Feed Composition Research Articles

Effect of Feeding Human Milk on Development of the Infant Immune System and Allergic Outcomes-An Area of Research Challenge and Need.

Surprisingly little is known about the effect of breastfeeding on the infant's immune system development. Systematic reviews have suggested the role of breastfeeding in the prevention against asthma, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and childhood leukemia. However, studies on atopic disease suffer from reverse causation, small size, and those assessing food allergy (FA) have often relied on parent-reported outcomes. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are not possible for ethical reasons. In addition, epidemiological studies have not considered that there is a large interindividual variation in human milk (HM) composition and feeding at the breast versus pumped HM potentially impacting the effect of breastfeeding between mothers. While prevention strategies such as early introduction of highly allergenic food are impactful in preventing peanut and egg allergies, implementation of early introduction guidelines has been slow, and many infants are already sensitized by 4-6 months of age. To be more effective, primary prevention strategies must commence much earlier, during breastfeeding. There are studies that imply a definitive effect of breastfeeding on the gut microbiome and regulatory T cells (Tregs) as well as a higher rate of FA in populations with historically low rates of breastfeeding. These provide a strong rationale for assessing the effect of feeding HM in the context of HM composition and mode of feeding on immune development. The lack of well-conducted, large studies assessing the role of breastfeeding and HM composition in the development of immune system development is a significant gap when designing prevention strategies.

Effect of Water and Feeding Frequencies on Milk Production and Composition of Azikheli Buffalo in Northern Pakistan

Abstract The study aimed to determine the effect of water and feeding frequency on feed intake, weight gain, milk production, and composition of Azikheli buffalo in climate conditions of Northern Pakistan. Forty multiparous Azikheli buffaloes with similar live body weight, third lactation stage were selected and randomly divided into four groups with ten replicates in each group: GP-1 (water and feed once daily), GP-2 (water and feed twice daily), GP-3 (water-adlib + feed thrice daily), and GP-4 (water-adlib + adlib feed). The basic feed consisted of maize fodder, wild grass, wheat straw. The concentrate feed (2 kg) was supplemented to all groups. Individual access to watering and feed were provided for each animal. The feed samples were analyzed for their chemical composition, and digestibility. The data mean was calculated using repeated-measures ANOVA. Different water frequencies have a statistically significant effect on water intake, dry matter intake, milk production, and milk composition. The average daily water intake in GP1, GP2, GP3, and GP4 was 28.00, 44.00, 56.00 and 67.30 liters, respectively. The average intake of dry matter was 10.20, 11.15, 12.40 and 12.97 kg, respectively. Daily milk yield was 6.90, 7.44, 8.10 and 8.38 liters, respectively. Dry matter intake and milk production were significantly influenced by the frequency of water consumption and nutritional balance. A balanced diet and unrestricted access to water increased milk production by 1.90 liters per animal per day. It was determined that a balanced diet and ad libitum water consumption increased the feed intake and milk production in Azikheli buffaloes and could yield higher profitability of dairy farms.

Forced Dynamic Operation of Propylene Selective Oxidation to Acrolein on Bismuth-Molybdate Structured Catalysts

Forced dynamic operation (FDO) of selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein is evaluated on a structured alumina foam coated with a mixed metal oxide catalyst (bismuth molybdate-based). Reactor experiments examine feed composition modulation as a strategy to increase the yield of acrolein. At lower temperatures, separating the oxidant (O2) and reductant (C3H6) enhances propylene conversion and acrolein selectivity. Variation in the reaction-regeneration switching amplitude and frequency gives a 40% higher cycle-averaged acrolein yield compared to steady-state operation (SSO) for the same overall feed composition. The results suggest that FDO maintains a higher concentration of selective oxygen species during the propylene feed, while pre-oxidation of the catalyst maximizes the amount of selective oxygen species, leading to increased acrolein yield at the beginning of the reaction cycle. Experiments at lower temperature for both commercial promoted and in-house, unpromoted catalysts reveal both catalysts are most active and selective at their highest oxidation states.

Translatable reporting of energy demand and rates in electrochemical carbon capture.

