Amount Of Feed Research Articles

263 Effects of Programmed Compensatory Gain on Feedlot Steer Performance

Abstract The objective was to determine the effects of programmed compensatory gain on feedlot steer growth performance. After a period of growth restriction, a return to ad libitum intake will result in compensatory gain as cattle convert feed more efficiently due to reduced maintenance costs. Simmental × Angus steers (n = 159; BW = 278 ± 49 kg) were blocked by BW, stratified by sire, and allotted to 10 pens. Each pen contained a 3.0 m-long bunk to allow 19 cm of linear bunk space per steer. Pens were randomly assigned to one of two treatments on d 0: control (CON) or programmed compensatory gain (PCG). To achieve programmed compensatory gain, previously growing animals were maintained at a constant BW by reducing the amount of feed offered by 3.29% daily for 10 consecutive d. Thus, on d 54, PCG steers were consuming 72% of original dry matter intake (DMI) and subsequently returned to ad libitum intake to facilitate a period of compensatory gain. Feed intake for CON pens was managed using slick bunk management for the entire experiment. Steers were fed a common diet consisting of 20% corn silage, 20% modified wet distillers grains, 25% high moisture corn, 25% dry rolled corn, and 10% supplement inclusion on a dry matter basis. Steers were feed twice daily at 0800 h and 1200 h. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 using a beta distribution. The model included fixed effects of treatment and block. From d 39 to 63, average daily gain (ADG) was greater (P = 0.03) for PCG steers compared with CON steers. No treatment effect (P = 0.36) for dry matter intake was observed from d 39 to 63 as PCG and CON steers were consuming 9.49 and 9.67 kg, respectively. Thus, PCG steers had a greater (P = 0.01) gain:feed (G:F) than CON steers from d 39 to 63. Body weight was not different (P = 0.38) on d 148. Also, ADG from d 0 to 148 was not different (P = 0.54) as PCG and CON steers gained 1.92 and 1.91 kg, respectively. From d 0 to 148, overall dry matter intake was not affected (P = 0.91) by treatment. However, programmed compensatory gain steers had a greater G:F (P = 0.01) compared with CON steers for the overall feeding period (0.216 vs 0.210, respectively). In conclusion, programmed compensatory gain improved G:F of feedlot steers over a 148 d-finishing phase without affecting final body weight. Effects of programmed compensatory gain should be further evaluated in a commercial setting with large feedlot pens.

Identification of Digital Intellectual Assets and Features of Their Commercialization

The need to identify, define the types, specifics and features of the commercialization of digital intellectual assets is due to the prevailing realities and the opportunities for additional income associated with the digitalization of the economy and the legislative consolidation of new objects of civil turnover — digital rights. The purpose of the work is to characterize digital intellectual assets as objects of commercialization, to identify the features and conditions of its implementation, as well as factors affecting the type and amount of license fees for the transfer of rights to these assets. The methodological basis of the research was the categorical apparatus of management methods in the field of intellectual property and digital rights, methods of classification, statistical and comparative analysis, a systematic approach, scientific works of leading domestic and foreign scientists in the field of evaluation of intellectual property and digital assets. Results of the study are as follows: two interpretations of digital intellectual assets have been identified: 1) as rights to intellectual property objects that exist and have value in digital form; 2) as digital rights to intellectual property objects, the disposal of which is carried out exclusively in an information system based on blockchain technology; the typologization of digital intellectual assets with the allocation of separate types within each interpretation is carried out; the features of commercialization of digital intellectual assets, factors influencing the choice of the type and amount of license remuneration are revealed. The findings can be used in practice by the management of companies when developing strategies for managing new types of assets in order to increase the efficiency of their commercialization.

