Feed Hopper Research Articles

Passive orientation of the parts in the mechanical disk hopper feeding device with an annular orientator and radial grooves

The paper considers mathematical models describing the process of passive orientation of axisymmetric parts in the form of the bodies of rotation with implicit asymmetry at the ends in the mechanical disk hopper feeding device with an annular orientator and radial grooves made on a rotating disk. The developed mathematical models make it possible to estimate the boundary conditions under which the reliable orientation of the parts and the time of orientation of the parts will be ensured, depending on the geometric parameters of the part, the coefficient of sliding friction of the part against the guide surfaces, the structural and kinematic parameters of the hopper feeding device.

Investigation of the vibrating feeding system for sphericity separation of coated fuel particles using DEM

Using inclined vibrating plate (IVP) to gather spherical coated fuel particles is an important process in nuclear fuel particulate technology, especially in the manufacture of nuclear fuel elements for high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR). In order to get a satisfactory separation result, fuel particles are required to discharge uniformly and slowly into the IVP at a stable flow rate. To this end, the vibrating feeding system composed of a hopper and a new designed multi-layer multi-channel (MLMC) feeder is proposed in this paper to increase the discharge rate, optimize the uniformity of particle distribution and reduce the particle velocity near the outlet, which can produce a better separation of odd fuel particles. Subsequently, discrete element method (DEM) is used to investigate the motion of coated fuel particles in the feeding hopper. The accuracy of DEM is verified by comparing the experimental results with the simulation results. At the same time, the mass discharge rate (MDR) of particles in the hopper and the influence of geometry structure of hopper are studied. Finally, the motion of fuel particles in the new designed MLMC feeder is investigated, and the distribution characteristics of particles discharging out from the new feeder are analyzed. The simulation results demonstrate that the new designed feeding system can meet the optimal feeding requirements that the particles are discharged uniformly with the rather stable flow rate and the relatively lower particle velocity.

Development of a Small-Scale Electromechanical Mobile Fish Feeder

The aim of the present study was to develop and test a simple small-scale electromechanical mobile fish feeder to control feeding in indoor or outdoor fish ponds. Fish feeder spreader consists of a solid frame, fish feed hopper, distributing disc with spreading fins, transmission system and electrical components. The electrical components include the rotational speed motor, distribution switch box, battery, dosage bar release motor, and transmission system dc brushed motors. Analysis and evaluation of distribution pattern of fish feed done under two different spreading disk rotational speeds of 1000 and 1250 rpm (17.3 and 21.6 ms-1), two feed outlet control slide settings for fish feed rate and three different fish feed types. The developed prototype can achieve 4.9 and 5.8 kg/min distribution rate of fish feed type 1 (sizes from 1 to 2 mm and average bulk density of 530 kg m-3) under two distribution disc rotational speed of 1000 rpm and 1250 rpm respectively. Variation on distribution of feed material type 1 in both sides of the developed prototype was 8.4 and 14.7 % for disk rotational speed 1000 rpm and 1250 rpm respectively with at most good distribution pattern. Feed distribution uniformity for feed type 2 (sizes from 2 to 3 mm and average bulk density of 720 kg m-3) was much better compare to the distribution pattern of feed type. Where, there was variation on distribution of feed material type 2 in both sides of the developed prototype by 3.5 and 3.11 % for disk rotational speed 1000 rpm and 1250 rpm respectively under outlet slide settings 2. Even with outlet slide settings 2 (only half of the outlet opening), distribution of feed material type 2 in both sides of the developed prototype was better and recorded 2.21 and 2.61 % for disk rotational speed 1000 rpm and 1250 rpm respectively. Using fish feed material with size bigger than 3 mm will lead to uneven distribution using current developed prototype.

An experience of elaboration and implementation of systems of slag-forming mixtures mechanized feeding into CCM moulds

