Monitoring Feedback Research Articles

Influence of biased feedback on performance in a Vernier discrimination task.

The influence of feedback on performance is a topic of ongoing debate, with some previous studies finding it to be ineffective, while others have discovered that it can be helpful or harmful. One possible reason for these inconsistent results may be that feedback can create a conflict between a person's beliefs and the sensory information they receive. In the present study, we used a Vernier discrimination task to examine the influence of biased feedback on performance, as this type of feedback is most likely to create conflict. Biased feedback refers to feedback that does not align with the subjects' choices. The Vernier discrimination task is a type of psychophysical task that is often used to measure an individual's ability to perceive differences in the position or orientation of two visual stimuli. The task involves presenting two stimuli, one of which is slightly offset from the other, and asking the individual to determine the direction and magnitude of the offset. In Experiment 1, feedback was provided after each trial using large-offset verniers as guidance. The large-offset verniers always received correct feedback, but the small and medium-offset verniers might receive biased feedback. In Experiment 2, feedback was provided after each block of eight verniers. In Experiment 3, we removed the large offset vernier to investigate the influence of block feedback on the signal and noise. The results showed that the accuracy for the target vernier decreased due to biased feedback in both the trial feedback (Experiment 1) and the block feedback (Experiment 2). However, in Experiments 1 and 2, performance improved when feedback was absent. Moreover, if the difference between the two types of stimuli is great, the individual will engage in encoding learning rather than decision learning (Experiments 1 and 2). If the discrimination between the two types of stimuli is low, an individual's ability to discriminate noise is more vulnerable to the influence of biased feedback than the ability to discriminate the signal (Experiment 3). These results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of biased feedback, the process of encoding learning, the monitoring of internal feedback, and the generalization of false decisions.

Effect of video camera monitoring feedback on hand hygiene compliance in neonatal intensive care unit, an interventional study

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to determine whether use of a video camera surveillance system for hand hygiene (HH) monitoring, video-based education, and feedback could improve the HH compliance in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods and materialsThis was an interventional before-after trial conducted in a level-III NICU between July 2019 and June 2020. HH compliance was measured using randomly selected video-camera footage in the baseline, intervention, and maintenance periods. After the baseline, an intervention consisting of feedback and education with video scenarios was implemented. The primary outcome was change in HH compliance. The compliance rates were analyzed as an interrupted time series (ITS) with a segmented regression model adjusted for autocorrelation for each study period. ResultsWe identified a total of 8335 HH indications. There were non significant increases in the total compliance rate (9.0%, 95% CI -2% to 20%) at the time of intervention and in the compliance rate after intervention (0.26%, 95% CI -0.31% to 0.84%) per day. The hand hygiene compliance before patient contact significantly increased (19.8%, 95% CI, 4.8%-34.8%). Incorrect glove use improved non-significantly with the intervention (-3.4%, 95% CI -13.4% to 6.7%). ConclusionIn this study of HH monitoring using video-camera footage combined with an intervention including feedback and education, there were inconsistent improvements in HH compliance. However, these improvements were not sustained in the long term. Frequent feedback and education may be required to sustain high compliance.

Saradnja učitelja i nastavnika fizičkog vaspitanja u cilju efikasnije realizacije nastave fizičkog vaspitanja

The aim of the work is to look at the cooperation between teachers and physical education teachers in order to more effectively implement physical education teaching in the younger grades of primary school. Cooperation between teachers and physical education teachers is essential for ensuring quality physical education teaching in younger grades of primary school. Through consultation and collaboration, this partnership enables a deeper understanding of the needs and interests of younger school-aged children, which is essential for adapting physical education programs. Physical education teachers can support teachers in choosing appropriate activities and resources, adapted to the age of children. Also, trainings and exchange of information on the best methods and techniques for working with younger students contribute to more efficient and focused teaching. Monitoring of children's progress and feedback allows for further adjustment of the program to achieve the best result. Through all these steps, cooperation between teachers and physical education teachers becomes a key tool for ensuring quality physical education and developing healthy habits and interest in physical activity among children in younger grades.