Issues of intensification of aquaculture production and new approaches to the development of the salmon industry

The article deals with the issue of providing the world population with food. Data on the consumption and impact of food products from aquatic biological resources on food security in general and on the level of consumption of animal protein are presented. It is shown that in order to achieve sustainable development of the fish processing industry, it is necessary to constantly increase production volumes and expand the raw material base. The possibilities of increasing the volume of aquaculture production in various regions of the world and the problems associated with this are considered. It is indicated that a further increase in aquaculture production is possible due to pasture aquaculture and intensification of production due to feeding. For the successful implementation of the first option, it is necessary to involve new water areas and optimize the species composition, and for the second it is important to ensure an acceptable environmental load and the fullest possible use of feed. The method of intensification due to feeding is more in demand, however, the production and use of feed with a high protein content have a significant impact on the environment. It is noted that the largest amount of such feed is used in the production of salmon species. As a measure to smooth out the negative effects of salmon production, modern approaches to increasing the productivity of marine aquaculture are considered. One of the measures indicated is the possibility of growing coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum) as part of the implementation of the concept of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, where the natural food chain is simulated. The target species in the process of vital activity creates conditions for the production of food of another species, with this approach, the energy introduced into the artificial system is most fully used, and the principle of sustainable biomass production is implemented.

Feed resources used for small ruminant nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: a case study of Uganda.

Small ruminants are of great importance to the livelihoods of many people in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) since they act as a source of meat, income, hides and skins and for cultural identity. Despite their great importance, especially to rural smallholder farmers, their production in Africa is hindered by poor nutrition. The first stage of establishing development strategies to increase feed quality and quantity is to conduct a comprehensive inventory of the feed resources that are currently available, especially in SSA. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the availability and nature of the common feed resources that are used in the feeding of small ruminants in Uganda. This study involved a comprehensive review of various scientific, technical and economic literature that has been published up to date. Our results show that the available feed resources in Uganda can be grouped mainly into:- crop wastes and residues, agro-industrial by-products, conserved feeds, natural pastures and browse. The main feed resources for small ruminants in Uganda have been identified as natural pastures, which are generally characterised by a low nutritive value. However, browses are seen to have a high crude protein content and could be used as a supplement to grass forages and crop residues. It has been noted thatfarmers lack knowledge related to feed processing and management, in addition to a lack of policy governing feed quality. Therefore, there is a need to train farmers on how to process and utilise crop residues, in addition to proper feed management practices like pasture cultivation and conservation. It is also necessary to introduce widely new pasture species with better nutritional values that are suitable for the local production systems.

Growth of Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Intensive Cultivation Systems

Vaname shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is one of the shrimps that is widely cultivated in Indonesia. The aim of this research is to analyze the growth and dynamics of water quality in vaname shrimp cultivation ponds using an intensive system. This research is a descriptive study with a survey method conducted in January-April 2023. The research location is in a vaname shrimp cultivation pond with an intensive system with a stocking of 116 individuals/m3. The research results showed that the average weight of shrimp at the end of cultivation was 18.48 grams/fish. Average daily growth ranges from 0.1-0.41 grams. The survival rate (SR) of cultivated vaname shrimp is 75.8% with a feed quantity ratio (FCR) of 1.47. The results of water quality measurements include temperatures ranging from 27.4-30.1 °C, brightness 25-65 cm, salinity 21-26 ppt, pH 8-9, dissolved oxygen 4.2-6.7 ppm, carbon dioxide 24.5- 67.1 ppm, ammonia 0.11-1.67, TOM 2.78-108.70 ppm and total vibrio 1x103-3.9x103 CFU/ml. Shrimp growth in ponds is classified as good with water quality suitable for cultivation

Optimal dietary protein level for the growth and metamorphosis of bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) tadpoles

This study investigated the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzyme activity, and metamorphosis rate of the bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) tadpoles. Seven isolipidic and isoenergetic diets were formulated with 24.61%, 28.49%, 33.74%, 37.50%, 44.06%, 48.39% and 53.92% crude protein. Triplicate replicates of tadpoles (growth stage 25 and 0.009 g) were fed with experimental diets two times daily for 11 weeks, and the daily feeding amount was 6.50% of the tadpole's body weight. Weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and catalase (CAT) activity in the liver, the intestinal trypsin activity (TPS) and metamorphosis rate at stage 42 of bullfrog tadpoles all increased with increasing dietary protein level from 24.61% to 44.06% and then decreased. Based on the second-order polynomial regression analysis of the weight gain and metamorphosis rate at stage 41 vs. dietary protein level, the optimal dietary protein level for bullfrog tadpoles was 42.49% and 46.50%, respectively. In conclusion, the optimum dietary protein level of bullfrog tadpoles was estimated to be 42.49%–46.50% of the diet.