Electrochemical carbon capture has recently emerged as a viable alternative to temperature-swing carbon capture due to its comparatively low energy demands. However, as a new research area, the experimental and measurement practices have not been standardized, making it difficult to make comparisons among studies. Guided by questions of relationships, we critically review the energy and rate evaluation metrics in the electrochemical carbon capture literature to develop a set of guidelines to make new studies more meaningful and useful for future technology transfer efforts. We demonstrate the need both for more transparent reporting due to the ways that experimental choices such as feed and outlet gas compositions influence these metrics and for careful consideration of how experimental details translate to practical applications at scale. This work is centered on capture from stationary energy generators but briefly mentions special considerations when applying the technology to direct air capture.

Experimental and theoretical investigation of allylated chitosan and acrylic acid-based smart polymer hydrogel for the removal of brilliant green from aqueous media.

Smart polymer hydrogels with superior dye adsorption (brilliant green) characteristics were synthesized via free-radical polymerization by grafting acrylic acid segments onto allylated chitosan and inducing crosslinking with a trimethylolpropane triacrylate crosslinker. The synthesized adsorbents were characterized for their chemical structure (FT-IR and 1H NMR), thermal stability (TG/DTG), and morphological features (SEM). The adsorption capacity for brilliant green (934mg/g) and water uptake (712g/g) were determined using spectrophotometric and gravimetric methods, respectively. The interaction between the synthesized adsorbent and brilliant green, including potential dye orientation on the adsorbent and hydrogen bond formation was analyzed using Density Functional Theory. The maximum adsorption of brilliant green (934mg/g) and water uptake was achieved by optimizing the monomer feed compositions. Adsorption studies revealed that dye uptake followed Fickian diffusion and the Langmuir isotherm model, with pseudo-second-order kinetics. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic, as evidenced by changes in free energy, enthalpy, and entropy under varying temperatures. Theoretical investigations confirmed the excellent affinity of the synthesized adsorbent toward brilliant green. Furthermore, reusability studies showed that the adsorbent retained its dye-holding capability over 20 adsorption-desorption cycles, highlighting its potential for sustainable and efficient dye removal applications.

Impact of Feed Composition on Rumen Microbial Dynamics and Phenotypic Traits in Beef Cattle

Impact of Feed Composition on Rumen Microbial Dynamics and Phenotypic Traits in Beef Cattle

The Effects of Malting and Extrusion on the Functional and Physical Properties of Extrudates from Malted Brown Rice and Pigeon Pea Flour Blends

Malted grains subjected to extrusion technology could have better quality indices than non-malted grains. The effects of malting and extrusion on the functional and physical qualities of foods extruded from malted brown rice and pigeon pea flour blends were investigated. Malted pigeon pea and brown rice flours were processed into blends, extruded under various conditions of feed moisture levels (15–20), feed compositions (8–30%), and barrel temperatures (100–130 °C), and analyzed using Response Surface Methodology with a Box–Behnken design. The impacts of malting and extrusion were assessed on the following functional qualities: bulk density, rheology, swelling capacity, water absorption capacity, and solubility. The physical quality assessment included a 2-D photographic representation of the extrudates, a microscopic assessment of their internal structure, expansion index, color parameters (L*, a*, b*), and alterations in the color index. Increased feed moisture, malted pigeon pea, and decreased barrel temperature resulted in a higher bulk density (0.72 to 0.84 g/cm3) of the extrudates. There was a decrease in water absorption capacity (6.82–4.49%) with an increase in barrel temperature above 100 °C. All the samples showed a decrease in viscosity with increasing shear rate. At low barrel temperatures, feed compositions, and feed moistures, extrusion led to increases in the expansion index (3.5 to 12.94) and the color lightness (66.83–81.71) of the extrudates. Samples with a higher proportion of malted brown rice showed a higher expansion index, lower bulk density, and lighter color of the extrudates.

Role of micronutrients in production and reproduction of farm animals under climate change scenario.

Climate change poses significant challenges to livestock production worldwide. Wherein, it affects communities in developing nations primarily dependent on agriculture and animal husbandry. Its direct and indirect deleterious effects on agriculture and animal husbandry includes aberrant changes in weather patterns resulting in disturbed homeorhetic mechanism of livestock vis a vis indirectly affecting nutrient composition of feed and fodder. The nutritional stress (i.e. non-availability of nutrients in the required quantity and quality for particular livestock) is the critical factor affecting livestock performance, productivity, and reproductive efficiency. Nutritional stress may arise from both macro- and micro- nutrient imbalances; however, micronutrients are of paramount importance in climate change context due to their role in various vital functions of body namely, body metabolism, production, reproduction, and health. The micronutrients, minerals and vitamins, when supplied in adequate quantity and proportion aid in mitigating the stress induced by climate change on animals. Here, we tried to discuss the impact of climate change induced stresses on milk production, reproduction, and metabolic acclimation of heat-stressed animals. Furthermore, emphasis is given on the importance of dietary micronutrients management strategies to support livestock health and resilience during changing climatic conditions. By addressing the nutritional needs of livestock, farmers can achieve sustainability and well-being in livestock production under changing climatic condition.

