Honey Bee Feeding Research Articles

Composition and Quality of Honey Bee Feed: The Methodology and Monitoring of Candy Boards.

The nutritional status of a honey bee colony is recognized as a key factor in ensuring a healthy hive. A deficient flow of nectar and pollen in the honey bee colony immediately affects its development, making room for pathogen proliferation and, consequently, for a reduction in the activities and strength of the colony. It is, therefore, urgent for the beekeepers to use more food supplements and/or substitutes in apiary management, allowing them to address colony nutritional imbalances according to the beekeeper's desired results. In this context, the commercial market for beekeeping products is growing rapidly due to low regulation of animal food products and the beekeeper's willingness to guarantee healthy colonies. There are numerous products (bee food additives) currently available on the worldwide market, with a highly variable and sometimes even undefined composition, claiming a set of actions at the level of brood stimulation, energy supplementation, queen rearing support, reduction of Varroa reproduction levels, improvement of the intestinal microflora of bees, Nosema prevention, and improvement of the health of honey bee colonies infested by American foulbrood, among others. To address this issue, the members of the COLOSS (Honey Bee Research Association) NUTRITION Task Force are proposing, for the first time, action on honey bee feed control and monitoring. In our common study, we focused on candy board composition and quality parameters. For that, a selected number of commercial candy boards usually found in Europe were analyzed in terms of water and ash content, pH, acidity, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, sugars, C3-C4 sugar origin, and texture. Results revealed differences between the values found and the ones displayed on the label, demonstrating the need for regulation of the quality of these products.

Pre-extension Demonstration and Evaluation of Top Feeder Honeybee Feeding Technology at Wolmera Woreda, Oromia Region

To maintain optimum honeybee colony population during dearth of floral resources, feeding of honeybee colonies with supplementary feeds is important. This research activity is conducted with the main objectives to evaluate and demonstrate top feeder technology under farmers’ management and create awareness on the importance of the technology. As to the method, selection of demonstration sites and farmers was purposive due to the reason that the evaluation of the technology requires modern box hive and experience on this hive. Two demonstration sites at two Village Administrations selected and Farmers research groups were used for technology evaluation. One FRG which contain 10-15 beekeepers strengthened at each demonstration site and group apiaries of FRG members used as centers of learning and technology evaluation. At each sites, farmers, development agents and experts trained and experimental colonies established. Honeybee colony follow up and technology evaluation activities undertaken in partnership with these FRG members, development agents and experts. As to the result, by using top feeder, the beekeeper can feed many colonies in short period of time. The average time taken to feed one honeybee colony using top feeder was only 55.85 seconds where as it was 107.26 seconds using plastic bucket under farmer’s management. Moreover, feeding using top feeder also reduced honeybee colonies disturbance during time of feeding. In conclusion, technologies like top feeder that saves beekeepers time and also reduce disturbances of honeybee colony are critical for our beekeepers. Therefore, it is suggested to further pre scale up the technology in other areas

Evaluating the efficiency of supplementary feeding as a management strategy for enhancing honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colony growth and productivity

Sustaining honeybee colonies is challenging during dearth periods as their metabolic functions are reduced due to limited foraging activities. The experiment used honeybee colonies of Apis mellifera, and five different low-cost supplementary foods—sugar, banana, pumpkin, maize flour, and rice flour syrups—were introduced as treatments. Every box for each treatment received a daily 300-ml supplementary food syrup consisting of a specific amount of feeding materials along with 100 g of brown sugar and 20 g of honey. The amount of food consumed was assessed on the second day following the supplementation. Supplemental food with low-cost feeding materials significantly impacts the growth and strength of the colonies. Results revealed significant impacts on colony growth and strength, with all supplements contributing to food consumption over 78%. Despite variations in brood and pollen cells, all feeding supplements showcased efficiency in supporting honeybee feeding, indicating their potential utility in mitigating the challenges during the dearth period. Notably, pumpkin syrup emerged as the best supplement, offering cost-effectiveness compared to sugar and banana syrups, and it could reduce sugar syrup costs by 50% while enhancing brood, honey, and pollen cell production by 71.36%, 108.36%, and 58.73%, respectively. The findings of the economic analysis revealed that the cost of feeding materials was the highest for sugar syrup ($1.89), followed by banana ($0.91), pumpkin ($0.83), maize ($0.53), and rice ($0.53). This study suggests that supplementing honeybee colonies with low-cost feeding materials can positively impact colony growth and strength during dearth periods and advance the beekeeper’s decision as a cost-effective alternative to traditional sugar syrup.

