Feeder Service Research Articles

Efektivitas Pelayanan Publik Feeder Wira-Wiri Kota Surabaya

The city of Surabaya is the capital of East Java province which is known as the city of heroes and is the second largest metropolitan city with a dense population after the city of Jakarta. According to data from the official website of the East Java Central Statistics Agency in 2023, the city of Surabaya has a population of approximately 2,893,698 people, with a large population this will result in an increase in the number of private vehicles which will affect comfort in urban areas. In connection with this, the Surabaya city government has provided a program that aims to overcome problems in the transportation sector, namely the provision of public transportation called Feeder Wira-Wiri by bringing the concept of orderly, safe and comfortable driving or transportation behavior. The aim of this research is to measure the effectiveness of the Wira-Wiri Feeder Public Transport Service in the City of Surabaya. This research uses a quantitative approach using simple descriptive analysis techniques. The data collection technique in this research uses a questionnaire technique. The population of this research is people who use wira-wiri feeder services with a sample of 100 respondents. This research produced interesting findings, including: 1) The results of respondents' responses to the twelve effectiveness measurement indicators showed that all indicators still had values ​​that indicated they were quite effective. However, of the twelve effectiveness measurement indicators, the value indicating quite high effectiveness is found in the flexibility of adaptation indicator with a percentage of 23% and in the productivity indicator with a percentage of 16%. 2) The overall results of the respondents' responses showed that the Surabaya City wira-wiri feeder public transport service was said to be effective with a percentage of 53%.

Determinants of paratransit feeder service provision using AI-synthesized revealed preference data: a paratransit drivers’ perspective on PT reform using machine learning

ABSTRACT Although there is a wealth of research on passengers’ perception of public transport services and their willingness to use them, only a few have examined paratransit drivers’ intention to provide service. In this study, we have proposed using combined forward sequential feature selection with random forest classifier (FSFS-RFC) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to investigate the factors influencing drivers’ intention to provide feeder services to a dedicated bus lane system in Freetown. Focus group discussion was held with heads of various public transport unions, and a questionnaire survey was administered to a sample of 1124 paratransit drivers. The proposed FSFS-RFC and ANN algorithms revealed consistent results with schemes for fleet renewal, provision of coordinated paratransit feeder terminals, guaranteed hours of bus operation and increase in daily profit as the most significant determinants. The results imply that the algorithms can learn from AI-synthesized data on paratransit drivers’ operations for efficient planning.

Feeder bus service design under spatially heterogeneous demand

In rapidly sprawling urban areas and booming intercity express rail networks, efficiently designed feeder bus systems are more essential than ever to transport passengers to and from trunk-line rail terminals. When the feeder service region is sufficiently large, the spatial heterogeneity in demand distribution must be considered. This paper develops continuum approximation models for optimizing a heterogeneous fixed-route feeder network in a rectangular service region next to a rail terminal. Our work enhances previous studies by: (i) optimizing heterogeneous stop spacings along with line spacings and headways; (ii) accounting for passenger boarding and alighting numbers on bus dwell times and patron transfer delays at the rail terminal; and (iii) examining the advantages of asymmetric coordination between trunk and feeder schedules in both service directions. To tackle the increased modeling complexity, we introduce a semi-analytical method that combines analytically derived properties of the optimal solution with an iterative search algorithm. Local transit agencies can readily utilize this approach to design a real fixed-route feeder system.This paper reveals many findings and insights not previously reported. For instance, integrating the heterogeneous stop spacing optimization further reduces the system cost (by 4% under specific operating conditions). The cost savings increase with demand heterogeneity but decrease with the demand rate and service region size. Choosing the layout of feeder lines where buses pick up and drop off passengers along the service region’s shorter side also significantly lowers the system cost (by 6% when the service region’s aspect ratio is 1 to 2). Furthermore, coordinating trunk and feeder schedules in both service directions yields an additional cost saving of up to 20%.