Relationship between Forage Particle Size and Rate of in vitro Digestion Parameters of Alfalfa-based Lamb in Complete Pelleted Diets

Background: Intensive feeding systems for lamb production are based on high concentrations of feed, depending on the type of forage, which can cause digestive disturbances; however, forage particle length (FPL) and size (FPS) can affect the fermentation process and the productive performance of lambs. Intensive feeding systems for lamb production are based on high concentrations of feed, depending on the type of forage, which can cause digestive disturbances; however, forage particle length (FPL) and size (FPS) can affect the fermentation process and the productive performance of lambs. Understanding how the lambs meet these challenges requires a conceptual integration of forage structure, mechanical particle size of forage and microbial fermentation. This synthesis will hopefully contribute to the development of a biomimetic co-treatment process for translating the unique characteristics of digestion into an effective component of biorefineries for the industrial conversion of cellulosic in forage biomass to useful products. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship among FPL, degradability of feed in vitro and digestibility of organic materials. Methods: As a laboratory simulation of rumen functions, four alfalfa FPS lengths were studied within the components of integrated feed pellets 0.1 mm, common in the Saudi animal feed market, 5, 10 and 15 mm using the same feed composition, but with different lengths. Result: Cumulative gas production in PSL8 and PSL12 lambs was higher compared with the other two groups, indicating that lengths greater than 15 mm and less than 5 mm affected gas production rates. The effect of FPL on rumen parameters had no effect on the pH of the rumen fluid. There were no significant differences in all values of the main volatile fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate and digestibility increased when the FPL ranged from 5 to 10 mm as in the PSL5 and PSL10 groups. Hydrogen levels were significantly higher in the PSL1 and PSL10 groups than in the PSL5 and PSL15 groups. Based on forage size, groups PSL5 to PSL10 showed the possibility of using this type of feed for growing lambs and small ruminants.

Neural Network for AI-Driven Prediction of Larval Protein Yield: Establishing the Protein Conversion Index (PCI) for Sustainable Insect Farming

The predictive capabilities of artificial intelligence for predicting protein yield from larval biomass present valuable advancements for sustainable insect farming, an increasingly relevant alternative protein source. This study develops a neural network model to predict protein conversion efficiency based on the nutritional composition of larval feed. The model utilizes a structured two-layer neural network with four neurons in each hidden layer and one output neuron, employing logistic sigmoid functions in the hidden layers and a linear function in the output layer. Training is performed via Bayesian regularization backpropagation to minimize mean squared error, resulting in a high regression coefficient (R = 0.9973) and a low mean-squared error (MSE = 0.0072401), confirming the precision of the model in estimating protein yields. This AI-driven approach serves as a robust tool for predicting larval protein yields, enhancing resource efficiency and promoting sustainability in insect-based protein production.

The effect of reflux ratio and feed thermal conditions on ethanol-water distillation process performance

Demand for ethanol has increased globally due to the need for energy and consumer chemicals, necessitating use of distillation to concentrate dilute sources. This paper presents the effect of reflux ratio, number of stages, feed thermal conditions (FTCs), feed composition (XF), and feed plate location on the performance of a normal distillation column separating ethanol-water mixtures ranging between 0.1 and 0.6 mol/mol. The model was created using Aspen Plus® Software. The FTCs studied include: feed at room temperature (FRT), partially vaporized feed (PVF), feed at its boiling point (FBP), superheated vapor (SHV) and feed at dew-point (FDP). The performance factors studied were: distillate composition (XD), reboiler and condenser duties. The axial profiles of temperature and ethanol concentration in the liquid across the column revealed stronger dependence on XF in the stripping section and on feed plate location. Increasing reflux ratio increased distillate composition, reboiler and condenser duties. Increasing feed composition increased distillate composition and lowered reboiler and condenser duties depending on the FTCs. Locating the feed plate further down the column increased the distillate composition. The QR was highest for FRT while QC values were highest for FTC and SHV. The FBP led to minimum energy demands for both QR and QC. To minimize energy, switch all FTCs to FBP was recommended, with highest savings observed for switching from FRT to FBP.

Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on innate immune responses in Atlantic salmon cells infected with infectious salmon anemia virus

Aquaculture is one of the world's fastest-growing sectors in food production but with multiple challenges related to animal handling and infections. The disease caused by infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) leads to outbreaks of local epidemics, reducing animal welfare, and causing significant economic losses. The composition of feed has shifted from marine ingredients such as fish oil and fish meal towards a more plant-based diet causing reduced levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The aim of this study was to investigate whether low or high levels of EPA affect the expression of genes related to the innate immune response 48 h after infection with ISAV. The study includes seven experimental groups: ± ISAV and various levels of EPA up to 200 µM. Analysis of RNA sequencing data showed that more than 3000 genes were affected by ISAV alone (without additional EPA). In cells with increasing levels of EPA, more than 2500 additional genes were differentially expressed. This indicates that high levels of EPA concentration have an independent effect on gene expression in virus-infected cells, not observed at lower levels of EPA. Analyses of enriched biological processes and molecular functions (GO and KEGG analysis) revealed that EPA had a limited impact on the innate immune system alone, but that many processes were affected by EPA when cells were virus infected. Several biological pathways were affected, including protein synthesis (ribosomal transcripts), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) signaling, and ferroptosis. Cells exposed to both increasing concentrations of EPA and virus displayed gene expression patterns indicating increased formation of oxygen radicals and that cell death via ferroptosis was activated. This gene expression pattern was not observed during infection at low EPA levels or when Atlantic salmon kidney (ASK) cells were exposed to the highest EPA level (200 μM) without virus infection. Cell death via ferroptosis may therefore be a mechanism for controlled cell death and thus reduction of virus replication when there are enough polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the membrane.

Effect of feeding rate and composition for bioconversion of wastewater treatment plant sludge from the milk and creamer processing industries using black soldier fly larvae

Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) produces sludge deposits needing further treatment and handling to prevent pollution. Food and beverage industry sludge, rich in organic matter and nutrients, serves as a biomass source. Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) have degraded various organic materials, transforming nutritious organic waste into high-quality protein biomass. BSFL potentially converts sludge when mixed with other nutrient sources like food waste. This study analyzes the effect of feeding rate and composition on BSFL bioconversion of milk and creamer industrial sludge. The sludge was collected from the creamer processing industry after screw and filter pressing, and the milk processing industry after belt pressing. The substrates contained sludge, mixed fruit-vegetable wastes, and protein wastes (i.e., shrimps and fish wastes), with various ratio of 60:20:20, 60:10:30, 40:30:30, 40:20:40, 40:10:50, 50:25:25, 50:20:30, 50:10:40, and 70:15:15 (in dry weight percentage). Moisture content was kept at 65-85% and pH at 6.5-7. Feeding rates of 10, 20, and 30 mg dry matter/larva/day were assessed. Creamer processing industrial sludge, particularly from filter press is preferable for larval growth than the milk industry. The highest larva weight was obtained from substrates containing mixed fruit-vegetable wastes:fish wastes ratio of 1:1, with the addition of creamer and milk sludge of 50%, i.e., 0.250 gram WM/larva after 17 days of growth. In addition, with the recommended feeding rate is 10-20 mg dry matter/larva/day, the sludges can be bio-converted using BSFL by combining it with food wastes at around 40-60%. This offers alternatives for the treatment and handling of industrial waste sludges.

Aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and fumonisin B1 detoxification from poultry feeds by corona discharge application

Objective: The efficiency of corona discharge (CD) for detoxification of aflatoxin B1 (AB1), ochra¬toxin A (OA), and fumonisin B1 (FMB1) from poultry feeds with its influences on feed components was investigated. Materials and Methods: Feed samples were exposed to CD for six durations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min) at three distances (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 cm). Mycotoxin levels were estimated by compet¬itive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and findings were substantiated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: AB1, OA, and FMB1 degradation percentages increased significantly (p < 0.05) with pro¬cessing times increment and distances reduction to reach values of 83.22%, 84.21%, and 84.76% at the first distance; 80.28%, 84.00%, and 84.12% at the second distance; and 68.30%, 71.74%, and 76.18% at the third distance, respectively, after 60 min of treatment. FMB1 reported the highest degradation level. Concerning CD impacts on feed composition, protein, fat, and moisture contents decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Carbohydrates and ash were not affected adversely. Depending on peroxide values estimation, fats were of good quality. Conclusion: The CD effectiveness for AB1, OA, and FMB1 detox from poultry feeds with moderate impact on the quality of feed.