Brewers’ Spent Grain as an Alternative Plant Protein Component of Honey Bee Feed

Brewers’ Spent Grain as an Alternative Plant Protein Component of Honey Bee Feed

Buckwheat at Slovenians in Hungary

Two types of buckwheat were grown in Porabje: grey buckwheat (törsko dino) for human consumption and feeding honey bees, and the green buckwheat, Tartary buckwheat (»wild buckwheat«) for animal feed. Buckwheat was sown at the beginning of July in a rye stubble and harvested at the end of September. History of growing buckwheat, nutritional habits and dishes of Slovenians in Porabje and other parts of Hungary are presented.

Measuring honey bee feeding rhythms with the BeeBox, a platform for nectar foraging insects

In honey bees, most studies of circadian rhythms involve a locomotion test performed in a small tube, a tunnel, or at the hive entrance. However, despite feeding playing an important role in honey bee health or fitness, no demonstration of circadian rhythm on feeding has been performed until recently. Here, we present the BeeBox, a new laboratory platform for bees based on the concept of the Skinner box, which dispenses discrete controlled amounts of food (sucrose syrup) following entrance into an artificial flower. We compared caged groups of bees in 12 h-12 h light/dark cycles, constant darkness and constant light and measured average hourly syrup consumption per living bee. Food intake was higher in constant light and lower in constant darkness; mortality increased in constant light. We observed rhythmic consumption with a period longer than 24 h; this is maintained in darkness without environmental cues, but is damped in the constant light condition. The BeeBox offers many new research perspectives and numerous potential applications in the study of nectar foraging animals.

Histological Changes Of Bee Worker (Apis mellifera L.) By Bee Venom And Amino Acids Feeding

The effect of feeding honey bee colonies on a sugar solution to which ‎bee ‎venom has been added at a concentration of 5‎‏0‏‎ mg/liter sugar solution ‎and on amino ‎acids extracted from clover 4 cm amino acids/liter sugar ‎solution on the amount of ‎food consumed by honey bee workers as well as ‎the effect on gland tissues ‎Hypopharyngeal and maxillary glands and ‎histological changes that occur in them. ‎Nine honeybee colonies were tested in an apiary of the Bee Research ‎Department, Plant Protection ‎Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, ‎Ministry of Agriculture, ‎Giza, Egypt, during 2020-2021. Statistically, there are no significant differences in the amount of food consumed by honeybee workers, whether the bee venom solution or the amino acid solution, ‎compared to ‎the control colonies that fed on the sugar solution only. No histological changes were observed in the ‎hypopharyngeal (HPGs) and mandibular‎ ‎glands (MGs) in workers fed sugary solution (control colonies). Feeding ‎with ‎amino acids resulted in histological ‎changes in the HPGs and MGs, ‎ as most of the ‎acini were atrophic and smaller ‎in size than usual, with the loss of vesicles in the ‎cytoplasm. As for the bees ‎that fed on a solution of bee venom, histological changes ‎ in the HPGs and ‎MGs were observed, where severe atrophy and contraction of the ‎acini with ‎an irregular outline were noted. Nuclear thickening of the ‎‎epithelial cell lining was observed. The histological structure of the lower glands ‎showed ‎atrophy in some individual cells, which led to damage to the ‎development of both the ‎HPGs and MGs.‎

Physico-chemical properties of multifloral honey Apis dorsata and monofloral honey of bees Apis mellifera

Physicochemical properties of honey as one of the information about the quality of honey. The type of bee, geographic location, and type of vegetation the source of the honey bee feed influence the physico-chemical properties of honey. This study aims to determine the physico-chemical properties of multifloral honey of Apis dorsata bees and monofloral honey of Apis mellifera bees. The honey samples for this study consisted of 4 multifloral honey samples and 4 monofloral honey samples. Physicochemical parameters of honey include water content, color, pH, acidity, reducing sugars, and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Data were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. The results of the analysis showed that most of the research honey had a water content above the SNI 8664-2018 standard. Honey that has high levels is easy to ferment and to overcome this by lowering the water content of honey through a dehumidifier. Monofloral honey has an intensity value of 47 to 143 mm Pfund, while multifloral honey has 74 to 100 mm Pfund. The pH value of honey ranges from 3.5 to 4.5. The level of acidity, reducing sugar content, and HMF content of all honey samples in the study complied with SNI-8664. There are differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of multifloral honey and monofloral honey.