Integration between Dockless Bike-Sharing and Buses: The Effect of Urban Road Network Characteristics

Globally, dockless bike-sharing (DBS) systems are acclaimed for their convenience and seamless integration with public transportation, such as buses and metros. While much research has focused on the connection between the built environment and the metro–DBS integration, the influence of urban road characteristics on DBS and bus integration remains underexplored. This study defined the parking area of DBS around bus stops by a rectangular buffer so as to extract the DBS–bus integration, followed by measuring the access and egress integration using real-time data on dockless bike locations. This indicated that the average trip distance for DBS–bus access and egress integration corresponded to 1028.47 m and 1052.33 m, respectively. A zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression model assessed how urban roads and other transportation facilities correlate with DBS–bus integration across various scenarios. The findings revealed that certain street patterns strongly correlate with frequent connection hotspots. Furthermore, high-grade roads and ‘dense loops on a stick’ street types may negatively influence DBS–bus integration. The increase in the proportion of three-legged intersections and culs-de-sac in the catchment makes it difficult for bus passengers to transfer by DBS. These insights offer valuable guidance for enhancing feeder services in public transit systems.

Advancing multi-port container stowage efficiency: A novel DQN-LNS algorithmic solution

Maritime shipping handles approximately 90% of global cargo transport, with 60% utilizing steel containers, playing a pivotal role in the global supply chain. As the global economy recovers in the post-pandemic era, the demand for and efficiency requirements of container transportation are continually increasing. This study introduces a new method to enhance the efficiency and safety of inland river container transport, which has seen significant growth in feeder services. We propose a novel mathematical model specifically tailored for river-sea direct container ships. Unlike traditional staged stowage planning approaches, our model optimizes multi-port stowage planning within a single stage. Additionally, we introduce the Deep Q-Network-based Large Neighborhood Search (DQN-LNS) algorithm, a novel advancement rooted in the Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) framework. This algorithm harnesses the power of Deep Q-Networks (DQN) to dynamically select the optimal ruin and recreate strategies in each iteration, enhancing the stowage planning’s efficiency and accuracy. Extensive numerical experiments validate our contributions, showcasing the algorithm’s capacity to markedly improve operational efficiency and environmental performance in inland river logistics.

Modeling choice determinants for bicycle-bus integration in developing countries: Case study in Fortaleza, Brazil

In the context of first/last mile, the bicycle-transit intermodality could lessen accessibility problems of stations and stops, reducing the need for feeder services. Although extensively addressed in developed countries, bicycle-transit is less studied in Global South metropolises, where distinct usage patterns are observed. Thus, this research aimed to model the choice behavior of the low-income population for bicycle-transit integration in Fortaleza - Brazil, a large Latin American city with a deployed bike-sharing system focused mainly on bike-bus integration. A Stated Preference (SP) survey was conducted addressing socioeconomic and trip characteristics, as well as policy variables such as bicycle parking and cycleways/lanes. SP data allowed the estimation of nested and mixed logit models representing choice behavior, and sample segmentation was used to identify heterogeneity among different groups of individuals. The results show that investing in bicycle infrastructure could stimulate bike-bus integration in Fortaleza; however, their relative importance depends on the analyzed individual strata. Findings also indicate the influence of public and road safety issues, as well as gender, income, and trip characteristics such as purpose and access distance.

A hybrid metaheuristic to optimize electric first-mile feeder services with charging synchronization constraints and customer rejections

This paper addresses the on-demand meeting-point-based feeder electric bus routing and charging scheduling problem under charging synchronization constraints. The problem considered exhibits the structure of the location routing problem, which is more difficult to solve than many electric vehicle routing problems with capacitated charging stations. We propose to model the problem using a mixed-integer linear programming approach based on a layered graph structure. An efficient hybrid metaheuristic solution algorithm is proposed. A mixture of random and greedy partial charging scheduling strategies is used to find feasible charging schedules under the synchronization constraints. The algorithm is tested on instances with up to 100 customers and 49 bus stops/meeting points. The results show that the proposed algorithm provides near-optimal solutions within less one minute on average compared with the best solutions found by a mixed-integer linear programming solver set with a 4-hour computation time limit. A case study on a larger sized case with 1000 customers and 111 meeting points shows the proposed method is applicable to real-world situations.

Cooperative design of feeder bus and bike-sharing systems

Feeder services, which provide travellers effective access from local areas to trunk-line systems, are essential, especially when the long-haul trunk routes are designed with large spacing between stations. Apart from the short-haul bus, the development of bike-sharing systems has led to a powerful supplementary feeder service. Most research on feeder services focuses on the separate design of bike and bus systems, but their joint design deserves further study. This research proposes a bi-level mixed-integer programming model to simultaneously design the locations of feeder buses and shared bike stations as well as the bus routes. A modified genetic algorithm that encapsulates the fixed-point iteration and Frank-Wolfe algorithms is developed to solve the model for large network applications. Numerical examples are given to compare the joint design with the separate design. The key factors that affect the design outcomes are investigated. The effects of joint design on operators and travellers are also discussed.

