Goat Feed Research Articles

Unconventional Ingredients from the Industrial Oilseed By-Products in Dairy Goat Feeding: Effects on the Nutritional Quality of Milk and on Human Health

Unconventional Ingredients from the Industrial Oilseed By-Products in Dairy Goat Feeding: Effects on the Nutritional Quality of Milk and on Human Health

487 Rumen degradation, N-To-Energy Synchronization, and Intestinal digestion Study in dairy cows: Effect of oat varieties and types (feed type vs. milling type)

Abstract This study aimed to determine the impact of four oat varieties and types (feed type vs. milling type) on the rumen degradation kinetics of nutrients, intestinal digestion of nutrients, and N to energy synchronization. Twelve samples [4 varieties (Arborg, Haymaker, Nasser, Summit) × 3 harvested years (2018, 2019, 2020)] were used for in situ rumen incubation analysis, three-step in vitro analysis, and available N to energy synchronization evaluations. The experiment design was RCBD design (oat varieties as a fixed effect and harvested year as a random block effect). Statistical analysis was performed by MIXED procedure model of SAS 9.4, and significance was declared at P < 0.05 and tendency at 0.05 ≤ P < 0.10. Results showed that Haymaker and Arborg oat had higher rate of degradation of degradable fractions (Kd) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and starch than that of Nasser oat (P < 0.05). Nasser oat had greatest rumen bypass dry matter (BDM, g/kg DM), and rumen bypass feed starch (BST, g/kg DM) in these four varieties (P < 0.05) while the effective degradability of dry matter (EDDM, g/kg DM), effective degradability of feed crude protein (EDCP, g/kg DM), and effective degradability of feed starch (EDST, g/kg DM) of Nasser oat were least among varieties (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in BDM, EDDM, %BST, and EDST between milling oat and feed oat. For the intestinal nutrient digestibility, Summit oat had greatest intestinal digestibility of rumen bypass dry matter (%dBDM) among four varieties (P < 0.05), and the value of intestinal digestible rumen bypass dry matter (IDBDM, g/kg DM) of Summit was greatest in these varieties, which has greater IDBDM (g/kg DM) content than that of Nasser oat (P < 0.05). Nasser oat also had the least total digestible dry matter (TDDM, g/kg DM) in these varieties (P < 0.05). Summit oat had similar intestinal digestibility of rumen bypass protein (%dBCP) with Haymaker and Nasser oat but had greater %dBCP content than that of Arborg oat (P < 0.05). Nasser oat had greater intestinal digestible rumen bypass protein (%IDBCP, % of CP) in these four varieties (P < 0.05), while its value of total digestible protein (TDCP, g/kg DM) was the smallest and the TDCP content of Nasser oat was less than Haymaker oat (P < 0.05). Summit and Arborg oat had greater total digestible feed starch (TDST) than that of Nasser oat (P < 0.05). Significant differences were found on %dBDM, IDBDM, TDDM, and TDST between the feed type and milling type oat (P < 0.05). Haymaker oat had similar ratio of N to organic matter (OM) of the oat (N/OM) with Nasser oat but had greater N/OM content than that of Arborg and Summit oat (P < 0.05).

The Effect of Feeding Native Grass, Jackfruit Leaves and Leguminosa on Daily Weight Increase and Body Sizes of Goats

The use of foliage and legumes in goat diet is essential to serve protein sources for maintenance and productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of providing native grass, jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus), and different legumes such as Leucaena leucocephala and Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson on average daily gain (ADG) and weekly increased body measurements) of four female Kacang goats (5-7 months old; average body weight 6.98?± 1.44 kg) kept in individual pens (1 m x 1.2 m × 1.2m (length x width x height) with a soil base. A 4 x 4 latin square design with four treatments: T0 (100% natural grass), T1 (100% lamtoro leaves), T2 (100% jackfruit leaves), and T3 (100% spinach) were used. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results showed that feeding goats with different type of forages had a significant effect (P<0.05) on ADG, in which the goats fed jackfruit leaves showed the highest ADG value (142.85 ± 15.43 gr/head/day) (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the ADG of goats fed native grass, L. leucocephala, and A. gangetica leaves were not significantly different (P>0.05). The results also showed that different forages had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the weekly increase in body size measurements, including body length, shoulder height and chest girth. It can be concluded that giving jackfruit leaves can increase the ADG of Kacang goats. The use of jackfruit leaves solely can be recommended to increase the growth of goats.