Effective application of slag-forming mixtures (SFM), being fed into continuous castingg machine (CCM) moulds, depends on their even distribution on the melt surface. Manual feeding of the SFM which is widely usedd does not provide this condition, resulting in the necessity to actualize the work to elaborate systems of SFM mechanized feedingg into moulds of various types CCM. A concept of the designing of a system of SFM feeding into CCM moulds presented with the ratte strictly correspondent to the casting speed and providing formation of an even layer of fine material of given thickness on the whoole surface of liquid steel. The proposed methods of designing of the SFM mechanized feeding systems based on three-dimensional computer simulation with the subsequent verification of the correctness of the adopted technical solutions on field samples. Informattion is presented on the design features of the adjusted facilities intended for continuous supply of finely granulated and powder mixtuures on metal mirror in moulds at the production of high-quality billets, blooms and slabs. Variants of mechanical and pneumo-mechaanical SFM supply elaborated. At the mechanical supply the fine material from the feeding hopper is moved at a adjusted distance bby a rigid horizontally located screw. At the pneumo-mechanical supply the metered doze of the granular mixture is delivered by a sshort vertical screw, the lower part of which is located in the mixing chamber attached from below to the hopper and equipped with ann ejector serving for pneumatic supply of the SFM in a stream of transporting gas. It was proposed to use flexible spiral screws in the ffuture facilities of mechanical SFM feeding. It will enable to eliminate the restrictions stipulated by the lack of free surface for locatiion of the facility in the working zone of the tundish, as well as to decrease significantly the mass of its movable part and to decreaase the necessary power of the carriage moving mechanism driver. The novelty of the proposed technical solutions is protected by thhree patents. The reduction of 10–15% in the consumption of slag-forming mixtures during the transition from manual to mechanizeed feeding confirmed. The resulting economic effect from the implementation of technical development enables to recoup the costs inncurred within 8–10 months.

Design and calculation of mechanical toothed hopper feeding devices with a ring orientator

The designs of mechanical toothed hopper feeding devices with an ring orientator for axisymmetric parts-rotation bodies with asymmetric ends are considered. Мathematical dependencies are given that allow calculating their actual productivity at the design stage.

Design and Fabrication of a Modular Melon Depodding Machine for Optimum Performance in Nigerian Agricultural Sector

The traditional methods of depodding melon pods to extract the edible seeds is a time consuming and tedious process. A melon depodding machine was therefore designed, fabricated and tested for use in Nigeria. The fabricated machine had the following operating units: depodding chamber, power system, feeding hopper, supporting frame, electric motor, gear shaft, discharge unit etc. The average mass of melon pod of 1.671 kg and the average diameter of the melon pod of 139.25 mm were obtained experimentally. From the performance test carried out on the machine, average percentage of depodded seeds of 91.1255%, average percentage of undepodded seeds of 7.2915%, the average percentage of damaged seeds of 1.5835% and the average percentage of useful seeds of 98.4165%. Considering the aforementioned results, the melon depodding machine designed in this study can perform optimally in both domestic and commercial level in Nigeria.

Development of a Low-cost and High-efficiency Post-harvest Bulk Handling Machinery System of Onion – Performance Evaluation and Control

As post-harvest processes of onions are carried by a 20 kg-net package which results in high-cost and lowefficiency, especially, the insufficient drying and physical damage of onions after harvesting leads to a huge second loss in storage, we had developed a low-cost, high-efficiency post-harvest bulk handling machinery system by collecting onions on a farm using ton-bags, drying with forced air circulation, and sorting/packaging. The post-harvest bulk handling machinery system consisted of 6 devices, and this study designed an automatic feed hopper with a feeding rate control device, an inclined belt conveyor with a two-step chute, and an automatic pallet unloading device for feeding onions into the sorting/packing line. This study also analyzed the performance and control of the total system. The device had 1-ton handling capacity, but the operational condition was set to increase the capacity. The three-step filling method of pallet by the velocity control of the inclined belt conveyor was applied in the post-harvest bulk handling machinery system for the prevention of physical damage. If one worker was set to operate the total system, the time required to complete one palletized load was approximately 5 minutes and 5 seconds. The calculated daily handling capacity was approximately 94 tons, when the daily actual working time was 8 hours. When the developed system was applied to the managerial size of 2,000 ton, the processing cost per ton of the system was decreased by 19.5%, compared with the existing 20 kg-net package-based handling. The developed post-harvest bulk handling machinery system would be a good substitute for the rapid decline and aging of rural labor.