Bioecology Study of Brackish Pond Waters for Saline Tilapia in Petta Barat Village Sangihe Archipelago District

Problems that often arise in the fisheries sector, especially in the development of saline tilapia aquaculture, are always related to constraints in feed supply. Therefore, feed management involving the use of immunostimulants is required as an effort to improve the growth and survival of saline tilapia. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the relationship between the use of immunostimulant yeast derived from natural extracts of cucumber fruit on the relative growth rate of saline tilapia and its relationship with ecological characteristics and water quality in saline tilapia ponds in Petta Barat Village, Sangihe Regency. This study applied a completely randomized experimental design (CRED) with four treatment groups and repeated it three times. The treatment groups were A (no addition of natural yeast in feed), B (10 ml natural yeast/kg feed), C (20 ml natural yeast/kg feed), and D (30 ml natural yeast/kg feed). Feeding was done twice a day, with the amount of feed given as 5% of the fish body weight. The findings of this study indicated that variations in the addition of natural yeast of cucumber fruit extract to the feed did not result in a significant impact on the relative growth rate of saline tilapia. In addition, water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia remained within appropriate ranges and supported the survival of saline tilapia.

A follow up study on the effects of massage on preterm infants: A randomized controlled research

BackgroundPreterm infants who leave the intrauterine environment early are deprived of tactile stimuli. This affects the physical, emotional and social developments of infants and their physical growth parameters such as weight, height and head circumference negatively. AimThis research was conducted to determine the effects of massage on the development of preterm infants. Material-MethodThis research was conducted as randomized controlled research with two groups (massage-control). The infants in the intervention group received massage for 30 days. Height, weight and head circumference values of the infants were recorded on days 5, 10, 20 and 30. Amount of feeding was recorded before intervention, on day 15 after intervention and on day 30 after intervention. Discharge times of the infants were recorded according to groups. ResultsA significant difference was found in height and weight of the preterm infants on days 20 and 30 when compared with the control group. Discharge time of the infants in the massage group was found to be 10 days shorter on average when compared with the control group. Significant difference was also found between day 15 and 30 in terms of amount of feeding. ConclusionMassage was found to have significant effects on physical growth parameters such as height, weight and head circumference. It was found that massage increased amount of feeding and weight intake in infants and decreased discharge time. In this case, hospital cost per infant may be reduced.

Effect of Diet Supplementation with Oat Hay and Whole Carrot on Rabbit Growth and Productive Efficiency.

Is it possible to reduce feeding costs in rabbit meat production without compromising rabbit health and productive yield? The study tested four feeding strategies: Control group (CC) fed exclusively with concentrate feed; group CT supplemented with whole carrot; group OH supplemented with oat hay; and Group CO supplemented with oat hay and whole carrot. Each feeding strategy was tested in 20 rabbits, randomly allocated in five cages with four rabbits each. The average daily weight gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and the amount of concentrated feed consumed daily were estimated in all experimental groups. Group CC displayed the best ADG (37.1 g/rabbit/day), carrot had no significant influence on ADG (34.2 g/rabbit/day), but oat hay had a negative impact (p < 0.05), either used alone or in combination with carrot (33.0 and 32.6 g/rabbit/day, respectively). Supplementation with carrot, oat hay, or both increased the FCR (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in final live weight or carcass weight between the rabbits in the different experimental groups. In conclusion, supplementation with oat hay, carrot, or both can be a valid approach to reducing production costs by decreasing concentrate feed without affecting rabbit's health and meat yield. The combined supplementation with oat hay and carrot proved to be the best option in reducing the amount of concentrate feed ingested by rabbits (less than 1107 g/animal), but at current market values, supplementation exclusively with oat hay was the less expensive feeding strategy (less 14% than fed exclusively with concentrate feeding).