Pemanfaatan Kulit Singkong Sebagai Pakan Alternatif Ternak Kambing di Desa Lolotuara Kecamatan Lakor Kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya

Lakor Island is one of the islands located in Southwest Maluku Regency (MBD). Lakor Island also has local livestock plasma nurfah that has been recognized by the Ministry of Agriculture, the local livestock plasma nurfah is Lakor goats. Lakor goats are one of the local goat groups whose base is on Lakor Island, Southwest Maluku Regency, Maluku Province, and have been determined through the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture Number 2912 / Kpts / OT.140 / 6/2011 dated June 17, 2011. Therefore, the livestock must be maintained and its population preserved so that it does not become extinct and run out, but the problem often faced by farmers on Lakor Island is the lack of feed in the dry season, to answer this problem in this community service will try to utilize agricultural waste, namely cassava skin as an alternative feed for goats on Lakor Island. The problem raised in this community service program is that the community does not utilize cassava skin waste as animal feed because they do not have knowledge about the utilization of cassava skin waste as animal feed. cassava peel is known as waste from cassava or cassava that has been peeled. cassava peel can be used as animal feed. the purpose of this community service is to utilize cassava peel waste as goat feed. Related to the main problems that have been mentioned, this community service program will offer a solution that is expected to be new information or knowledge to the community on Lakor Island about the use of cassava peel waste as animal feed. The hope of this community service program is that the community on Lakor Island will have new knowledge so that they can utilize cassava peel waste as animal feed, so that it can be an alternative feed that can be given to goats.

Characterization of the ruminal microbiota in sheep and goats fed different levels of tannin-rich Sericea lespedeza hay.

Understanding ruminal microbiota and diet-host breed interactions under forage feeding conditions is essential for optimizing rumen fermentation and improving feed efficiency in small ruminants. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different ratios of condensed tannin-rich Sericea lespedeza (SL; Lespedeza cuneata) in the diets on changes and interactions of ruminal microbiota and host species (i.e., sheep and goats). Katahdin sheep (n = 12) and Alpine goats (n = 12) at approximately 10 to 12 mo of age were blocked by body weight (BW = 30.3 and 25.5kg, respectively) and randomly assigned to one of the 3 treatments. Diets contained 75% coarsely ground forage and 25% concentrate. The forages were 1) 100% alfalfa hay (AL), 2) 100% SL, and 3) 50% AL + 50% SL (ASL). In the present study, the diversity and composition of ruminal microbiota differed between sheep and goats fed similar diets. Based on the taxonomic analysis, there was a distinct clustering pattern (P < 0.05) for sheep by diets, but such a pattern was not observed for goats (P > 0.1). The most predominant phyla were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Ascomycota, and methanogen species of Methanobrevibactor sp. in the rumen of sheep and goats, regardless of diets. The Bacteroidetes and Ascomycota were enriched in sheep fed AL and ASL. In contrast, these microbial phyla were enhanced in goats fed tannin-rich SL diets, with the diet-by-host species interaction (P < 0.02) for the Bacteroidetes phylum. Sheep rumen fluid samples showed a higher degree of variability in microbial community composition compared to goat rumen fluid samples. The relative proportion of the Aspergillus fungi population was reduced to 90.7% in the SL group compared with the AL group, regardless of host species. The antimicrobial activity of tannins and greater sensitivities of selected microbiota species to these tannin compounds during SL feeding in sheep and goats perhaps caused this difference. The results from this study suggest that differences in the microbiota were associated with differences in diets and host species. Therefore, this study provides a better understanding of ruminal microbiota and diet-host species interactions under various tannin-rich diets, which could advance consolidative information on rumen microbiome community diversity changes and may improve sheep and goat production.

Effects of Ginger Straw Silage with Enzymes on Growth Performance, Digestion and Metabolism, Meat Quality and Rumen Microflora Diversity of Laiwu Black Goat.