Identification of types, flowering of bee plants and honey production of Apis cerana in Aornakan I and Kutatinggi villages, Pakpak Bharat regency, North Sumatra

One of the influential factors in the success of beekeeping is the availability of bee feed. Beekeepers need to know the types of food sources for bees and have a map of the sources of nectar and pollen in their area. This will help in planning the management of their colony. This research was conducted to identify the types and flowering of bee feed plants (Apis cerana) and to determine honey production. In this study used exploratory survey methods and interviews. Based on the study's results, there were 17 identified types of bee feed sources from forestry plants, 13 identified plant species from crops and 6 identified plant species that produce flowers. The flowering schedule for honey bee feed plants in Pakpak Bharat Regency for Kaliandra plants blooms in February - July, for Durian plants blooms in March, April - October, and November for Coffee plants flowers in April and August. Honey production in Pakpak Bharat District has a different frequency of harvest and production each month. For April, 11 members produced 42 bottles of honey. For May, 10 members produced 55 bottles, where the size per bottle was 600 ml.

Honey bees switch mechanisms to drink deep nectar efficiently

The feeding mechanisms of animals constrain the spectrum of resources that they can exploit profitably. For floral nectar eaters, both corolla depth and nectar properties have marked influence on foraging choices. We report the multiple strategies used by honey bees to efficiently extract nectar at the range of sugar concentrations and corolla depths they face in nature. Honey bees can collect nectar by dipping their hairy tongues or capillary loading when lapping it, or they can attach the tongue to the wall of long corollas and directly suck the nectar along the tongue sides. The honey bee feeding apparatus is unveiled as a multifunctional tool that can switch between lapping and sucking nectar according to the instantaneous ingesting efficiency, which is determined by the interplay of nectar-mouth distance and sugar concentration. These versatile feeding mechanisms allow honey bees to extract nectar efficiently from a wider range of floral resources than previously appreciated and endow them with remarkable adaptability to diverse foraging environments.

DAMPAK SIKLON TROPIS SEROJA TERHADAP KETERSEDIAA N PAKAN, TEMPAT BERSARANG DAN PENDAPATAN PETANI LEBAH MADU HUTAN (Apis dorsata)

This study aims to determine the impact of the availability of forest honey bee feed, the impact of forest honey bee nesting sites and the impact of changes in the income of forest honey bee farmers in Uiasa Village, Semau District, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara before and after the Tropical Cyclone Storm Seroja. This research was carried out around the Pastello Amalato Protected Forest Area, Uiasa Village, Semau District, Kupang Regency, which was carried out for 1 month, from April to May 2022. This research used purposive sampling, interview and roaming methods with data analysis using descriptive qualitative and descriptive analysis. quantitative.The impact of food availability after the Seroja Tropical Cyclone Storm consists of two factors, namely reduced forage for forest honey bees and disruption of the flowering time of forage plants. The impact of forest honey bee nesting after the Seroja tropical cyclone storm was influenced by the movement of forest honey bee hives from their original place to another and the altitude where the forest honey bee nest trees were found was mostly at an altitude of 25-45 meters above sea level compared to other elevations with the number of honey bee trees is 10 trees and 7 trees at an altitude of 0-25 meters above sea level.

Manufacturing, properties and selected applications of invert sugar syrups

Invert sugar syrups are mixtures of equal parts glucose and fructose, which are produced by hydrolysis of sucrose. They are characterised by a neutral sweet taste and do not lead to foam or floc formation in applications. Invert sugar syrups are microbiologically more stable than sucrose solutions due to their reduced water activity and the increased osmotic pressure. They are water-clear, odourless and allow easy and safe processing. These are used, for example, in the beverage, confectionery, tobacco and animal feed industries. In Germany alone, more than 10,000 t of invert sugar syrup are used annually for winter feeding of honeybees. The production takes place in batch or continuously running processes on the scale of the tonnes using homogeneous, heterogeneous acid or even enzymatic catalysis, whereby the molecular incorporation of water increases the amount of sugar, i.e., a mass increase of about 5% takes place. Many invert sugar syrup products can be produced, depending on the degree of inversion. One very important invert sugar syrup product in Germany in terms of quantity has a dry substance of 72.7% and an inversion degree of 66%.