Automatic shoe embossing machine integrated with real-time data cloud system to improve SMEs footwear productivity

The primary function of the automatic shoe embossing machine integrated with a real-time data cloud system is to enhance the shoe manufacturing process by imprinting designs onto leather shoes, while simultaneously collecting and transmitting production data for monitoring and analysis. This research project aims to design and develop a cuttingedge shoe embossing machine. To achieve this, we employ a Raspberry Pibased cloud system to gather and store production data in a database format, allowing for real-time monitoring and operator feedback. The research methodology encompasses several stages, including design, manufacturing, assembly, operational testing, performance evaluation, and data analysis. In conclusion, this research project demonstrates the successful development of an automatic shoe embossing machine integrated with a real-time data cloud system. This innovation streamlines the shoe manufacturing process, ensuring high-quality embossing while providing valuable real-time production data for enhanced control and decision-making.

Constructing the Teaching Quality Monitoring and Guarantee System of Applied Undergraduate Colleges

The quality of teaching is related to the survival and development of applied undergraduate colleges. The monitoring and evaluation system of teaching quality is established, so that the teaching process can be evaluated and feedback in time, and enter a benign circular orbit. The school’s teaching quality monitoring and guarantee operation system and the college teaching quality monitoring and guarantee operation system were constructed. The quality control requirements of the teaching quality monitoring and protection operation mode and the main teaching links were put forward, from the training objectives, curriculum system, graduate tracking investigation and third-party social evaluation. On the basis of regular evaluation of the quality of education and teaching, based on the teaching quality monitoring and evaluation feedback information, continuous improvement measures are proposed.

TEACHING HISTOLOGY IN TIMES OF WAR – EXPERIENCE OF MODIFYING EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

The process of conducting the educational process of “Histology, cytology and embryology” subject in a medical university during ongoing aggressive war includes psychological, legal and organizational components, where the focus for this fundamental theoretical subject should be made on high-quality digital tools, constant monitoring of feedback and maintenance of all participants of the educational process in safe conditions. The purpose of this work is to highlight main changes and innovations during the distant educational process in “Histology, cytology and embryology” discipline for medical students of the 1st and 2nd years. The studies in February-June 2022 period were held remotely, using the experience of organizing practical, lecture and modular classes under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. The peculiarities of conducting remote classes during active military operations were, first of all, maintaining constant contact with each member of the academic group, obtaining up-to-date information about their location, health conditions and the availability of technical opportunities to attend classes. Taking into account air alarms of different durations, being in relative proximity to active hostilities and technical malfunctions of power grids in certain regions, the duration of practical, lecture and module classes could change, or be transferred to a time that is relevant for the teacher and the group. Conducting and discussing theoretical content of topics for Ukrainian- and English-speaking medical students of the 1st and 2nd years was carried out on the “Google Meet” platform using the interactive “Jam” board and the broadcast of visual material through the teacher’s access. Tasks in the form of multiple-choice questions, situational clinical cases, electronic microphotographs and flash cards have been used. It was high-quality digital materials of histological preparations, obtained from the existing material base of the department, that served as a basis for studying the microscopic structure of tissues and differentiation of the cellular composition of those in various types of organs. It is important to note that maintaining a high-quality educational process in wartime is not only a guarantee of the formation of a conscious generation of medical professionals, but also the maintenance of the academic front of the country in wartime.