Laiwu black goats comprise an excellent local germplasm resource; however, a shortage of feed resources has led to the application of unconventional feed. Ginger straw feed has good physiological effects, but research on this feed source for ruminant animals is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of enzymatic silage ginger straw on Laiwu black goat performance. The experiment used an independent sample t-test analysis method; 24 healthy Laiwu black goats with a body weight of 20.05 ± 1.15 kg and age of 5.67 ± 0.25 months were randomly divided into two groups with three replicates (bars) per group and four goats per replicate. The experimental diet was composed of mixed concentrate, silage, and garlic peel at a 2:7:1 ratio. The silage used in the two groups was whole corn silage (CON group) and 60% whole corn silage plus 40% enzymatic silage ginger straw (SG group), and the other components were identical. Daily feed intake/daily gain (F/G) was significantly higher in the SG group than in the CON group (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences in dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility between the groups. The shear force, cooking loss, centrifugal loss, and pressure loss of the longissimus dorsi muscle group were significantly lower in the SG than in the CON group (p < 0.05). Compared with those in the CON group, the serum and liver total antioxidant capacity was significantly increased in the SG group, and in the liver, the O2·-, malondialdehyde, and OH· contents were significantly decreased. Collectively, the rumen fluid microbial diversity was changed in the SG group. It was concluded that enzymatic silage ginger straw usage instead of 40% whole silage corn as feed for Laiwu black goats can significantly improve the muscle quality, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal flora, with no adverse effects on production performance. In conclusion, our study provides a basis for ginger straw processing and storage and its rational application in the Laiwu black goat diet.

Analysis of AMDAL aspects on Bangkalan Red Land Goat Farms in the Perspective of Business Feasibility Study

Goat farms in Indonesia are currently developing very rapidly because many results can be obtained. Some of the results include the sale of parent, child and milk. Another addition is the result of processing goat manure (inthil) into organic fertilizer. Good feed provision and sufficient quantities need to be done to improve the quality of goats, milk and tillers produced. In order to continue to provide quality feed, knowledge is needed for making good quality fermented goat feed and can last a long time. Various kinds of processed goat milk can be produced such as pure milk packed in bottles or milk powder. Waste goat manure, both in the form of solid waste (inthil) or liquid waste (urine) if managed properly will provide economic added value. In addition, it is also necessary to assume about management and good marketing techniques to get maximum profits. The use of information technology (e-commerce) will be able to expand the marketing range of goat products in Indonesia.

Use of crude glycerin in dairy goat feeding and its effects on milk and cheese performance and quality

This study aimed to assess the impact of stepwise dietary inclusion of crude glycerin (CG) on the productive traits of dairy goats and the quality of their milk and cheese. Sixteen Saanen goats, averaging 55 ± 6 kg live weight and 45 days in milk, were allocated into four simultaneous Latin squares (4×4) and fed on diets containing 0 (control), 50, 100, and 150 g/kg of CG in the dry matter (DM). A linear decrease (P < 0.05) was observed in DM, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and non-fibrous carbohydrates intake with increasing CG levels in the diet, with a significant reduction (P < 0.05) noted at 100 and 150 g/kg of CG. Additionally, CP digestibility, nitrogen balance, and plasma urea nitrogen decreased (P < 0.05) with CG inclusion. Milk yield corrected for 3.5 % fat, total solids content, and total fatty acid (FA) amounts in goat milk decreased (P < 0.05) with 100 and 150 g/kg of CG. Furthermore, inclusion of 150 g/kg of CG decreased (P < 0.05) fat content in "coalho" cheese, although cheeses from goats fed up to 50 g/kg of CG showed superior (P < 0.05) appearance, global impression, and purchase intention. The CG inclusion increased (P < 0.05) short and odd-chain FA contents while decreasing (P < 0.05) long-chain and polyunsaturated FA levels in goat milk. Overall, we recommend incorporating up to 50 g/kg of CG in dairy goat diets as it does not affect milk and "coalho" cheese performance and quality.