Dietary of Spirulina Platensis through Feed Against Weight and Length Final, Hepatomatic Indek, and Visceral Organ Profile of Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) and Pangasius Sp.

Consumer needs for tilapia and pangasius can be met with high stocking densities in cultivation intensification, large amounts of feed on limited land. Poor management of intensive aquaculture causes leftover feed and faeces to settle to the bottom of the pond, producing high levels of ammonia which inhibits growth. This study aims to increase growth, development of gonads and visceral organs with Spirulina platensis diet. The observation method is used in research with a complete random design, applying 3 treatments and 1 control with 4x replications. Observations included final length and weight, index of hepatosomatic (HSI), and index of visceral somatic (VSI). The results showed that the Spirulina platensis diet increased the final weight and length, HSI of tilapia and catfish significantly, but not significantly to VSI. This shows that the Spirulina platensis diet can be used to increase the growth and development of gonads.

Involvement of a silkworm D2-like dopamine receptor in the promotion of feeding and related behaviors

The biogenic amine dopamine (DA) regulates various physiological and behavioral processes in insects through binding with specific receptors. Three types of typical receptors are known to date. Previously, we achieved functional and pharmacological characterization of the three DA receptors in the silkworm Bombyx mori (BmDopR1–3). BmDopR1 and BmDopR2 are functionally classified as D1-like DA receptors, and BmDopR3 as D2-like. The present pharmacological data and our previous studies suggested that bromocriptine (Bro), which acts as an agonist on the DA D2 receptors and also interacts with various serotonin and adrenergic receptors in vertebrates, is an agonist that also acts specifically on BmDopR3, with little effect on BmDopR1 and BmDopR2 in silkworms. Exploiting this subtype specificity of Bro, to offer clues on the involvement of DA and its receptors in silkworm feeding behavior, Bro was injected into fifth instar larvae and subsequent feeding and related behaviors (feeding amount, excretion amount, mandibular movement, and feeding behavior observation) were quantitatively evaluated. Bro injection increased feeding and excretion amounts but did not affect mandibular chewing speed. Visual observation of feeding behavior for 1 h revealed the prolongation of feeding and related moving time in Bro-injected larvae. Collectively, these results suggest that Bro directly acted on BmDopR3 as an agonist and promoted feeding and related behaviors in silkworm larvae.

Analysis of Quality and Quantity of Complementary Feeding and Nutrition among Children of 6 to 36 Months in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Borno State, Nigeria

This paper provides a cross sectional analysis of the quality and quantity of complimentary feeding and nutrition among children of 6-36 months in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council. The role of health workers and parents in contextualities in driving, constraining or otherwise influencing complimentary feeding practices is explored through a review of the essential literature. Though this literature is found to have considerably expanded the scope of understanding around health and nutrition, research in the area is found to be lacking in methodological coherence and theoretical substance. Future efforts are needed to systematically bring together the array of insights, methodological approaches, and recommendations in this literature, as well as better bound, differentiate and systemize health and nutrition research in the area going forward. Two initial objectives are advanced through this paper in relation to this dual research imperative. They employed the survey research method. It revealed that knowledge of complementary feeding amongst women in emergencies are poor and government need to scale up support through local enlightenment programs that will boost good health and nutritional practices. Keywords: Complementary Feeding, Nutrition, Quality of complimentary feeding, Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Nigeria.