Ingestion of heat-killed pathogens confers transgenerational immunity to the pathogens via the vitellogenin–hypopharyngeal gland axis in honeybees

Honeybee diseases are a serious threat to beekeeping and pollination. Transgenerational immune priming (TGIP) has been attracting increasing attention as a promising strategy to protect honeybee colonies from infections. This study investigated whether feeding honeybees (Apis mellifera) with a heat-killed pathogen cocktail can provide them with transgenerational immunity to these pathogens. We found that vitellogenin (Vg) and defensin-1 were highly upregulated in nurse bees upon feeding them with a cocktail of heat-killed Ascosphaera apis and Paenibacillus larvae (A + P cocktail). Pathogen-pattern–recognition receptor genes in the Toll signaling pathway were upregulated in nurse bees upon ingestion of the A + P cocktail. In the nurse bees of the hives supplied with the A + P cocktail, Vg was upregulated in the fat body, and the defensin-1 expression and Vg uptake in the hypopharyngeal glands were induced. Consequently, the major proteins in royal jelly were upregulated. In addition, defensin-1 was upregulated in the queen larvae and young worker larvae in these hives. In correlation, the young worker larvae showed high pathogen resistance to P. larvae infection. Thus, our findings imply that introduction of a heat-killed pathogen cocktail into hives is an efficient strategy for conferring honeybees with social immunity through TGIP.

Padevyj toxidrome bee, causes and prevention

Nowadays, feeding honeybees is not only considered a way to provide them with energy, but also as a factor that affects the normal functioning of all the bee's body systems and the prevention of various diseases. This study investigated the quality of natural and artificial carbohydrate feed for honeybees, as well as presented data on their digestibility in the conditions of the northwestern region of the European part of Russia. A correlation was found between the digestibility of carbohydrate feeds and the weight of the rectum of worker bees at the end of the wintering period before the first flight. The methodology for conducting the research was also presented. The authors concluded on the prospects of studying the digestibility of carbohydrate feed, as well as determining the amount of honeydew and the speed of honey crystallization, as important components of the organization and planning of wintering of honeybees and improving beekeeping technology

Development of an automatic solar powered honey bee feeding system in a movable multi shelves apiary

Keeping bee colonies is one of the most important sectors of investment in the global agricultural field. Internationally, beekeepers are interested in improving bee feeding methods to maximize the productivity and quality of their products. Whereas the current study aims to develop and evaluate an automatic feeding system that works with solar energy. This technique increases the vertical expansion of beekeeping by designing a multi-shelf mobile apiary for easy transportation as desired. The development process included the inclusion of automated feeders that operate electronically using sensors to provide a nutritional solution for bee colonies without human intervention. Also, the automatic apiary was provided with a sugar solution tank that was equipped with a continuous stirring system that works with a timer. Also, the automatic apiary contains an alarm system and remote mobile contact with the beekeeper in case of depletion of the sugar syrup. The variables under study included three levels of nutritional level volumes of 500, 750, and 1000 ml, respectively, with two stirring periods (3 and 6 times/day) at two concentrations for sugar solution of 50 and 67%. The evaluation process was done during the critical winter period of the year, from December to March. The main results showed that the colonies’ strength had an increment ratio over control hives of 30.23% when using the highest variable levels. Also, the seasonal energy consumption ranged from 1.25–2.81 kWh per season. Therefore, beekeepers can benefit from this novel feeding approach.

Effects of Bee Pollen Derived from Acer mono Maxim. or Phellodendron amurense Rupr. on the Lipid Composition of Royal Jelly Secreted by Honeybees.