The mediating effect of feedback-seeking behavior on the relationship between ideal L2 writing self and story continuation writing performance: A multigroup structural equation modeling approach

The existing literature on the “the motivation → behavior → outcome chain” has implied that ideal L2 writing self should be equipped with appropriate behavioral strategies to facilitate writing achievement. Feedback-seeking behavior (FSB) includes both feedback monitoring and feedback inquiry and offers a novel perspective. Using a sample of 589 Chinese high school students with low, mid, high levels of writing proficiency, this study explores the mediating role of FSB in the relationship between ideal L2 writing self and story continuation writing performance. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results showed no significant mediating effect in the full sample model. However, such an effect varied across the different levels of L2 writing competence: (1) for the low-achieving students, the indirect path from ideal L2 writing self to writing performance via FSB was not evident; (2) for the mid-achieving students, feedback monitoring positively mediated the relationship between ideal L2 writing self and writing performance, whereas feedback inquiry had a negative mediation effect on this relationship; (3) for the high-achieving students, feedback monitoring had a significantly negative mediation effect, while feedback inquiry had a marginally positive mediation effect. The implications of the findings are discussed.

Right heart catherisation – a virtual reality

Abstract Introduction Right heart catheterisation (RHC) is the gold standard for assessing patients with pulmonary hypertension. Doctors require training in this procedure in a safe and friendly environment with minimal risk to patients. Due to the Covid pandemic, formal RHC teaching workshops were cancelled in our country, so we sought to develop a Virtual Reality Right Heart Catheterisation (VRRHC) training program to fulfil this area of need without the need for face to face contact. The aim was to improve training, competency and confidence in this technique with improved diagnostic skills and reduction of procedural errors. Method We approached a health technology company to design a VRRHC training module based on our current RHC simulation workshops. Phase 1 required virtual insertion of RHC via the right internal jugular vein using micro-puncture, double Seldinger technique under ultrasound guidance, followed by insertion of the RHC to the right atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary artery with pulmonary artery occlusion using real time pressure tracings and fluoroscopy. Thermodilution cardiac outputs and chamber saturations were also performed. The proprietary platform technology was delivered via a laptop and VR headset. Clinicians perform the VRRHC with imaging, monitoring and haptic feedback with the collection of real time performance tracking allowing user data (e.g. failed steps and proficiency scores) to be captured and subsequently visualised in the learning management system. We collected analytics and data on user engagement, experience and retention, targeted learning outcomes and learning curve, reduction in operating costs, reduction in procedure times due to higher proficiency, early diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, reduced complications, improved interpretation and diagnosis. Results The program was launched in October 2021. Preliminary data shows a learning curve is associated with both using VR (10–15 minutes) and the RHC procedure itself. Initial time to completion of the RHC was 30–40 mins, reducing to 20–30 minutes with experience and 15 minutes in experts. Completion rates increase with experience from 40–50% to 100% and error rates reduce with frequency of completion. Conclusion A Virtual Reality Right Heart Catheter training program is safe, feasible and non-invasive. Increased experience results in increased completion rates, reduced procedure time and reduced errors. Using this program will potentially have beneficial effects on doctor training, outcomes, patient safety and health economics with no risk to a real patient. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): Janssen Pharmaceuticals

Bringing students closer to the issues of indoor environmental quality and technology using nEMoS device: an experience in Albania

The article presents the outcomes of a monitoring campaign and a survey performed in a~school building in Tirana. Included in the Bilateral Agreement between the National Research Council of Italy and the Ministry of Education and Sport of the Republic of Albania, the research is based on environmental analysis, collection of data from monitoring of environmental variables and students' feedback. The monitoring of Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) was carried out with a~nearable Environmental Monitoring System (nEMoS) for IEQ purposes, designed and developed by ITC-CNR based on the Do-It-Yourself (DIY) philosophy. The proliferation of the maker movement philosophy has promoted the diffusion of DIY-based technologies. The spread of this movement is observed outside schools but there is a growing interest among educators to introduce this philosophy in the students' education, approaching to STEAM (Science Technology Engineering Arts Mathematics) in a different and more stimulating way. The application of two nEMoS devices in two classrooms (in different locations) aroused the curiosity of students, bringing them closer to the world of technology with a practical example. It also increased their awareness about the overall IEQ conditions in the classrooms where they spend a considerable part of their lives.

