyroprotein at the level of 0.0176 percent had highly significantly greater chest depth (lean only) than the control group.

The Effect of Feeding Thyroprotein on Egg Shell Quality and Hatchability

WARREN and Schnepel (1940) have shown that high environmental temperatures cause a decline in egg shell thickness. Similarly, Funk (1934) observed that high summer temperatures were detrimental to hatchability. Gutteridge and Pratt (1946), Gutteridge and Novikoff (1947) and Hoffmann and Wheeler (1948) found that during the summer months the egg shells of hens fed thyroprotein were significantly stronger as measured by the specific gravity of the egg than those of the controls. Hutt and Gowe (1948) could not verify these results and concluded that thyroprotein had no measurable effect upon egg shell strength in May, June and July.The objectives of this experiment were (1) to determine to what extent the feeding of thyroprotein influenced the normal decline in egg shell quality; (2) to determine to what extent thyroprotein feeding prevents the normal seasonal decline in hatchability, if egg shell quality is maintained, and (3) to inquire into some of .

Thyroprotein-Feeding to 7-Year-Old Hens

IN 1942, groups of two-year-old White Leghorn hens were started upon an experiment to determine the long-time effect of the continuous feeding of synthetic thyroprotein. Progress reports of our observations have been made (Turner et al. 1945a, b; 1946a, b; 1947, and 1948). The present report concerns the egg production records of the surviving hens during the seventh laying year, and the fifth continuous year on thyroprotein for many of the hens.EXPERIMENTAL METHODSThe reader is referred to the previous paper for details of the management and feeding of these chickens (Turner and Kempster, 1948). The experimental hens received the same battery ration as the controls except that 10 gm. thyroprotein** was mixed into each 100 pounds of feed. The present experimental year started on October 17, 1947 and closed October 16, 1948.In the examination of Table 1, it should be pointed out that all of the hens during .

Some Effects of Feeding Thyroprotein to Dairy Cows During Their First Lactation

Some Effects of Feeding Thyroprotein to Dairy Cows During Their First Lactation

A Study of Feeding Low Levels of Thyroprotein to Dairy Cows for a Period of Fifty-Two Weeks1,2

Summary Thyroprotein in the form of iodinated casein fed at levels of 0.625, 1.25 and 5.0g. daily to dairy cows with a T.D.N. intake of 125 per cent of Morrison's standards for good cows under usual conditions (10) produced no significant stimulation of milk production, milk fat production, heart rates, respiration rates or body temperatures. Gains in body weight and breeding efficiencies were not affected significantly. These same levels of thyroprotein feeding accompanied by a T.D.N. intake of 110 per cent of Morrison's standards for good cows under usual conditions (10)produced increases in milk production which approached statistical significance. Milk production appeared to decline when thyroprotein was withdrawn from the ration. Mean milk fat percentage, body weights, heart rates, respiration rates, body temperatures and breeding efficiencies were not affected significantly by these levels of thyroprotein administration.

The Effect of Thyroxine and Iodinated Casein on the Development of the Chick Thyroid

Wheeler and Hoffman (1948) showed that the feeding of thyroprotein to hens at the rate of 0.02% produced chicks that had significantly enlarged thyroid glands at hatching time. This seemed of special interest in the light of the fact that the administration of thyroprotein to chicks or hens caused an involution of the thyroid, Wheeler, Hoffman and Graham (1948). One possible explanation for the enlargement of the thyroid gland in chicks from hens fed thyroprotein is that the hen deposits, in the egg, thyroid-active or other substances which in some way affects the undifferentiated pituitary and thyroid of the embryo in a manner which is different from its affect on the pituitary or thyroid of the chick or hen. The basophils of the pituitary, which may secrete thyrotrophin, are not present until after about 10 days of incubation, Payne (1946). The thyroid first appears as a gland on the 4th .

The effects of feeding thyroprotein on semen characteristics of rams.

The effects of feeding thyroprotein on semen characteristics of rams.

Feeding Thyroprotein and Sex Hormones to Laying Hens

A SERIES of reports from this laboratory on the feeding of thyroprotein to White Leghorn hens of increasing age has indicated that in the younger birds, the addition of thyroid hormone to the feed was without effect during the fall and winter months but appeared to be responsible for more sustained egg production during the spring and summer (Turner et al. 1947). Production strain Rhode Island Red birds showed a similar seasonal response (Turner et al. 1945). With advancing age, the Leghorns have begun to show a more marked difference in egg production throughout the year.These differences in response to thyroprotein-feeding have been interpreted as indicating that the White Leghorns and Rhode Island Reds included in these experiments have received an inheritance for the secretion of optimum amounts of thyroid hormone under the environmental conditions of the fall and winter. In the spring and summer, with increasing environmental temperature .