Royal jelly is a specific product secreted by honeybees, and has been sought after to maintain health because of its valuable bioactive substances, e.g., lipids and vitamins. The lipids in royal jelly come from the bee pollen consumed by honeybees, and different plant source of bee pollen affects the lipid composition of royal jelly. However, the effect of bee pollen consumption on the lipid composition of royal jelly remains unclear. Herein, we examined the influence of two factors on the lipid composition of royal jelly: first, two plant sources of bee pollen, i.e., Acer mono Maxim. (BP-Am) and Phellodendron amurense Rupr. (BP-Pa); secondly, different feeding times. Lipidomic analyses were conducted on the royal jelly produced by honeybees fed BP-Am or BP-Pa using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The results showed that the phospholipid and fatty acid contents differed in royal jelly produced by honeybees fed BP-Am compared to those fed BP-Pa. There were also differences between timepoints, with many lipid compounds decreasing in abundance soon after single-pollen feeding began, slowly increasing over time, then decreasing again after 30 days of single-pollen feeding. The single bee pollen diet destroyed the nutritional balance of bee colonies and affected the development of hypopharyngeal and maxillary glands, resulting in differences in royal jelly quality. This study provides guidance for optimal selection of honeybee feed for the production of high-quality royal jelly.

Increased bee venom production in Apis mellifera workers on the provision of probiotics and organic acids

Bee venom of honeybees has great importance in Apitherapy. It cures amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, diseases related to central nervous system (CNS), rheumatoid arthritis and inflammations. The potential of honeybee's can be exploited by improving their diets. Recently, the use of synbiotics (simultaneous use of probiotics and prebiotics) has been increased as apipromoters. The current research study was conducted to evaluate the potential of probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus brevis and Bacillus clausii) and acidifying agents (Lactic acid and acetic acid) on development of bee sting and its associated gland. Changes in the morphology of this gland affect the amount of venom produced. Significant increases in stings lengths were observed when honeybees were fed with (Pollen + L. rhamnosus in 50% (w/v) sucrose in distilled water) and (Pollen + L. rhamnosus in 50% (w/v) sucrose in 2.91% acetic acid) with mean values of 2.36 ± 0.04 and 2.38 ± 0.05 respectively compared with control's 2.35 ± 0.06 were observed. Significant increase in sting width was observed when bees were fed with (Pollen + B. clausii in 50% w/v sucrose in 2.99% lactic acid), (Pollen + B. clausii in 50% w/v sucrose in1.96% acetic acid), (Pollen + L. brevis in 50% w/v sucrose in distilled water) and (Pollen + L. brevis in 50% w/v sucrose in 2.99% lactic acid) with mean values of 1.84 ± 0.07, 1.79 ± 0.05, 1.87 ± 0.04, 1.78 ± 0.04 compared to control's 1.71 ± 0.03. In addition to this, width of stylet also increased significantly when bees were provided with (Pollen + B. clausii in 50% w/v sucrose in distilled water), (Pollen + B. clausii in 50% w/v sucrose in 2.99% lactic acid), (Pollen + B. clausii in 50% w/v sucrose in 2.91% acetic acid), (Pollen + B. clausii in 50% w/v sucrose in1.96% acetic acid), (Pollen + L. brevis in 50% w/v sucrose in distilled water), (Pollen + L. brevis in 50% w/v sucrose in 2.99% lactic acid), (Pollen + L. brevis in 50% w/v sucrose in 2.91% acetic acid), and (Pollen + L. brevis in 50% w/v sucrose in1.96% acetic acid) with mean values of 65.00 ± 1.58, 57.50 ± 3.23, 62.00 ± 2.00, 65.00 ± 0.00, 65.00 ± 1.58, 60.00 ± 1.58 compared to control's 55.00 ± 3.54. Rest of the observed parameters also depicted reasonable increases. Supplementation of honeybee's feed with organic acids and probiotics resulted in overall sting development.