THE CONCEPT OF FRANCHISING IN THE INDONESIAN’S CIVIL LAW AND ISLAM

The franchise concept is an agreement between the franchisor and the franchisee. This means that the franchisor, as the patent owner of the trademark, has the right to receive a certain amount of royalties or fees to be paid by the franchisee based on legal provisions. Franchise agreements are regulated in Indonesian civil law with regard to special rights to trademarks. While in Islamic law, the franchise agreement is actually a development of a form of cooperation (syirkah). This research uses the library research method, where data sources come from laws and other secondary data. The results of this study indicate that a franchise agreement under civil law, which refers to Article 4 of Government Regulation No. 42 of 2007 on Franchising, states that every franchise agreement of any kind must be made in writing by the parties. The existence of a franchise agreement is an innominaat contract. Innominaat contracts are contracts that arise, grow and develop in practice. From the perspective of Shari'ah economic law, franchise agreements belong to the group of shirkah (partnership) and the law is permissible. In addition, the franchise agreement involves the cooperating parties, namely the franchisor and the franchisee. Meanwhile, the franchisor's capital consists of intellectual rights in the form of company names, logos, systems and methods, which are owned and developed by the franchisor.

Chitosan Hydrogels Crosslinked with Oxidized Sucrose for Antimicrobial Applications.

Oxidized sucrose (OS) reacts with amino-group-containing polysaccharides, including chitosan, without catalyst, resulting in hydrogels entirely composed of carbohydrates. The presence of imine bonds with low structural stabilities and unreacted aldehydes in the structures of these hydrogels hinder their application as biomaterials. Therefore, herein, the chitosan hydrogels (CTSGs) obtained after the crosslinking of chitosan with OS were reduced using sodium borohydride to convert imine bonds to secondary amines and aldehydes to alcohols. The structures of CTSGs were comprehensively characterized using Fourier transform infrared and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, and the results implied that the degree of crosslinking (CR) depended on the OS feed amount used during CTSG preparation. The properties of CTSGs were significantly dependent on CR; with an increase in CR, the thermal stabilities and dynamic moduli of CTSGs increased, whereas their swelling properties decreased. CTSGs exhibited antimicrobial properties against the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, and their performances were also dependent on CR. The results indicated the potentials of CTSGs completely based on carbohydrates as antimicrobial hydrogels for various medical and pharmaceutical applications. We believe that this study will contribute to the development of hydrogels for application in the food, medical, and pharmaceutical fields.

Efficiency of feed additive Nikamax® for artificial infection of broiler chickens with Eimeria spp.

Efficiency of feed additive Nikamax® for artificial infection of broiler chickens with Eimeria spp.

Comparative Analysis of Statistical Regression Models for Prediction of Live Weight of Korean Cattle during Growth

Measuring weight during cattle growth is essential for determining their status and adjusting the feed amount. Cattle must be weighed on a scale, which is laborious and stressful and could hinder growth. Therefore, automatically predicting cattle weight could reduce stress on cattle and farm laborers. This study proposes a prediction system to measure the change in weight automatically during growth using three regression models, using environmental factors, feed intake, and weight during the period. The Bayesian inference and likelihood estimation principles estimate parameters that determine the models: the weighted regression model (WRM), Gaussian process regression model (GPRM), and Gaussian process panel model (GPPM). A posterior distribution was derived using these parameters, and a weight prediction system was implemented. An experiment was conducted using image data to evaluate model performance. The GPRM with the squared exponential kernel had the best predictive power. Next, GPRMs with polynomial and rational quadratic kernels, the linear model, and WRM had the next-best predictive power. Finally, the GPRM with the linear kernel, the linear model, and the latent growth curve model, and types of GPPM had the next-best predictive power. GPRM and WRM are statistical probability models that apply predictions to the entire cattle population. These models are expected to be useful for predicting cattle growth on farms at a population level. However, GPPM is a statistical probability model designed for measuring the weight of individual cattle. This model is anticipated to be more efficient when predicting the weight of individual cattle on farms.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНА РЕЗУЛЬТАТИВНІСТЬ І ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЖИТТЄДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД ТА ЇХ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ У ВОЄННИЙ ЧАС