Pengaruh Kecukupan Pakan Terhadap Produksi Susu dan Kualitas Susu Kambing Di Kecamatan Turi Kabupaten Sleman Yogyakarta

This research aims to determined the effect of feed adequacy on the production and quality of dairy goat milk in Turi District. This research was carried out in the field and laboratory from 01 to 24 October 2023. A total of 98 dairy goat breeders were selected as respondents with the criteria of having at least 1 year of farming experience and having at least 2 animals. From each goat they raise, milk samples are taken to test the quality in the laboratory. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and by multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the average age of farmers is 44 years, with an education level of 86% high school graduates, the number of family dependents of 4-5 people is 67%, the majority work as farmers 52% (69% ≤10 years and 31% ≥11 years). Livestock ownership status is 100% privately owned with an average ownership of 2-5 heads. The average body weight of dairy goats was 40.13 ± 6.91 kg, with milk production of 2.21 ± 0.51 liters/day. Furthermore, the milk quality variable shows that the average specific gravity and non-fat solids are 1.055 ± 0.08 and 8.42 ± 0.43. Feed adequacy (Dry Matter) is 1.43 and Crude Protein adequacy is 7.44. Milk production was significantly (p&lt;0.05) 52.6% influenced by the level of feed adequacy with the regression equation Y = -1.513 + 0.033XI + 0.495X2. Meanwhile, milk density was 48.5% influenced by the level of feed adequacy (p&gt;0.05) with the regression equation Y = 1.043 + 0.073XI - 0.013X2. Likewise, the lean solitaire variable which was not significant (p&gt;0.05) was influenced by the level of feed adequacy (0.75%) with the regression equation Y = 6.874 + 0.155XI + 0.183X2. It was concluded that the adequacy of feed for dairy goats in Turi District for production was sufficient and for milk quality it was in accordance with the 2011 SNI.

Supplemental Role of Fodder Tree Legumes in Dwarf Sheep and Goats Feeding Systems

Supplemental Role of Fodder Tree Legumes in Dwarf Sheep and Goats Feeding Systems

Study on Soil Selenium-Induced Copper Deficiency in Yudong Black Goats.

Due to the degradation of pasture and strict restrictions on grazing ranges in recent years, copper (Cu) deficiency in Yudong black goats has been occurring, mainly manifested as emaciation, anemia, loss of appetite and lack of spirit. To explore the main causes of Cu deficiency in Yudong black goats, 40 black goats (1 year old, 25.11 ± 0.52 kg) were selected for this experiment; among them, 20 Yudong black goats with Cu deficiency from the experimental pasture were used as the experimental group, and 20 healthy Yudong black goats from the control pasture were used as the control group. In the pre-experiment, the mineral contents of the soil, forage, blood, and liver of black goats in both groups were determined, and in formal experiments, blood hematological, biochemical, antioxidant, and hemorheological parameters were analyzed. An experiment on the treatment of Cu deficiency in black goats was also conducted. This study showed that selenium (Se) levels in the soil, forage, blood, and liver from the experimental group were significantly lower than those from the control group (p < 0.01). The content of sulfur (S) in the forage was considerably higher than that of the control group (p < 0.01). The contents of Cu in the blood and liver from the experimental group were significantly lower than that from the control group (p < 0.01), and the content of S was considerably higher than that from the control group (p < 0.01). The blood hematology of the experimental group was affected, as evidenced by a decrease in hemoglobin, hematocrit value, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. The immunity and antioxidant capacity of black goats in the experiment group were impaired to varying degrees, with significant decreases in ceruloplasmin, immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin G, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, and substantial increases in malondialdehyde. In addition, the experimental group showed a decrease in blood viscosity as evidenced by the rise in high shear viscosity, low shear viscosity, erythrocyte rigidity index, erythrocyte aggregation index, and erythrocyte deformation index, and a decrease in plasma viscosity. In the treatment experiment, oral administration of copper sulfate solution was carried out on 10 black goats with Cu deficiency. All the Cu deficiency goats were cured, and the Cu content in their bodies rebounded. In summary, low Se soil caused an increase in S content in the forage, and Yudong black goats feeding on high S forage resulted in a decrease in Cu absorption, which led to a secondary Cu deficiency.

Practical small ruminant nutrition: Applied nutrition for veterinarians

Small ruminants have unique nutritional requirements that vary from cattle and other ruminant species. Sheep and goats also differ from one another in their nutritional requirements. This paper covers concepts related to basic applied nutrition for feeding goats and sheep. The nutrition recommendations covered are for practical use by veterinarians who aim to assist clients in creating feeding guidelines.