Evaluation of Compaction Uniformity of Asphalt Pavement Based on Construction Depth Variation

The continuous monitoring and real-time feedback on the uniformity of the mixture after paving and compaction is important to guide the construction and improve the life of the asphalt pavement. Thus, in this study, the latest digital image technology was used to collect images of asphalt pavement after paving and compaction according to the set parameters. The images collected were preprocessed in steps such as binary grayscale, filtering, histogram, and small particle filtering, which established the method for calculating the construction depth H P of the digital images of pavement. Moreover, a method was proposed to evaluate the uniformity of asphalt pavement using the construction depth coefficient of variation. The coefficients of variation were computed based on 100 images of the dependent project and compared with the actual images. The results indicated that the construction depth coefficient of variation of the digital images obtained by the developed calculation procedure was in agreement with the actual situation and combined the correlation degree of the calculation results. Small areas of 42 are recommended as the division of the asphalt pavement compaction uniformity evaluation method based on construction depth variation, and the use of C v 4 ≥ 8.0 as the evaluation standard for the segregation of asphalt pavement is recommended. The method proposed is a new and rapid test to evaluate and detect the asphalt pavement uniformity.

Efficient Separating Collected Seedlings Based on Precise Subdivision Air Streams

Automatic grafting and cutting machines can be employed to satisfy the increasing demand for seedlings without soil-borne diseases in a short period. The main approach used to feed seedlings for automatic grafting and cutting machines is artificial, which limits the improvement of grafting and cutting machine productivity. The separation system with a subdivision air stream can stably feed seedlings for cutting and grafting machines; however, the separation efficiency is low when a few seedlings are in the separator. To solve this problem, a feedback monitoring device with a photosensitive sensor as the sensing element and feedback functions on the status of seedlings in the separator was developed. Through experiments using a photosensitive sensor to monitor the separation process of tomato seedlings, the results showed that the effect on the effective seedling blowing rate varied from large to small depending on the seedling size, light intensity, and sensor diameter. The results of separation experiment showed that the productivity of the entire system was 8784 plants/h, which satisfies the productivity needs of the grafting and cutting machine. Compared with the separation device without feedback monitoring, the productivity increased by 39%, the damage rate decreased by 4%, and the number of subdivided air stream operations was reduced by 47%.

Anticipating the antecedents of feedback-seeking behavior in digital environments: a socio-technical system perspective

PurposeFeedback-seeking behavior is an important way for individuals to actively seek information feedback to achieve individuals' goals. In the environment driven by contactless digital technologies, the way of individual feedback-seeking behavior through monitoring indirectly becomes obvious, especially for people who complete the work online in digital collaboration. However, previous empirical research on feedback-seeking behavior mainly focused on direct inquiry. The purpose of this paper is to verify the impact of individual learning goal orientation and the digital feedback environment on individuals' feedback-seeking behaviors through inquiry and monitoring approaches. And the moderating effect of time pressure on these relationships was also investigated.Design/methodology/approachBased on socio-technical system theory, this study proposes a model to describe the formation of the two approaches of feedback-seeking behaviors (inquiry and monitoring). The hypotheses were examined with the structural equation model method and data were collected from 152 graduate students who completed online surveys.FindingsThe results show that both the digital feedback environment and learning goal orientation can promote individual inquiry and monitoring approaches of feedback-seeking. Furthermore, time pressure moderates the relationship between the digital feedback environment and feedback monitoring negatively.Originality/valueThis study establishes an antecedent model that influences the choice of feedback-seeking approaches in digital environments from the perspective of a socio-technical system. The empirical results supplement the explanation of the influence of both technical and social factors on individual feedback-seeking behavior in digital environments.

Efficient and optimized communication in biomedical sensor networks based on bioinspired particle swarm optimization for medical applications.