Increasing the productivity and accuracy of separation into fractions of a mixture of dissimilar disc-shaped products

During collection and counting of coins or tokens, the mixture must be divided into fractions by denomination. Methods of separating coins and existing designs of equipment for separation are considered. It is revealed that the existing designs of vibration devices for sorting disc-shaped parts have low productivity, as well as a fairly large sorting error. A set of elements affecting the performance and efficiency of vibration separators with electromagnetic drives is considered. A new separator design based on a vibrating hopper feeder is proposed. Changed the geometry of the working body and parameters of other elements that affect the accuracy of the separation process and its performance. A prototype of the vibration separator was made according to the project of the proposed design. Experimental studies of the separation process on this separator were carried out to identify the parameters of the accuracy of separation of a mixture of coins with a nominal value of one and two kopecks at different speeds of the process. The research was conducted on two batches of 1000-piece coins with a nominal value of one and two kopecks. Both batches were mixed, the mixture was loaded into the separator hopper in bulk and the separation process was carried out, at the end of which the number of coins of both denominations was determined, which were not in their own separate batches. For each transport speed, fifty measurements were made and the arithmetic mean value of the indicator was determined. It was found that the absolute accuracy of separation on this device is achieved at a speed of vibration transport up to 0.5 m/s. When upgrading the separation zone using compressed air jets, absolute separation accuracy is achieved at a speed of up to 1 m/s. It is established that the new design of the vibration separator proposed by the authors significantly increases the productivity of the sorting process by denominations (diameters) of the coin mixture into fractions with absolute separation accuracy. This device can also be used for sorting small parts or products that have the shape of disks (washers, rondels, buttons, etc.).

Improving the performance of vibration feeders with an electromagnetic vibration drive and a combined vibration system

Vibration loading devices are widely used in various branches of mechanical engineering to load piece blanks of automatic machines and automatic lines as well as robotic systems, automated systems and flexible automated production. Vibration devices for transportation and loading of miniature, small and medium-sized products are the most widely used. Modern designs of vibratory feeders, made according to the classical dynamic scheme and having a two-mass oscillating system, do not fully use the energy of the vibratory exciter to perform useful work. In addition, due to the presence of a heavy reactive mass, they have a fairly large weight. When the vibrating feeder is operating, the energy of the vibration exciter is spent on pumping both the hopper, which performs useful work, and the reactive plate, which performs idle vibrations. Thus, part of the energy of the vibration exciter is not used for performing useful work, but is spent idly. To increase the efficiency of the device, increase its performance and reduce its weight and metal consumption, it is necessary to change the design of the vibratory feeder and some of its elements, which affect the redistribution of the oscillation amplitudes of the working (hopper) and reactive mass of the vibratory feeder. Modern production involves the creation of new models of machines with high technical and economic indicators, therefore, improving the efficiency of existing equipment and the development of new schemes of machines is an important task for designers and manufacturers of technological equipment, as the minimum improvement of its technological and operational performance can lead to a tangible economic effect. To solve this problem we developed a new design vibrating hopper feeder, in which the increase of the horizontal component of the oscillation amplitude of the working element (hopper) is not at the expense of increased power of the vibratory exciter, but due to internal redistribution of energy between the elements of the oscillating system that makes better use of the energy of the vibratory exciter to perform useful work, i.e. to increase the coefficient of useful action. In addition, the weight and metal content of the vibrating feeder structure are simultaneously reduced.

Development of a High Pressure Dry Coal Feed System for a 100 kWt Oxy-Coal Reactor

Abstract A design concept to feed dry coal from a hopper to a 100 kWt pressurized oxy-coal (POC) reactor using CO2 at 2 MPa was developed using transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and bench-scale measurements. The feed system was required to maintain a steady flow of gas and solids at a coal flowrate of approximately 3.8 g/s and a CO2-to-coal mass ratio in the range 1–2. A 5.08-cm diameter vertical coal hopper feeding into a 0.635-cm diameter horizontal pipe was used to represent key elements of the feed system. A fluidized bed concept was found capable of providing the desired coal flowrate and CO2-to-coal flow ratio. Use of separate fluidization and dilution flows allowed the coal flowrate and CO2-to-coal flow ratio to be controlled independently. The amount of coal transported from the hopper was dependent on the net CO2 flow in the hopper but independent of the CO2 dilution flow. Pipe exit coal flowrates were found to fluctuate at levels acceptable for steady burner operation. Tests from a bench-scale apparatus using Pittsburgh 8 coal with a median particle diameter of 50 µm and moisture content of 6% confirmed the feasibility of the fluidization design. However, for a given CO2 fluidization flowrate, experimental coal flowrates were lower than predicted coal flow, in part due to simplifying assumptions of dry, spherical coal particles and smooth piping in the simulations.