PREFERENCES FOR BICYCLING AND CONNECTING TO BUS RAPID TRANSIT IN YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA

The problem of limited interest in public transportation due to the restricted coverage of bus rapid transit (BRT) services can be addressed by enhancing door-to-door options. Providing feeder services to assist users in their journeys from start to finish is crucial to achieving this. One suggested feeder option is bicycles because they are faster than walking and eco-friendly. However, in Yogyakarta, there is currently no integration of bike lanes with BRT lanes, making it difficult to promote multimodal transportation. In addition to planning routes, it is important to consider the characteristics of BRT users when implementing multimodal transportation. This helps determine the BRT user category, enabling customized and prioritized service delivery. This study explores the factors that encourage users to use bicycles as feeders and offers insights into users’ preferences for cycling facilities. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to 200 BRT users selected randomly over 30 days. Based on the model tested using multiple regression analysis, the most popular and confident travel destination for BRT users is their workplace. Moreover, BRT users prefer bicycle lanes that are separate and distinct from other vehicle lanes and convenient bicycle parking locations near bus stops. This research provides valuable recommendations for all stakeholders, particularly the government, to enhance and sustainably improve public transportation services.

Dynamic Demand-Responsive Feeder Bus Network Design for a Short Headway Trunk Line

Recent advancements in technology have increased the potential for demand-responsive feeder transit services to enhance mobility in areas with limited public transit access. For long rail headways, feeder bus network algorithms are straightforward, as the maximum feeder service cycle time is determined by rail headway, and bus–train matching is unnecessary. However, for short rail headways, the algorithm must address both passenger–feeder-bus and feeder-bus–train matching. This study presents a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm for flexible feeder bus routing, accommodating short headway trunk lines and multiple bus relocations for various stations and trains. A 5 min headway rail trunk line example was utilized to test the algorithm. The algorithm effectively managed bus relocations when optimal routes were infeasible at specific stations. Additionally, the algorithm minimized total costs, accounting for vehicle operating expenses and passenger in-vehicle travel time costs, while considering multiple vehicle relocations.

Singapore International Hub-Port And Its Effects On The Smooth Running Of The Sea Freight Transportation System In Indonesia

Abstract: The Port Singapore Authority (PSA) have a big role in sea transportation in Indonesia, whoever average 50 big vessels per day are tendered at the wharf of Singapore port for loading and unloading thousands of containers, so if Singapore port is congested for several hours the impact will make the crowded of sailing schedule for many vessels. Last week suddenly without any announcement Singapore port reported a problem with their port facilities and so their system, therefore many vessels were anchorages for several days about 4-6 days at the outer of the port for waiting time to tender. This accident makes the sea transport system by feeder service Indonesia-Singapore and vice versa re-scheduled. The impact for export-import activities from and to Indonesia was trouble because many can't call on time even omitted. For several years or starting in 1985 Indonesian Shipping lines depend on Singapore port as an international hub port that will through cargoes to the destination port. They chose Singapore port because there are complete port facilities and a container system, nobody knows that crisis so will bome at Singapore as the biggest port in South East Asia. So now suggested to all of Indonesian shipping and Government to make a new big port as functions like Singapore port as an International hub port.

LOADING OPERATION EFFICIENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR EXPRESS AT A SPOKE AIRPORT

Loading operation efficiency at airports plays an indispensable role in international air express service performance. The authors comprehensively examined the priorities of factors that affect loading operation efficiency for air express services at Taoyuan International Airport in Taiwan. The reviewed results from surveying practical experts using a rank pair-wise comparison (RPC) revealed that load factor and load planning consistently ranked higher and more crucial among 15 elements regardless of flight properties. Long-haul services to the North American hub were most concerned with inventory control of unit load devices (ULDs). Regional feeder services attached importance to the ground operations workforce as well. Feeder services for cross-continental deliveries additionally focused on the arrangement of apron bays. The authors used the TOPSIS, i.e., technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solutions, to evaluate flights by three freighter types. Considering that the studied company performed more consistently on the top crucial factors, the sub-criteria that belong to the negative subset and are affected by the external units played a dominant role in these evaluated flights.