Good fences make good neighbors? Exploring potential transformative impacts of local governance towards livestock fence-in rights in Malawi

Malawi's export earnings are dominated by tobacco, accounting for over 60% of export earnings. The demand for an alternative export commodity, pigeon pea, has been rising over the past decade, especially from India. In addition to their export potential, pigeon pea is an effective cover crop to protect soil heath and productivity in the dry season. They are mostly grown in southern region on very small farms, however, there are opportunities for expansion into central region given the existence of larger farms and agroecological suitability for the crop. Currently, social norms in the central region constrain this expansion. Livestock, and goats in particular, are left to roam free in the dry season by over two-thirds of farmers, relative to only one-third in the south. This leads to significant damage to pigeon pea crops and discourages farmers from growing them and taking advantage of the increased export demand. Much land is left bare and the few farmers that do grow crops during the dry season are forced to put up fences. This study assesses ex-ante implications, especially on agroecological transformation and economic growth, of shifting local governance arrangements among farmers around keeping livestock towards controlled systems. These externalities have been understudied in the development programming, yet their impacts are substantial, especially in lower-income countries. The policy solution under study is for the local government and non-state actors to support local governance arrangements through indirect payments to agroecosystem services. These can include information campaigns on benefits of controlled livestock systems, training and subsidizing modern goat house construction and feed preservation, and contract farming and product certification for adhering to acceptable community norms. Medium-term policy interventions include varietal development of adaptable short duration pigeon pea, initiating a review of the appropriate laws, and instituting more studies to understand these community norms.

Effect of dietary cold-pressed hempseed cake on the fatty acid profile of semi-hard cheese made from goat milk

Recently, many feedstuffs have been introduced to animal diets to increase the content of beneficial fatty acids in dairy products. Therefore, this study aimed to research the effect of including hempseed cake in dairy goats concentrate mixtures on the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of semi-hard goat cheese that is traditionally produced on family farm. The feeding of goats was based on meadow hay ad libitum and 1200 g/day/head of concentrate mixture. In the first experimental group, 60 g/kg DM of hempseed cake (HSC-60) was administered; meanwhile, in the second experimental group, 120 g/kg DM of hempseed cake (HSC-120) was included in the diet. The chemical composition of cheese was mostly unaffected by enriching the goats’ nutrition with hempseed cakes. Dietary HSC-120 increased C18:1 n-9 and C18:3 n-6 compared to the control, and increased C22:6 n-3 in cheese compared to HSC- 60, although both HSC-120 and HSC-60 lowered n-6/n-3 ratios in cheese. Feeding goats with HSC-120 may have contributed to the development of the functional properties of semi-hard goat cheese made on family farm, as compared to the cheese produced by goats fed with commercial concentrate mixtures.

The Effect of Grape Seed Cake as a Dietary Supplement Rich in Polyphenols on the Quantity and Quality of Milk, Metabolic Profile of Blood, and Antioxidative Status of Lactating Dairy Goats

The objective of this study was to assess the impact that diets supplemented with grape seed cake rich in polyphenols had on lactating goats. The study investigated the quantity and quality of goat milk, the metabolic profile of blood, and the antioxidative status. The study involved 24 French Alpine dairy goats throughout their lactation period. The goats were, on average, 5 years old (±three months) and in the fourth lactation. The experiment lasted for 58 days. The control group (CON) had a diet without grape seed cake (GSC). The experimental groups were given a diet containing 5% and 10% GSC on a dry matter basis (GSC5 and GSC10, respectively). A slightly higher milk production, as well as protein and fat milk content, were found in GSC5 and GSC10, but the differences were not significant. Goat milk in the GSC10 group exhibited significantly higher activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase, as well as decreased concentrations of GUK and SCC. The feeding treatments did not affect significant differences in hematological and biochemical indicators, except for the BHB content, which can be associated with a higher energy value of feed containing GSC. There was an observed elevation in the activity of SOD within the blood of GSC5, and GSC10 was measured as well. The determined changes justify the supplementation of GSC rich in polyphenols to goat feed, especially in the amount of 10%, as it can reduce stress caused by lactation, which is known as a very stressful production period for animals.