HOLONIC CONTROL OF POULTRY HOUSE TRAVELLING HOPPER FEEDERS AND COMPARATIVE COST ANALYSIS

This work is aimed at applying holonic control system to poultry house travelling hopper feeders with the comparative cost analysis. It adopts HCBA which is suitable for controlling the reconfigurable automated processes. The feeder consists of parts for different types of poultry feeds dispensable from the feed reservoirs and carried around by travelling hoppers along the feed carts. The simulations were carried out using MATLAB and SIMATIC software. The responses of the speed of each traveling hopper were determined to be 1.04 sec, 1.91 sec and 0.0841% for rise time, settling time and percentage overshoot respectively. The parameters of the embedded controller in STEP 7 CONT_C FB41 data block translate to a constant gain of 10, integral time constant of 100 ms and derivative time constant of 280 ms. Visual results from the HMI show the system’s ability for customization, cooperation and autonomy for implementation of any poultry feeding program. The cost analysis shows that it is profitable for farm capacity of 10,000 birds and above with low labour cost and average annual energy cost of about N708,000. The feed wastage loss is reduced by 66% while depreciation is 10% as compared to cage system with belted conveyor feeder.

Effect of fiber feeding route upon extrusion process on the electromagnetic, mechanical, and thermal properties of nickel-coated carbon fiber/polypropylene composites

Extrusion processing and properties of fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites may be influenced by the fiber feeding route upon extrusion. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of fiber feeding route on the fiber length distribution, electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE), tensile, and flexural properties and heat deflection temperature of resulting composites with different fiber contents. H–NiCF/polypropylene and S–NiCF/polypropylene pellets were produced through two different feeding routes of nickel-coated carbon fiber (NiCF), hopper feeding (H) and side feeding (S) upon extrusion process, respectively. NiCF-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites were fabricated by means of compression molding using each pellet, respectively. The effect of fiber feeding route on the electromagnetic, mechanical, and thermal properties of the composites with various NiCF contents was studied. S–NiCF/PP composites exhibited the EMI SE, tensile, and flexural properties and heat deflection temperature higher than H–NiCF/PP composites. The improved properties of S–NiCF/PP composites were ascribed to higher aspect ratio and longer fiber distribution of NiCF remaining in the composite than H–NiCF/PP counterparts, due to less shearing and fiber damages during extrusion.

Design Modification of a Cassava Attrition Peeling Machine

There is still an increase in the demand for engineering innovations in designing cassava peeling attrition machines which will limit drudgery which its operators are being subject to. However, one major factor that has limited all existing designs is the fact that cassava tubers have irregular geometries. Hence, the emphases of this thesis is to design based on modifications, fabricate test and performance evaluation of a cassava tuber peeling machine using standard available materials by basically inculcating two contra-rotating shafts with brushes as deflectable knife edges and an auger that is inclined at an angle thus being powered by an electric motor and gravitational energy of the earth. The components of this machine include a main frame, feeding hopper, cylindrical peeling chamber, auger conveyor, belt and pulley transmission system, chain and sprocket transmission system, waste outlet, manual handle bearings and 1hp electric motor. By operation, cassava tubers are introduced into the feeding hopper which is then collected by the auger into the extracting compartment at an angle of 10 degrees, the auger conveyor which is well fitted inside the peeling chamber then translates the cassava tubers, and then presses the cassava tubers against the brushes. Each brush acts as a knife edge and also deflects to create an opening to accommodate the variable irregular cross sections along the length of any cassava tuber. The minimum and maximum mass of cassava tubers that are loaded into the peeling chamber from the introductory sector in different time intervals are 4.5kg and 5.0kg respectively. The Throughput Capacity of the machine is 47.9kg/h. The minimum and maximum force exerted per unit length of cassava tuber by each brush is 1.02Nmm-1 and 1.85Nmm-1 respectively. The machine was evaluated at stepwise speed of 50rpm from 50rpm to 250rpm. The minimum moisture content of each cassava tuber was 45% and a maximum of 70%. The maximum peeling efficiency was obtained at the minimum speed of 50rpm and a maximum moisture content of 70%.