The study of social inclusion and gender equality on public transport satisfaction: Case of Metropolitan Jakarta

Three types of mass transit services have been developed in Jakarta metropolitan area; however, it was found that the majority 80% of commuters are still using private vehicles. This paper aims to explore the reasons why most commuters are still preferring to opt using private vehicles. A total of 23 attributes concerning the quality of public transport services have been investigated by conducting surveys and collecting data. As result, even majority of users mentioned that they are satisfied with the overall quality of the mass of transit, they are still hoping for improvement in some services attributes. Also, female passengers and teenagers consider security officer presence as one of the attributes needed to be improved. To enhance social inclusion and promote gender equality, practical strategies are recommended such as discounts and improvement of feeder service, special wagon for female and youth passengers, and adjusted schedules to conform with school time.

A demand‐responsive feeder service with a maximum headway at mandatory stops

AbstractPublic transportation out of suburban or rural areas is crucial. Feeder transportation services offer a solution by transporting passengers to areas where more options for public transport are available. On one hand, fully flexible demand‐responsive feeder services (DRFSs) efficiently tailor their service to the needs of the passengers. On the other hand, traditional feeder services provide predictability and easier cost control. In this article, a semi‐flexible DRFS is considered, which combines positive characteristics of both traditional services as well as fully flexible services. This feeder service has two types of bus stops: mandatory bus stops and optional bus stops. Mandatory bus stops are guaranteed to be visited by a bus within a certain time interval. Optional stops are only visited when there is demand for transportation nearby. The performance of this feeder service is optimized with the use of a new type of metaheuristic framework, which we denote as parameter space search. Experimental results on small benchmark instances indicate that the heuristic performs on average 12.42% better than LocalSolver, a commercial optimization solver, with an average runtime of 2.1 s. Larger instances can also be solved, typically within 2 min.

Conceptual Framework for Maximizing Service Catchment Area Between Rail Transit and Feeder Service Using Spatial Temporal Regression Technique

The move towards a more sustainable transport mode is crucial in the Klang Valley by incorporating feeder services to rail network stations. Feeder services will complement the expanding rail transits network and deliver connectivity for areas not covered within rail stations. Past literatures found that feeder services were ineffective during rail breakdown as feeder service was not going or stopping to where it was intended to. Feeder service can be allocated more effectively if we have better idea of targeted service area. Urban planners now have access to a variety of urban analytics because of technological advancements and the rise of smart cities. Data generated are produced across numerous locations and at diverse time scales, providing a significant possibility for data mining to uncover insightful information when both space and time are considered. This study will attempt to assess the community’s accessibility to rail transit through feeder service in Klang Valley. In achieving this a conceptual framework is developed within the objectives of this study which are firstly, to identify built environment factors that influence ridership around transit stations. Secondly, to determine the spatial -temporal relationship between built environment and transit ridership of feeder service and rail transits. Next, the station-level spatial and temporal variability of ridership data between feeder service to rail network is examined. Finally, as the main finding of this study, a framework in maximizing a service catchment transportation service for feeder service and rail transit will be developed. In doing that, the conceptual framework approach is by addressing numerical analytical technique in geographic data, by using spatial temporal regression. This study aspires to provide planning departments and transit agencies with useful guidance to execute targeted policies and develop a sustainable and efficient feeder service coverage area to support rail transits by looking at both spatial and temporal scales.

The real-time dynamic online feeder service with a maximum headway at mandatory stops

On the one hand, fully flexible demand-responsive feeder services efficiently tailor their service to passengers' needs. Traditional services, on the other hand, offer predictability and easier cost control. This paper considers a semi-flexible feeder service that combines positive characteristics of both traditional and fully flexible services. There are two types of bus stops in this service. Mandatory bus stops have a maximum allowable headway for bus departures. Optional stops are only visited when there is demand for transportation nearby. When new passenger requests arrive, the performance of this feeder service is optimised in real time. A metaheuristic with two phases is developed to optimise the service. The dynamic optimisation method is compared to a model that optimises the service when all requests are known beforehand. The results show that the dynamic method has an average gap of 6.5% with respect to the static model and an average acceptance rate of 95.1%. A case study in the city of Antwerp shows that, when compared to existing transit options in the region, this feeder service can increase the service quality by 31.6% when enough resources are available.