In accordance with the formed-methodical approach to the assessment of socio-economic productivity and effectiveness of the viability of territorial burdens in the military, the time of its composition is allocated. The essence of the concepts of “efficiency” and “effectiveness” for the socio-economic assessment of the vitality of territorial communities has been clarified. It was noted that such an assessment is necessary and appropriate in order to realize the investment potential of communities in the post-war period. It was developed the methodical approach to determining the effectiveness and efficiency of life activities of communities in the conditions of war is based on the use of available data on the functioning of territories – information on the implementation of local budgets. It provides for the use of the following indicators: revenue to the general fund of the budget (total and calculated per resident), the amount of local taxes and fees (total and calculated per resident), expenditures of the general fund of the budget (total and calculated per resident), capital expenditures (in total and per inhabitant), expenditures to ensure the vital activities of the territory (in terms of total articles and per inhabitant), the amount of official transfers. To evaluate the performance, an analysis of the dynamics of changes in the specified indicators and the achievement of planned indicators was carried out. Also to evaluate the efficiency, It is proposed to consider the formation of positive budget effects by individual components, as well as the growth of the community rating by the main financial indicators in the regional or all-Ukrainian dimension. It has been proven that due to the greatest impact of the budget component on the development of territorial communities, such a temporary toolkit can produce results close to the relevant ones. An evaluation of the socio-economic effectiveness and efficiency of life activities of the Kramatorsk urban territorial community and the Oleksandrivsk settlement territorial community and the Donetsk region in the conditions of war was carried out. It was determined that the life activity of the Kramatorsk community is conditionally effective, based on the signs of budget efficiency. The obtained result indicates the high capacity of the community to develop/restore and implement investment potential in the post-war period. The evaluation of the life activity of Oleksandrivsk community showed insignificant results, especially in terms of restoration works, as well as works to increase the safety of residents and a positive budgetary effect, which was achieved thanks to the significant support of the state. Using indicators of budgetary efficiency, it is proven that in wartime local self-government bodies are able to provide conditionally effective and efficient life activities of territorial communities and the quality of life of the population.

Combined Multidisciplinary Gender-Affirming Surgery During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Model to Optimize Access to Care, Resource Utilization andMedical Readiness forMilitary Patients.

Access to surgical care for gender-affirming surgery (GAS) has been a persistent challenge within the DoD due to long waiting lists, strict insurance requirements, and surgeon/subspecialty scarcity. These issues were magnified during the COVID-19 pandemic response, as limited resources led to postponement of "elective" surgeries. To remedy this, our center organized a multidisciplinary collaboration to perform simultaneous GAS. This model is necessary to optimize the quality-of-life and medical readiness for a particularly marginalized population within the U.S. Military who now constitute roughly 1% of all active duty personnel. In addition, one-stage surgery provides a feasible solution to streamlining care and decreasing DoD personnel health care costs. We present a case describing successful multidisciplinary surgical management of a transgender woman desiring multiple GASs. We include a comparative, cost-benefit analysis to emphasize the advantages of single-stage over multistage surgeries. Our patient is a 24-year-old active duty transgender female who underwent breast augmentation and fat harvesting with plastic surgery, which was immediately followed by simultaneous simple orchiectomy by urology and facial feminizing surgery with otolaryngology. Total operative time was 8.3 hours. Our patient was discharged on post-operative day 1 and had an uneventful recovery without complications. Keys to successful implementation included the judicious, coordinated use of local analgesia as well as the organization of separate operating room bedside tables and scrub techs for each team. Total convalescent leave time and temporary profile duration were reduced by 50% relative to the staged approach: 4 weeks and 3 months versus 8 weeks and 6 months, respectively. Of note, anesthesia provider fees total ∼$8,213 when surgeries are performed as three separate events. For one-stage surgery, anesthesia fees amount to only $1,063 (assuming ∼10 hour anesthesia time with a CRNA provider). Our case study demonstrates that one-stage multidisciplinary surgery can be accomplished without added risk to the patient. Judicious surgical planning, including having surgeons operating at the same time, reduces operative time and provides for efficient operating room utilization. Simultaneous GAS is an effective approach to improve access to surgical care for transgender patients. A single anesthetic enables patients to achieve their surgical goals sooner and to lessen their overall recovery time. This allows service members to return to duty sooner, supporting the Defense Health Agency mission to ensure a medically-ready force. This model should become the standard within MTFs across the DoD, as it promotes improved quality-of-life for patients, decreases personnel costs, and ensures medical readiness.