Design and Analysis of Castor Material Cleaner Machine

Castor oil plant is an important oil crop. According to the physical characteristics of castor oil plant to be cleaned, the parameters of feeding hopper, vibrating screen and other components were designed, and the air separation device was simplified in this paper. Secondly, the theoretical cleaning capacity and efficiency of castor oil plant cleaning machine under assumed conditions are calculated, and the selection of motor and belt drive part are calculated theoretically. Finally, the sheet metal design and angle iron forming are used to conduct three-dimensional modeling design for the two parts, and the simplified model of the screen body drive mechanism is analyzed through the motion to find out the basic laws of the screen body movement. By studying the kinetic characteristics of castor bean, the aerodynamic equation and kinematics equation of castor bean were established. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the development of castor oil plant cleaning equipment.

Design and Development of Broiler Feeding System for Chicken Model Closed-House System

Broiler poultry is one of the many jobs carried out by the Indonesian people. The industrial revolution changes many aspects of broiler poultry, especially technology developments that made work easier. One of them is broiler poultry using a closed- house system. This system has several advantages, including temperature and humidity that can be adjusted to the broilers. Conventional feeding systems are also a problem. Therefore, in this study, a broiler feeding system was designed for a closed-house system. The development of an automatic chicken feeding machine can be very useful to the growth of the farming industry, this automatic broiler feeding system has three main components, feed hopper which works as chicken feed storage, screw conveying screw conveyor is useful for transfer of feed material from feed and motor drive systems for drive the screw conveyor. Based on the results of analysis and testing, the automatic feeding system can function properly and can distribute the feed properly. The AC motor has a power of 0.75 HP. The V-pulley is used for power transmission with a size of 2 inches and 8 inches. And the shaft that is connected to the spiral auger has a diameter of 20 mm to support the shaft force of the conveyor screw.

Evaluation of the optimal standardized ileal digestible valine:lysine ratio in lactating sow diets1.

An experiment was conducted with 430 sows to evaluate the ideal standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val:Lys on sow and litter performance during an 18.6-d lactation period. The SID Val:Lys ratios measured were based on the previously published literature and then values above and below reported values. Sows were randomly allotted within parity block (parity 1, parity 2, and parity 3+) to one of five corn-soybean meal-based lactation diets formulated to contain different levels of SID Val:Lys (0.50, 0.62, 0.75, 0.88, and 1.00, respectively). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric (3.35 ME Mcal/kg) with 0.95% SID Lys and contained vitamins and minerals that exceeded recommendations (NRC, 2012). Experimental diets were given to sows from 112 d of pregnancy throughout the 23-d lactation period. Litters were standardized within 48 h after farrowing. Sows were fed with the Howema computerized feeding system that mixed the high and low diets to create the intermediate diets, weighed the feed for each sow and then delivered the feed to each individual feeding hopper to record daily sow feed intake during lactation. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with sow as the experimental unit and treatment as a fixed effect and parity as the random effect. Results were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and considered a trend at P > 0.05 and P ≤ 0.10. Sow ADFI was not significantly different (5.2, 5.2, 5.2, 5.0, and 5.4 ± 0.15 kg/d, respectively). On average, sows consumed ~45 g of SID Lys per day. Sow wean to estrus (5.2, 4.7, 5.3, 5.5, and 4.5 ± 0.32 d, respectively) was not different as the Val:Lys ratio changed. Increasing the Val:Lys ratio resulted in no differences (2.66, 2.64, 2.76, 2.61, and 2.62 ± 0.08 kg; P > 0.10) in average daily litter gain. There were no differences in sow weight loss or subsequent total born across the dietary treatments. Overall, increasing levels of SID Val:Lys did not change sow reproductive performance or piglet growth rate.

Optimization of the structure of the vibratory feeders with electromagnetic vibrating drive and a combined oscillating system

Vibration loading devices are widely used in various branches of mechanical engineering to load piece blanks of automatic machines and automatic lines as well as robotic systems, automated systems and flexible automated production. Vibration devices for transportation and loading of miniature, small and medium-sized products are the most widely used. In the study of vibration transport, one of the most important issues is the study of the dependence of the average transport speed on the parameters of the oscillation of the carrier tray. It is most convenient to conduct a study in dimensionless quantities when expressing the speed of transportation through the speed coefficient, which shows how much the real speed of the part is close to the maximum speed of the transporting surface. For vibration conveyors and vibratory feeders with non-separable transportation parts using modes that are implemented mainly elliptical or asymmetric longitudinal vibrations of the bearing plane. Asymmetric laws of motion of vibration conveyors provide the highest performance in a non-invasive mode of movement of billets, but such conveyors have found a very limited distribution due to the complexity of the implementation of asymmetric vibrations by simple means. To implement the asymmetric laws of oscillation of the working body and thereby increase the speed coefficient used as power sources generators asymmetric types of oscillations, which have a very high cost. Modern production involves the creation of new models of machines with high technical and economic indicators, therefore, improving the efficiency of existing equipment and the development of new schemes of machines is an important task for designers and manufacturers of technological equipment, as the minimum improvement of its technological and operational performance can lead to a tangible economic effect. To solve this problem, the authors developed a new design of vibration hopper feeder, which carries out the transportation of products in the mode without throwing with an asymmetric law of oscillation of the carrier tray when connected directly to the AC network without using an asymmetric pulse generator and conducted an experimental study of its design to determine the speed coefficient during vibration transportation.

Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of centrifugal sunflower dehuller for small-scale enterprises in developing countries

Sunflower is grown by small-scale farmers in many developing countries like Tanzania. Lack of effective machines for dehulling sunflower seeds has resulted in high oil losses during extraction, especially for small- and medium-scale enterprise. This paper reports on the design, fabrication and performance evaluation (in terms of throughput capacity, dehulling efficiency and kernel breakage efficiency) of a centrifugal machine for dehulling sunflower seeds. The purpose was to improve the dehulling efficiency and to reduce kernel breakage of the dehulled seeds. The machine consists of a frame, feeding hopper, power shaft, bearings system, dehulling chamber and power unit. The results showed that the higher the impeller speed, the higher the throughput capacity and dehulling efficiency. The highest dehulling efficiency was 94.3% which is significantly higher than that of existing abrasive dehullers (17%). However, high speed also resulted in increased kernel breakage (5−20.9%) hence reducing the quality of the dehulled seeds. Thus an impeller speed of 1445 rpm was selected for the operation of the machine. The results suggest that the designed centrifugal dehuller can be used by small- and medium-scale sunflower oil enterprises for improving oil extraction.

Electronic Device to Quantify Clearance and Control Feed Rate of Rubber Roll Sheller

Rice milling process refers to the removal of husk and bran layers from the paddy grain. Proper machine settings in relation to physical and engineering properties of paddy are necessary for efficient milling operations. The present research work was aimed at incorporating modifications in a rice rubber roll sheller of modern rice mill for better control on its operation. A microcontroller-based electronic device was developed to quantify the clearance between the rubber rolls and feed opening of the rubber roll sheller. The values were displayed on seven-segment display units. A mechanical system to suit automation was also developed to automatically control the feed rate of feed hopper of the rubber roll sheller. The device was designed to read from 0 - 72 mm feed opening gap with least count of 0.075 mm, and rolls clearance from 0 mm to 21 mm with least count of 0.01 mm.

Manufacture of Continuous Metal Matrix Composite Strip Reinforced by Particulate Materials from the Semisolid Processing

Strip casting is a new method of producing metal matrix composites. Two-roll melt dragged processing (TRMD-ing) and single-roll melt dragged processing (SRMD-ing) methods were used to study the manufacture of 2-mm-thick composite strips by using PbSn (≈ 11.3 g/cm3) eutectic alloy matrix reinforced with iron (≈ 7.86 g/cm3) powder (≈ 70 μm) at a rate of 0.3 m/s. The metallic powder stored in the feed hopper (≈ 90 g) was pushed during the pouring operation of the cast alloy (≈ 4 kg) at 260 oC on the cooling slope to produce a mixture of metallic slurry and particles to feed the nozzle to be dragged by the lower roll. Various surface defects occurred during processing, such as the failure of the powder particle to be embedded in the matrix by SRMD-ing with and without stirrer into the nozzle, and the rolling up of the strip into the nozzle by TRMD-ing. Graphite nanoparticles formed inside the α-Pb grain revealed a complicate eutectic structure in both the processing methods. The colloidal graphite used to coat the crucible, cooling slope, and nozzle could act as a nucleation agent for preferential centre segregation in the α-Pb grain. This suggests that the graphite nanoparticles functioned as nucleation points in the lead-rich α phase. Thus, another type of composite was formed in the presence of graphite nanoparticles within the lead-rich α-phase surrounded by β-Sn. An electron probe microanalysis and scanning electronic microscopy were used to investigate the composition and distribution and identify the different phases. Several types of particulate reinforcements may be added to the matrix to obtain composites for mechanical, electronic, and magnetic applications using these technologies.