78 Assessing nutrient digestibility in boer×spanish castrated male goats feeding varied levels of hempseed meal

Abstract Hempseed meal (HSM) has gained considerable attention as a potential alternative protein source for animal feed in the US, although its FDA approval for this purpose remains pending due to an insufficiency of comprehensive scientific data. The HSM is a byproduct of hemp oil production. Tuskegee University, a ruminant coalition group in the US is assessing this byproduct in meat goats. The present study was designed to investigate the influence of varying HSM inclusion rates on the nutrient digestibility in Boer×Spanish castrated meat goats using a 4×4 Latin square design. Four uniform mature Boer×Spanish castrated goats (14-16 months) were randomly assigned to four treatments. These goats received ad libitum access to experimental diets containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% HSM on an as-fed basis. Experimental diets were iso-nitrogenous (crude protein: 16%) and iso-caloric (total digestible nutrients: 64%). The experiment was conducted for 21 d in four phases where 16 d was for diet adjustment and 5 d for sample collection. Feed, feces, and urine were collected during the sample collection period and composited. The feed intake and refusal, fecal and urine outputs were monitored during the sample collection period. The feed, fecal, and urine samples were analyzed for nutrient composition. Nutrient digestibility data were analyzed in SPSS 29 and Microsoft Excel 2021. Our findings revealed no significant differences (P &amp;gt; 0.05) in the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, non-fibrous carbohydrate, neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, and ash among experimental groups, except for acid detergent fiber, where a significant difference (P &amp;lt; 0.05) was observed. These results shed light on the potential of hempseed meal in meat-goat diets and emphasize the importance of understanding its impact on specific nutrient digestibility for optimal dietary formulation.

Partial VFA and Acetate/Propionate Ratio Goat Feed WithThe Addition of Piper Betle Linn Flour

The research aims to examine the effect of adding betel leaf flour to goat feed in vitro on partial VFA production and the acetate/propionate ratio. The research material used betel leaf flour, basal feed consisting of ammoniated rice straw and concentrate in a ratio of 40%: 60%. The media used for in vitro experiments was rumen fluid taken from 3 goats immediately after the goats were slaughtered. The research was designed according to a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with treatments namely the addition of 0%, 5% and 10% betel leaf flour. The parameters observed were the production of acetic, propionic and butiic acids, as well as the ratio of acetic and propionic acids. The results of the study showed that the addition of betel leaves at the level of 0-10% in the feed had a very significant effect (P&lt;0.01) on the production of acetic and propionic acids, while the production of butyric acid and the ratio of acetic and propionic acids had no significant effect (P&gt;0.05) between treatments. Based on the orthogonal polynomial test, increasing the dose of adding betel leaf flour to the feed increased the production of acetic and propionic acids quadrater (P&lt;0.01) with peak points at 6.97% and 7.19% respectively. It was concluded that the addition of betel leaf flour to goat feed based on ammoniated rice straw tested in vitro could increase partial VFA production but did not affect the ratio of acetate and propionate formed. The use of betel leaves as a defaunator to increase VFA production is most optimal at a dose of 7.19%.&#x0D;

Strategy For Sustainable Development and Feed Processing Technology Using Chopper Machine for Goat Farming in Dolok Ilir I Simalungun Regency

Sustainable development in animal husbandry through feed processing technology using modern machines is needed to increase the productivity of goats in Dolok Ilir I, Dolok Batu Nanggar District, Simalungun Regency. The problems faced by the service partners include maintenance management and preparation of animal feed that could be more optimal, thus reducing the productivity of goats. In addition, technology in the form of automatic equipment or machines and housing management for incentive management is also needed. Some solutions to problems are the Assisted Village Service Team conducting activities in the form of 1) Training on feed preparation and making herbal nutritional supplements for goats, 2) Provision of goat feed production machines and training in the use of chopper machines, 3) Construction of goat cages for intensive management. The service method applied is using media in the form of banners and training practices. Training practices are carried out by providing material and demonstrations on preparing feed, making herbal nutritional supplements, and operating a grass chopper machine. The results of the activities that have been carried out show an increase in farmers' knowledge and skills related to making feed preparation, making herbal nutritional supplements and operating chopper machines with an achievement rate of 95%. Science and technology in community service activities have been applied by farmers so that they can increase the sustainable development of animal husbandry in the Fostered Village. The participation of village officials also supports the progress of livestock development in the Assisted Village of Dolok Ilir, Simalungun Regency.