Healthcare, sports, the military, location monitoring and wireless body networks are emerging as technology of major relevance. As a result of the widespread usage of biomedical sensor networks in medical applications, it is essential that data packets containing vital signs be reliably and effectively supplied to the medical center. Because of its mobility, real-time monitoring, cheap cost, and real-time feedback, it may be used in a broad variety of applications. Effective data transport and a limited energy supply are the main challenges in WBAN. Uses genetic heuristics to enhance routing algorithm efficiency. Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) and distributed energy efficiency clustering (DEC) are two kinds of clustering algorithms (DEEC). A clustering-based routing protocol may be optimized using this study's optimization approach so that the network's lifetime can be extended.. The cluster heads (CHs) in sensor nodes are picked with the least amount of overhead grading possible. The cluster is being balanced. Passive clustering based on Bioinspired Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) should be used for clustering purposes. Routing messages efficiently means sending them quickly and efficiently without using a lot of bandwidth. Using constraints such as distance and residual power, the optimal path for the cluster may be determined with the help of iterative and heuristic chicken swarm optimization (IHCSO) for short. An evaluation of the packet distribution allocation, capacity, and average end-to-end latency illustrates the practicability of the proposed system in research concerning its efficiency. According to the findings of the research, following the technique that was proposed leads to much better outcomes.

СИСТЕМА SMM - МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ В УПРАВЛІННІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The article examines the current state of work of enterprises in the service sector. Forecasts for social media users are presented. Thus, according to Statista, it is predicted that in 2023 the increase of consumers will be 22% compared to 2017. That is, social networks are an indispensable part of most people's lives and many companies successfully use it to interact with their consumers. The article defines the main types of social networks and provides their characteristics and differences. In addition to the types and characteristics, a classification of social networks is provided and the main directions of use of each of the groups are presented. The conceptual apparatus "Marketing in Social Networks" is presented. Identified advantages and disadvantages of using SMM are fast feedback, adjustable. After launching a product to the "masses", you can get feedback about it within seconds. Such quick contact with the client allows you to immediately respond to comments about the product. At the moment, the audience of social networks is considered the most voluminous and segmented, which allows you to quickly find your "viewer" and work with a specific target audience. Social networks are a unique platform for both Internet users and various companies that get a unique opportunity to find their audience. Every day, consumers look for information of interest to them in social networks and exchange opinions about various goods and services, as well as their wishes. All these actions undoubtedly affect the reputation of the basic entities, which is why it is important for companies to be in this environment, monitor feedback and interact with consumers. That is, SMM is an effective marketing tool for promoting business and attracting a loyal target audience.

One-pot approach for multi-step, iterative synthesis of sequence-defined oligocarbamates

High-yielding and scalable methods for iterative synthesis of sequence-defined macromolecules are a great challenge in modern polymer chemistry. Sequence-defined macromolecules are fabricated by multi-step iterative processes that involve high reagent and solvent consumption. Moreover, every consecutive step causes yield losses that result in low overall yield. Despite the envisioned valuable functions and applications of sequence-defined polymers, the synthetic limitations constitute a barrier for the exploitation of their practical potential. Here, we investigated the one-pot synthesis of oligocarbamates without the purification of intermediates. To control the monomer sequence without isolation of intermediate product at every step, we introduced a monitoring feedback loop to fuel the exact amount of reagents to the reaction mixture, assuring full conversion of each reaction. Based on a one-pot strategy, we have developed a facile approach for the preparation of uniform oligocarbamates with full control of monomer order and defined stereochemistry. The great advantage of the presented methodology is the scalability of the process (demonstrated for synthesis of 50 g) and high yield (up to 95%). Oligomers obtained on a large scale can be further used as precursors for the synthesis of polymers with high molar mass. One-pot methods combined with chemoselective reactions bear the potential to overcome existing synthesis limitations and unlock the practical use of sequence-defined macromolecules. The presented concept might be further extended to different multi-step processes.

Evolving imaging methods of prostate cancer and the emergence of magnetic resonance imaging guided ablation techniques.