Selection of Proteolytic Bacteria from the Digestive Tract of Vanname Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The feed consumed by shrimp is not all digestible but some are excreted in the form of waste in the form of feces and other metabolic waste such as urine and ammonia. The amount of feed released into feces depends on the suitability of feed components with enzymatic capabilities in the shrimp digestive tract or digestibility. One of the efforts to maintain aquaculture water quality is by using probiotics that can be mixed with feed and applied directly to aquaculture medium. The study aimed to obtain proteolytic and probiotic candidate bacteria from the digestive tract of vanname shrimp. Bacterial screening was carried out by isolating bacteria from the digestive tract of shrimp obtained from pond farmers in the Suppa area of Pinrang Regency. The results of the isolation of probiotic candidate bacteria from the digestive tract of shrimp obtained a total of 20 isolates of proteolytic candidates for further selection, then five isolates with different morphological characteristics were selected. The five isolates were then tested for proteolytic activity. The results showed the greatest proteolytic activity was observed in the UM5 isolate with an activity value of 17 mm; followed by the UM1 isolate at 10 mm; UM2 at 9 mm, UM4 at 7 mm; and UM3 at 5 mm. Then tested for resistance to acidic and alkaline conditions (pH 2.5) and (pH 7.5), bacterial attachment test, and antagonistic test against Vibrio harveyi bacteria. The five isolates can survive in acidic conditions (pH 2.5 and alkaline (pH 7.5)) for eight hours. Antagonistic tests showed that the five selected isolates (UM1, UM2, UM3, UM4, and UM5) can inhibit the growth of Vibrio harveyi bacteria by forming an inhibition zone around the isolate. The highest inhibition zone was found in the UM5 isolate at 19 mm, followed by the UM2 isolate at 16 mm, UM4 at 15.5 mm, and UM3 at 15 mm. While the smallest antagonistic was obtained in isolate UM1 at 12 mm. The bacterial population in the swab shows the ability to colonize or attach a bacterium so the greater the number of bacteria in the swab, the better the bacteria are in sticking. The largest bacterial population was found in isolate UM5 which amounted to 2.53 x 107 Cfu/ml. isolate UM 4 amounted to 7.27 x 106 cfu/ml. Furthermore, UM3 amounted to 6.78 x 106 Cfu/ml. Then UM 2 amounted to 3.32 x 106 cfu/ml. the smallest population was shown by isolate UM1, which amounted to 4.5 x 105 cfu.ml.

EXERIMENTAL ESTIMATION OF HARD TURNING CONTACT CHARACTERISTICS

When processing hardened steel with a PcBN cutting tool in conditions close to orthogonal cutting, the cutting forces are determined depending on the amount of feed and cutting speed. The value of contact stresses, friction coefficient and the length of contact of the chip with the front surface of the cutter for a cutting speed of 100 m/min were determined, and the sections of the chip were obtained, which demonstrate the morphology of the chip. It was experimentally established that when processing hardened bearing steel, the magnitude of the tangential and radial components of the cutting force acting on the front surface of the tool at a feed of 0.05 mm/rev and a cutting speed of 100 m/min is 125 N/mm and 42 N/mm, respectively. The average coefficient of friction is 0.33. It is shown that to measure the contact length of the chip with the front surface of the cutter, it is advisable to use thin metal PVD coatings with a thickness of ~ 0.1 μm, which allows to increase the accuracy of determining this parameter. Chip samples obtained in the investigated range of processing conditions indicate a segmental type of chip formation. Chip thickness measurements obtained at a feed of 0.05 mm/rev and a cutting speed of 100 m/min range from 40 to 80 µm in thickness.