Incorporating Job Competition and Matching to an Indicator-Based Transportation Equity Analysis for Auto and Transit in Dallas-Fort Worth Area

Transportation equity is a vital but vague issue for planners and engineers in the United States, where mobility-based transportation planning has triggered the disproportionate distribution of benefits and burdens in the transportation system. Previously, transportation equity studies have evaluated equity using different transportation service metrics and socio-demographic factors. Job accessibility is one principal metric for transportation quality as it directly relates to a community’s economic prosperity. While most equity studies analyze aggregate accessibility for a single mode, our study measures blue-collar and white-collar job accessibilities for automobile and transit by incorporating job proximity, competition, and matching, using the Dallas-Fort Worth area as a case study. Using Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, and Atkinson measure, we performed horizontal and vertical equity (within and between groups) studies and compared various population groups by disaggregating the population based on the two most cited environmental justice indicators, namely, income and race. Our findings suggest that (a) job accessibility by transit mode has higher inequalities compared with automobile, (b) white-collar and blue-collar jobs have similar inequality levels, (c) low- and high-income populations experience somewhat the same inequality levels, and (d) inequality is highest among African American communities, (e) blue-collar job accessibility has higher inequality for Hispanic and Asian communities for both transportation modes and (f) the disparities in job accessibility are greater between racial groups than income groups in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. To address such disparities, planners must enhance transit availability through subsidizing transit costs and transit feeder services like on-demand shared services.

The peripheral mobility hub as a multi-sided platform? Applying a Fuzzy Delphi to identify promising stakeholder interactions

Planners increasingly propose mobility hubs linking trunk and feeder transport services to achieve service efficiency, liveability, and accessibility gains in peripheral areas. However, trunk-feeder complementarity at these hubs remains uncertain. This paper aims to enhance understanding of the stakeholder interactions at peripheral mobility hubs through the concept of multi-sided platforms. For the Netherlands, we conducted a Fuzzy Delphi study (n = 59) with representatives of public transport companies (trunk), shared mobility providers (feeder), and asset owners (platform) for the reciprocal evaluation of potential strategies to increase ridership. The data show that trunk and feeder service providers are complementary at the hub to a limited extent. However, platform providers can encourage public transport and shared mobility services to develop their services by improving bike access and providing EV-charging infrastructure.

A simulation-optimization approach to solve the first and last mile of mass rapid transit via feeder services

This paper focuses on the design of optimal feeder bus routes aimed at serving the commuting demand of suburban areas and increasing the ridership of a mass rapid transit system. The optimization problem presents a multi-objective nature. The transit operator is interested in maximizing the number of users served with the lowest vehicle kilometres travelled (i.e., maximizing profits), whereas passengers seek a high quality of service (i.e., minimizing travel times). An Ant Colony Optimization algorithm is here implemented into an agent-based modelling environment to find the optimal set of routes connecting the service area to multiple transfer stations. The potential demand at a feeder bus stop is estimated according to accessibility indicators, derived from GIS-based demographic data. The model is applied to the case study of Catania (a medium-sized city in Italy) to enhance the accessibility of urban railway stations via public transport. The proposed methodology can be used as a decision-making tool for transport operators and public administrations to understand how to design feeder bus routes to improve the accessibility of public transport.

Designing demand responsive transport services in small-sized cities using an agent-based model

This paper presents an agent-based model (ABM) to simulate and compare two different operation strategies of a public transport service in small-sized cities, namely a fixed-route transit (FRT) and a demand-responsive transport (DRT) service, under varying demand rates and supply configurations. The ABM builds upon a previous work by the Authors, where flexible and feeder services of a Mass Rapid Transit system were simulated. In this paper, instead of a many-to-one pattern typical of a feeder service, we considered a many-to-many one. The objective is to investigate the conditions that make a DRT more attractive than a FRT in small-sized cities and guide its design considering the demand fluctuation, land-use pattern, service constraints and passenger preferences. A dispatching algorithm for the DRT allows to assign each new trip request to a vehicle, and a couple of origin and destination stops, updating the vehicle schedule in real time. The service includes fixed and virtual stops, allowing request consolidation and balancing operator-related (cost of the service) and user-related (quality of service) needs. The model is applied to Vittoria (Italy), a small city with 60,000 residents in Southern Italy where most trips are made by car, also due to the absence of an urban public transport service. First results highlight the benefits of providing a flexible service compared to a fixed one to minimize detours, waiting times and walking distances experienced by passengers while allowing for a higher shareability and efficiency of the service.