Established therapies for prostate cancer (PCa), surgery and radiotherapy, treat the entire gland regardless of the location of the cancerous lesion within the prostate. Although effective, these methods include a significant risk of worsening genitourinary outcomes. Targeted image-guided cancer therapy has gained acceptance through improved PCa detection, localization, and characterization by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Minimally-invasive ablative techniques aim to achieve comparable oncological outcomes to radical treatment while preserving genitourinary function. Transurethral ultrasound ablation (TULSA) and next-generation transrectal high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) utilize MRI guidance to thermally ablate prostate tissue under real-time MRI monitoring and active temperature feedback control. Previous trials performed by our group and others, including a large multicenter study in men with localized favorable-risk disease, have demonstrated that TULSA provides effective prostate ablation with a favorable safety profile and low impact on quality of life. Recently, MRI-guided HIFU focal therapy was also shown as a safe and effective treatment of intermediate-risk PCa. Here we review the current literature on ablative techniques in the treatment of localized PCa with a focus on TULSA and HIFU methods.

Experimental validation of a portable tidal volume indicator for bag valve mask ventilation

IntroductionShort-term emergency ventilation is most typically accomplished through bag valve mask (BVM) techniques. BVMs like the AMBU® bag are cost-effective and highly portable but are also highly prone to user error, especially in high-stress emergent situations. Inaccurate and inappropriate ventilation has the potential to inflict great injury to patients through hyper- and hypoventilation. Here, we present the BVM Emergency Narration-Guided Instrument (BENGI) – a tidal volume feedback monitoring device that provides instantaneous visual and audio feedback on delivered tidal volumes, respiratory rates, and inspiratory/expiratory times. Providing feedback on the depth and regularity of respirations enables providers to deliver more consistent and accurate tidal volumes and rates. We describe the design, assembly, and validation of the BENGI as a practical tool to reduce manual ventilation-induced lung injury.MethodsThe prototype BENGI was assembled with custom 3D-printed housing and commercially available electronic components. A mass flow sensor in the central channel of the device measures air flow, which is used to calculate tidal volume. Tidal volumes are displayed via an LED ring affixed to the top of the BENGI. Additional feedback is provided through a speaker in the device. Central processing is accomplished through an Arduino microcontroller. Validation of the BENGI was accomplished using benchtop simulation with a clinical ventilator, BVM, and manikin test lung. Known respiratory quantities were delivered by the ventilator which were then compared to measurements from the BENGI to validate the accuracy of flow measurements, tidal volume calculations, and audio cue triggers.ResultsBENGI tidal volume measurements were found to lie within 4% of true delivered tidal volume values (95% CI of 0.53 to 3.7%) when breaths were delivered with 1-s inspiratory times, with similar performance for breaths delivered with 0.5-s inspiratory times (95% CI of 1.1 to 6.7%) and 2-s inspiratory times (95% CI of –1.1 to 2.3%). Audio cues “Bag faster” (1.84 to 2.03 s), “Bag slower” (0.35 to 0.41 s), and “Leak detected” (43 to 50%) were triggered close to target trigger values (2.00 s, 0.50 s, and 50%, respectively) across varying tidal volumes.ConclusionsThe BENGI achieved its proposed goals of accurately measuring and reporting tidal volumes delivered through BVM systems, providing immediate feedback on the quality of respiratory performance through audio and visual cues. The BENGI has the potential to reduce manual ventilation-induced lung injury and improve patient outcomes by providing accurate feedback on ventilatory parameters.

The use of monitoring and feedback devices in driving: An assessment of acceptability and its key determinants

Recent technological advancements allow monitoring of drivers’ behaviour and offer the opportunity for providing feedback. While this approach has been shown to have a positive effect on driver behaviour, whether it is accepted by drivers has not yet been extensively investigated. This questionnaire study examined the opinions of a sample of 628 Dutch drivers on the potential use of a monitoring and feedback system. The focus was on (1) whether drivers would be interested in being assessed, (2) whether data collection (i.e., monitoring) could be used for this purpose, and (3) which features the potential system must have in order to get accepted. The results showed that participants were moderately enthusiastic about the prospect of receiving monitoring feedback: on average, their opinion was between neutral and positive. Professional drivers expressed slightly more positive opinions, but no demographic variable was strongly associated with acceptability. Many drivers rated themselves as good drivers already and had low sensitivity to data collection, i.e., participants indicated being used to data collection online. If they were to use a monitoring and feedback device, participants indicated a preference for data on speed and forward-facing video footage and a preference for personalisation. The use of a monitoring and feedback system can be considered as a trade-off between sharing personal data and receiving support to improve driving skills. Based on the participants’ reported online behaviour, it appears that the perceived costs associated with sharing data are small. The potential benefits of driver monitoring and feedback, however, are not salient to the participants, which may limit the use of such a system on the roads.