Heat moisture treatment-induced changes in feed: A meta-analysis of effects on in vitro rumen fermentation

Heat Moisture Treatment (HMT) is a promising approach to improve the efficiency of concentrate feed in ruminants by inducing changes in feed composition and in vitro rumen fermentation. This meta-analysis evaluates the impact of HMT on feed, focusing on fermentation characteristics and methane emissions. Data from the Scopus database were analyzed using a fixed-effect model, suitable for synthesizing studies with comparable conditions. HMT significantly reduces feed starch content (p<0.001), altering its nutritional profile. It decreases total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) (p<0.05), including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, and shifts the acetate-to-propionate ratio. These changes, alongside reduced ammonia, suggest benefits for rumen health, such as mitigating acidosis risk and improving feed efficiency. However, HMT negatively affects the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, which may reduce nutrient availability. No significant effects were observed on crude protein digestibility or methane production. While HMT shows potential to enhance feed efficiency and support metabolic health, the trade-offs between reduced digestibility and fermentation benefits highlight the need for further research. These findings provide insights into balancing nutritional and metabolic outcomes when using HMT in ruminant diets.

Meat Quality, Intestinal Microbiology and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Broilers Fed Different Levels of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) and Mulberry (Morus alba) Leaves Powder.

Today, customers pay more attention to the feed composition and carcasses of poultry, and the interest in using natural and safe compounds such as medicinal plants and their extracts in animal feed is increasing. The present experiment was conducted to assess the effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) and mulberry (Morus alba) leaves powder on the meat quality, intestinal microbiology and serum biochemical parameters in broilers. The experiment was conducted with 648 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler male chicks with a factorial arrangement including three levels of green tea powder (GTP) and three levels of mulberry leaf powder (MLP), with nine treatments and six replications in a completely randomized design for 42 days. Treatments included: (1) no GTP + no MLP (control), (2) 1% GTP + no MLP, (3) 2% GTP + no MLP, (4) no GTP + 1% MLP, (5) 1% GTP + 1% MLP, (6) 2% GTP + 1% MLP, (7) no GTP + 2% MLP, (8) 1% GTP + 2% MLP and (9) 2% GTP + 2% MLP. The results showed that the lowest lightness (L*), drip loss and total cholesterol levels, and the highest Lactobacillus population were observed in treatments: 1% GTP + no MLP, 2% GTP + no MLP, 1% GTP + 1% MLP, 2% GTP + 1% MLP, no GTP + 2% MLP, 1% GTP + 2% MLP and 2% GTP + 2% MLP (p <0.05). The groups receiving 1% GTP + 1% MLP, 2% GTP + 1% MLP, no GTP + 2% MLP, 1% GTP + 2% MLP and 2% GTP + 2% MLP had the highest pH 24h (p <0.05). The chickens fed with 1% and 2% GTP showed lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and malondialdehyde (MAD) levels (p <0.05). The results showed that using the GTP and MLP in the diet of broilers could improve meat quality traits and beneficial ileal bacteria populations and reduce serum lipid and MDA levels.

Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Ethanol Conversion through the Addition of a Heat Exchanger and Reactor in the Catalytic Dehydration Process for Ethylene Production from Ethanol

Ethylene production requires high energy costs, and the composition of the ethanol feed is not very pure. The aim of this research is to reduce energy costs slightly while still increasing conversion to obtain a purer ethanol conversion. To achieve this goal, the method used is to add one more heat exchanger and one more reactor. The results obtained turned out that by adding a heat exchanger, we do not need cooling water, but can utilize the output of cryogenic distillation. An energy efficiency of 73.56% obtained and the ethanol conversion obtained was also close to pure with the presence of two reactors with a value of 99.2%. Further process creation is needed to be able to optimize the ethylene production process which is more environmentally friendly, such as making ethylene with bioethanol as feed. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by Universitas Diponegoro and BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Premix in the composition of compound feed for young fattening pigs: productivity and meat quality