The Effects of Composite Alkali-Stored Spent Hypsizygus marmoreus Substrate on Carcass Quality, Rumen Fermentation, and Rumen Microbial Diversity in Goats.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of composite alkali-stored spent Hypsizygus marmoreus substrate (SHMS) on carcass quality, rumen fermentation, and rumen microbial diversity in goats. Twenty-four 6-month-old Chuanzhong black goats with similar body weights (20 ± 5 kg) were selected and randomly divided into four groups (n = 6 per group) and received four treatments: 0% (control group, CG); 20% (low-addition group, LG); 30% (moderate-addition group, MG); and 40% (high-addition group, HG) of SHMS-replaced silage corn and oat hay. The experiment lasted for 74 days (including a 14 d adaptation period and a 60 d treatment period). The results of this study showed that MG and HG significantly improved the marble score of goat meat (p < 0.05). The flesh color score significantly increased in each group (p < 0.05). The fat color scores significantly increased in LG and MG (p < 0.05). There were no significant effects on the pH value or shear force of the longissimus dorsi in each group (p > 0.05). The cooking loss in MG was higher than that in CG (p < 0.05). The histidine and tyrosine contents in each group of muscles significantly increased (p < 0.05), with no significant effect on fatty acids (p > 0.05). The rumen pH of MG significantly decreased (p < 0.05), while the total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) increased by 44.63% and 54.50%, respectively. The addition of the SHMS altered both the alpha and beta diversities of the rumen microbiota and significant differences in the composition and structure of the four microbial communities. The dominant bacterial phylum in each group were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, with Prevotella 1 as the dominant bacterial genus. Correlation analysis revealed that rumen bacteria are closely related to the animal carcass quality and rumen fermentation. In the PICRUSt prediction, 21 significantly different pathways were found, and the correlation network showed a positive correlation between the Prevotella 1 and 7 metabolic pathways, while the C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism was positively correlated with nine bacteria. In summary, feeding goats with an SHMS diet can improve the carcass quality, promote rumen fermentation, and alter the microbial structure. The research results can provide a scientific reference for the utilization of SHMS as feed in the goat industry.

Effect of the Addition of Moringa Oleifera Leaves on Reproduction, Hematological, Biochemical Parameters, and Milk Yield and Composition of Goats Under Arid Conditions of Siwa Oasis

The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential benefits of supplementing Moringa oleifera leaves on various aspects of Baladi goat health and productivity under arid conditions in Siwa Oasis. Specifically, the study aimed to assess the effects on hematological and biochemical parameters, milk production and composition, and reproduction. A total of 30 healthy Baladi goats, with an average weight of 19.70 ± 0.36 kg, were randomly assigned to two experimental groups: the control (C) group, which received a basal diet without Moringa oleifera leaves, and the treatment (T) group, which received the basal diet supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaves at a rate of 50 grams/doe/day throughout the experimental period. The findings revealed that feeding goats with Moringa oleifera leaves led to increased milk productivity compared to the control group. Specifically, milk yield and all milk components, except for ash, were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the Moringa-treated group. Moreover, the Moringa group exhibited significantly higher levels of Hb concentration, RBC, PCV, and MCV compared to the control group. However, there were no significant differences in MCH and MCHC between the two groups. Interestingly, the control group showed a significant increase in WBC compared to the Moringa group. In terms of biochemical parameters, the results demonstrated a decrease in cholesterol and urea concentrations in Baladi goats fed with Moringa oleifera leaves. Conversely, the Moringa group exhibited significantly higher levels of serum total protein, glucose, and albumin compared to the control group. Furthermore, supplementation with Moringa oleifera leaves significantly improved kidding and weaning rates, as well as litter size in Baladi goats and decrease of mortality rates. Overall, the findings suggest that incorporating Moringa oleifera leaves into the diets of Baladi goats can enhance reproductive performance, milk production and composition, without any negative effects on the haemato-biochemical profile.