Improving Control Accuracy in Multi-Connected Digital Systems

The presented scientific research is relevant, because currently it is necessary to develop and implement modern control systems for technological processes. This allows increasing the accuracy of control in multi-connected digital systems, the mathematical models of which are built on the platform of the state space method. The purpose of this study is to develop a new method for improving control accuracy in multiconnected digital systems. The methodological framework of this study, determined directly for the qualitative solution of the problem, included analytical expressions that functionally not only eliminate the influence of each state and control on the rest, but also ensure high accuracy of control processes. In this scientific study, the results were obtained, standing for a methodical approach to the synthesis of vector-matrix models of regulators using feedback on the state. The vector-matrix model of the controller, combining the function of monitoring and control of feedback on the state was formed. By using computational capabilities of the mathematical apparatus adopted in the study, the matrices of the system regulators and correction coefficients were calculated. The formulated conclusions affect various aspects of the practical application of the method of determining the feedback matrix by state, deriving an analytical formula for determining the correction coefficients to ensure zero steady-state control error, as well as performing the decomposition of a digital system with the definition of a vector-matrix model of a regulator combining the functions of regulation and supervision. The materials and methods of paper fully correspond to the stated subject and can serve as a qualitative methodological basis for following research in this area

Right heart catherisation – a virtual reality

Abstract Introduction Right heart catheterisation (RHC) is the gold standard for assessing patients with pulmonary hypertension. Doctors require training in this procedure in a safe and friendly environment with minimal risk to patients. Due to the Covid pandemic, formal RHC teaching workshops were cancelled in our country, so we sought to develop a Virtual Reality Right Heart Catheterisation (VRRHC) training program to fulfil this area of need without the need for face to face contact. The aim was to improve training, competency and confidence in this technique with improved diagnostic skills and reduction of procedural errors. Method We approached a health technology company to design a VRRHC training module based on our current RHC simulation workshops. Phase 1 required virtual insertion of RHC via the right internal jugular vein using micro-puncture, double Seldinger technique under ultrasound guidance, followed by insertion of the RHC to the right atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary artery with pulmonary artery occlusion using real time pressure tracings and fluoroscopy. Thermodilution cardiac outputs and chamber saturations were also performed. The proprietary platform technology was delivered via a laptop and VR headset. Clinicians perform the VRRHC with imaging, monitoring and haptic feedback with the collection of real time performance tracking allowing user data (e.g. failed steps and proficiency scores) to be captured and subsequently visualised in the learning management system. We collected analytics and data on user engagement, experience and retention, targeted learning outcomes and learning curve, reduction in operating costs, reduction in procedure times due to higher proficiency, early diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, reduced complications, improved interpretation and diagnosis. Results The program was launched in October 2021. Preliminary data shows a learning curve is associated with both using VR (10–15 minutes) and the RHC procedure itself. Initial time to completion of the RHC was 30–40 mins, reducing to 20–30 minutes with experience and 15 minutes in experts. Completion rates increase with experience from 40–50% to 100% and error rates reduce with frequency of completion. Conclusion A Virtual Reality Right Heart Catheter training program is safe, feasible and non-invasive. Increased experience results in increased completion rates, reduced procedure time and reduced errors. Using this program will potentially have beneficial effects on doctor training, outcomes, patient safety and health economics with no risk to a real patient. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): Janssen Pharmaceuticals