Purpose. To study the effect of feeding compound feed with NutriMix premix on productive, slaughter and physicochemical indicators of muscle tissue of the fattening young pigs. Methods. In the process of research, general scientific research methods were used: zootechnical (conducting scientific and economic experiments, establishing the nutritional value of compound feed), technological, laboratory, chemical analysis of feeds according to generally accepted methods, statistical (biometric materials), analytical. The method of zootechnical analysis was used to conduct laboratory research. The main methodological method of setting up the experiment was the method of similar groups. Methods of variational statistics were used to process the obtained experimental results. Results. The diet provided pigs with energy and protein in full, the total nutritional value of 1 kg of feed was 1.02 feed units and 136.94 g of digestible protein. Studies have shown that the studied premix in the composition of the compound feed was characterized by a positive productive effect when feeding its to young pigs. It was established that introduction of the NutriMix premix into the compound feed contributes to the increase in the average daily gains in pigs during fattening. Thus, the average daily gains of pigs in the second group were 958 g, which is 86 g or 9.86% more compared to the control group and feed costs per 1 kg of gain were 3.3% less. The introduction of NutriMix premix into the diet of pigs contributes to the increase in pre-slaughter weight by 5.2 kg, slaughter weight by 7.53 kg, carcass weight by 7.12 kg. It has a positive effect on the intensity of the paired meat coloring, the value of which was higher than the control by 10.8%, respectively, tenderness – by 19.8%, and has no affect on pH. Conclusions. Enrichment of the diet of fattening pigs with NutriMix premix contributes to the increase in average daily gains and allows obtaining pork with satisfactory quality physical and chemical indicators.

Assessment of the effect of biological supplement from oreganum, Ceylon cinnamon, chili pepper and rosemary on the body of poultr

Purpose. To study the effect of feeding young guinea fowl and geese with a biologically active additive in the composition of compound feeds on their growth rate, feed consumption and livestock survival. Methods. Analytical methods of research, observation, comparison, analysis, zootechnical experiment. Results. According to the results of research on young guinea fowl and geese, it can be stated that the biological additive of the proposed composition has a positive effect on the living organism and stimulates it to increase growth rate, which is manifested in an increase in average daily gains, a decrease in feed consumption and livestock survival. In the goslings of the experimental group, which received a biologically active additive during the experiment, the livestock was completely preserved. The survival of the birds in the control group was lower by 10.0%. The highest average daily gain was observed in the goslings of the experimental group. It was 62.4 g, which is 7.0% more compared to the birds of the control group. Feed consumption per 1 kg of gain in the goslings of the experimental group was lower compared to the control group by 6.4%. The use of a biologically active additive contributed to an increase in the average daily gains in young guinea fowl during the experimental period by 5.2%. And feed consumption per 1 kg of gain compared to the birds of the control group was lower by 9.1%. Conclusions. Adding 1% of a biologically active additive to the composition of the compound feed for goslings contributes to a decrease in feed consumption per 1 kg of gain in the goslings of the experimental group by 6.4%, an increase in their live weight, compared to the initial one, by 16.6 times and in the experimental ones - by 17.7 times. The use of a biologically active additive in the composition of starter and grower compound feeds contributed to an increase in the average daily gains in young guinea fowl during the experimental period by 5.2%.

Comparative analysis of the biochemical composition of rainbow trout blood serum under different feeding diets

Rational and efficient feeding of aquaculture objects is one of the foundations of production in highly productive fish farming. The aim of the study was to compare the composition of production compound feeds for aquaculture objects and to study the effect of compound feeds on the biochemical parameters of the blood serum of rainbow trout. To achieve the aim of the study, 10 groups of rainbow trout (Parasalmo mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) of the "Rofor" breed) grown in production conditions of cage farms in Karelia were selected. Alanine transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumins, creatinine, urea, glucose, total bilirubin and total cholesterol were determined in the blood serum of the studied individuals. The obtained result has an important practical significance since with excessive intake of carbohydrates these fish develop liver glycogen overload syndrome due to insufficient insulin production. Therefore, the optimal carbohydrate content for them is 20-30%, including 5-6% fiber. In this case, monosaccharides are used better - glucose, fructose, mannose, somewhat worse - disaccharides and starch, and cellulose is broken down only by 10-20% of the consumed. In addition, it is necessary to take into account that trout, as a cold-loving fish, cannot use carbohydrates in the same volume as heat-loving objects of aquaculture, therefore, in order to save protein, which can be used for energy purposes, it is necessary to additionally introduce fats into their diets. However, in the studied compound feeds this component did not meet the GOST standards. The results of the conducted research can be used to optimize the composition of production feed for rainbow trout and to register background ichthyohematological criteria for the quality of keeping highly productive aquaculture species.