The Influence of Thyroprotein-Feeding on Semen Quality ,

The effects of hypothyroidism on semen quality have been reported by Shaffner and Andrews (1948). It was shown that the feeding of thiouracil lowered semen quality as measured by both fertility tests and laboratory criteria. On the basis of this work, it was reasoned that the feeding of thyroprotein might improve the quality and/or quantity of semen especially when fed to older males. Therefore, a preliminary study was made on the effects of mild hyperthyroidism on semen production.EXPERIMENTALEleven two-year-old Barred Rock males were maintained in individual cages and fed an all-mash diet. Samples of semen were collected weekly and evaluated by the techniques previously described (loc. cit.). Observations were also made on comb area and body weight. After six weeks of preliminary testing, the males were divided into two comparable groups and on April 23, 1947, treatment was begun. A group of six males was fed thyroprotein at .

The Value of Thyroprotein in Starting, Growing and Laying Rations: II. The Growing Period, 12–24 Weeks of Age

SEVERAL reports have appeared which suggest that thyroprotein, (iodinated casein) may have beneficial effects when fed to young chicks and, during the summer months, to laying hens (Parker, 1943, Irwin, Reineke and Turner, 1943, Turner et al., 1945, Turner, Irwin and Reineke, 1945, Gutteridge and Pratt, 1946, Gutteridge and Novikoff, 1947, Wheeler, Hoffmann and Graham, 1948). No experimental data are available, however, on the effect of feeding thyroprotein during the “growing period,” but Turner (1947) has recommended in a popular article that, “For growing pullets, the . (thyroprotein) feeding can continue at the rate of 15–20 grams per hundred pounds of their total feed until the approach of sexual maturity. Then the . (thyroprotein) can be cut to 10 grams per hundred pounds of their total feed.”The present paper reports on the effects of feeding thyroprotein during the 12 weeks period (12 to 24 .

The Influence of Thiouracil on Semen Quality in the Fowl ,

THE role of the thyroid gland in the regulation of many body processes is well known but its influence upon reproduction is only partially understood. Crew (1925) fed desiccated thyroid gland to five cocks and seven hens, five to eight years of age, for six months from May to October. After molting, the plumage was characteristic of younger fowl, head furnishings became red and turgid and egg production was increased. Cole and Hutt (1927) fed 20 White Leghorn hens desiccated thyroid at the rate of 59 milligrams per pound of live weight for a period of six weeks beginning November 1. This dosage did not affect egg production. Turner et al. (1945a) (1945b) found that the feeding of thyroprotein to laying hens was beneficial in maintaining a high level of egg production during the second half of the laying year of pullets and increased egg production considerably in the second .

The Value of Thyroprotein in Starting, Growing and Laying Rations: I. Growth, Feathering and Feed Consumption of Rhode Island Red Broilers

THREE reports have appeared in recent years which suggested that thyroprotein might be a desirable ingredient for commercial broiler rations. These previous trials were done with small numbers for each dosage level and the chicks were reared in batteries rather than under practical farm conditions. Moreover, the statistical significance of the differences in response to treatment was not determined. Thus a need was apparent for a more extensive test of these findings under commercial production conditions with the attendant crowding, contact with intestinal discharges, and other normal brooding hazards. The work reported here is an attempt to provide further information on the value of thyroprotein when fed to broiler chicks under conditions approximating those in the field.REVIEW OF LITERATUREIt is difficult to evaluate the literature on the effects of feeding thyroprotein to growing chicks. Not only have different investigators used different dosages, but the thyroprotein used has varied .

The Influence of a Synthetic Thyroprotein when Fed to Dairy Cows over an Extended Period

Summary The daily feeding of 10g. of thyroprotein to nine cows resulted in an initial increase of 7.6 per cent in milk production; five cows receiving 15g. of thyroprotein daily increased 19.7 per cent in milk production. The average daily milk production in the second week after the withdrawal of thyroprotein was 19.5 per cent below that of the last week of thyroprotein feeding in five cows receiving 10g. of thyroprotein; in three cows receiving 15g. of thyroprotein the decrease was 34.2 per cent. In three of four cows receiving thyroprotein, the withdrawal and refeeding of thyroprotein resulted in a marked decrease in milk production and then a return to the pre-withdrawal level. The cow hot returning to the pre-withdrawal level was not fed thyroprotein at the previous level. Of nine dairy cows that received either 10 or 15g. of thyroprotein daily for periods varying from 3 to 17 months, six secreted milk with a higher fat content and six produced more milk than that secreted in a similar segment of either a previous or a subsequent lactation. Of the three cows not showing an increase in milk production during the entire thyroprotein feeding period, only one failed to show an initial response in milk production. The author is indebted to Dr. H. J. Metzger of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station for the determination of Brucella abortus in two of the animals.