Comparative Study on Antioxidant Activity of Propolis of Apis mellifera from Different Regions of Nepal

Propolis is a waxy material obtained from honey bee hives. The physical and chemical property of this product is variable based on the source of hive, plant biodiversity where honeybee feed, season of collection, geographical origin etc. Propolis has several useful chemical compounds, and among them polyphenols are mainly contributing for their broad spectrum of medicinal quality such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities as well as antioxidant properties. The present study aims to analyze the ethanolic extract of propolis for their phenol and flavonoid content as well as its antioxidant characteristics. The samples (SPLs) were collected from farmers of six different locations of Nepal i.e. Jhapa, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Banke and Chitwan districts. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured by Folin Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride method respectively expressed as the gallic acid (GAE) and quercetin (QE) and equivalent (GAE) per gram. The Diphenyl-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay method was used to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant effect of propolis was reported in ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity per gram of propolis. The highest content of phenolic and flavonoid content was found in sample SPL 2. The range of these compounds' concentrations were from 127.36±5.50 mg GAE/gram to 242.7±4.50 mg GAE/gram. Similarly, total flavonoid content ranged from 1.3197±0.0261 QE mg/ grams to 5.3921±0.0261 QE mg/ grams. Whereas samples from SPL 2, and SPL 5 showed highest antioxidant properties. All samples were found to have strong antioxidant capacity which was greater than standard. It is concluded that there is no direct correlation on total antioxidant property of propolis with their total phenolic and total flavonoid content among collected samples. The phenolic characteristics of the samples were variable to the geographical location, and plant diversity of their origin.

Trigona Honey Bee Cultivation as a Sustainable Agricultural Alternative in Bandarsari Village, Padangratu District, Central Lampung Regency

Padangratu District, Central Lampung Regency, is home to Bandarsari Village. The majority of the population works as farmers, mostly in oil palm plantations, rubber plantations, and rice fields. This village's location is ideal for the growth of honey bee agriculture. This service activity seeks to assist in the development of Trigona honey bee farming training as an alternative approach to sustainable agriculture. Residents were instructed in the production of Trigona honey bee growing techniques using lecture methods and field coaching. This is an ideal environment for the production of Trigona honey bees, since it is supported by plentiful natural resources such as fruit trees, plantations, and flowers. This activity is projected to produce information on Trigona honey bee culture and its benefits, knowledge of different forms of natural honey bee feed, and video lessons on Trigona honey bee cultivation. The outputs of Trigona honey bee farming are not just economically valuable. Bees' ecological role will also aid to preserve the plantation ecology and pollinate the fruit and flowers of the inhabitants. Trigona honey products are also advantageous as a source of living pharmacy that generates money. The most significant aspect is that the Trigona bee is stingless, making it safe for inhabitants and simple to care for.

Identification of Honeybee Feeding Plants as Source of Nectar and Pollen

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai pakan lebah dan tanaman penghasil nektar dan polen sebagai sumber pakan lebah. Lokasi penelitian dilaksanakan di peternakan lebah madu di Kecamatan Kayangan Kabupaten Lombok Utara. Metode penelitian menggunakan survei inventarisasi jenis-jenis tanaman pakan lebah madu penghasil nektar dan polen. Metode pengambilan data meliputi pembuatan petak contoh, inventarisasi tanaman didalam petak contoh, kesaksian kunjungan lebah pada tanaman, studi pustaka dan pembuatan kalender pembungaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan terdapat 61 jenis tanaman sumber pakan lebah di Desa Salut Kecamatan Kayangan Kabupaten Lombok Utara. Terdapat 25 jenis tanaman penghasil nektar, 10 jenis tanaman penghasil polen dan 26 jenis tanaman penghasil polen dan nektar. Frekuensi kunjungan lebah terbanyak ditemukan pada tanaman kelapa, palm, durian, jambu mete, kopi, kakao, blimbing, klengkeng, rambutan, pepaya, kaliandra, bunga matahari, kecubung, bunga pukul delapan, bayam, bunga lantana, bunga zenia, putri malu, kemangi, sawi. Tingginya frekuensi kunjungan menunjukkan tingkat kesukaan lebah terhadap tanaman tersebut. Potensi tanaman yang dapat berbunga sepanjang tahun adalah kelapa, kopi, kakao, kersen, dan putri malu. Pakan lebah madu di Desa Salut Kecamatan Kayangan Kabupaten Lombok Utara akan selalu tersedia disebabkan berbedanya masa berbunga dari setiap tanaman. Kecukupan kebutuhan pakan lebah dapat terpenuhi dari tanaman lainnya saat beberapa tanaman tidak berbunga. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan ada upaya tindak lanjut dari pemerintah dan kelompok ternak lebah madu untuk pelestarian jenis tanaman pakan lebah madu agar tetap tersedia sepanjang tahun.