Feedback Hypothesis Research Articles

Fact or artifact? Demand characteristics and participants' beliefs can moderate, but do not fully account for, the effects of facial feedback on emotional experience.

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that an individual's facial expressions can influence their emotional experience (e.g., that smiling can make one feel happier). However, a reoccurring concern is that supposed facial feedback effects are merely methodological artifacts. Six experiments conducted across 29 countries (N = 995) examined the extent to which the effects of posed facial expressions on emotion reports were moderated by (a) the hypothesis communicated to participants (i.e., demand characteristics) and (b) participants' beliefs about facial feedback effects. Results indicated that these methodological artifacts moderated, but did not fully account for, the effects of posed facial expressions on emotion reports. Even when participants were explicitly told or personally believed that facial poses do not influence emotions, they still exhibited facial feedback effects. These results indicate that facial feedback effects are not solely driven by demand or placebo effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The Impact of Innovation Technology on Carbon Emissions in India

Numerous studies have examined the determinants of CO2 emission. However, earlier research has neglected to analyse the emission of CO2 resulting from the exchange of innovation technology. The present work contributes to the research stream by examining the relationship between innovation technology and environmental degradation in India from 1980 to 2021 during the time period of study. On the basis of the Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) model and the Vector Error Correction (VECM) Granger Causality approach, the main finding is that innovation technologies are the primary contributors to India’s long-term CO2 emission. Short-term causality emerges from one-way causation between innovation technology and CO2 emissions. Additionally, a long-term feedback hypothesis between energy usage and CO2 emissions is rejected. Numerous critical tests are conducted to assure the stability of the model and the dependability of policy-relevant conclusions. This study proposes that the Indian government should invest more in research and development to increase its innovative technological power, which would be beneficial for environmental protection.

The renewable and nuclear energy-economic growth nexus in the context of quality of governance

In the context of recent debates concerning the role of nuclear energy in sustainable development, this paper provides new insights regarding the nuclear and renewable energy-economic growth nexus by considering the role of the quality of governance. The analysis focusing on ten nuclear energy consuming countries from the European Union in the period 2002–2021 revealed few results to support next energy policies. The feedback hypothesis is checked for nuclear energy, while growth hypothesis is validated for renewable energy consumption. The positive impact of renewable energy consumption on growth becomes significant when the analysis is conducted in the period 2010–2021 when nuclear energy consumption has a low and negative effect on economic growth. Control of corruption and rule of law play a central role in supporting renewable energy consumption, while an efficient political framework might make the nuclear energy effective in terms of growth.

RETRACTED: An empirical investigation of the impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth on climate change, evidence from emerging Asian countries

One of the greatest challenges facing humanity in the current millennium is the need to mitigate climate change, and one of the most viable options to overcome this challenge is to invest in renewable energy. The study dynamically examines the impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth on climate change, using Augmented Mean Group (AMG) technique in emerging Asian countries during the period 1975–2020. The estimated results show that the consumption of renewable energy sources significantly mitigates climate change, while the consumption of non-renewable energy sources significantly contributes to climate change. Furthermore, economic growth, investment in transport infrastructure, and urbanization significantly accelerate climate change in specific emerging Asian countries. The results further demonstrate the validity of the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis in emerging Asian economies. Country-specific analysis results using AMG estimates shows that renewable energy consumption reduces climate change for all specific emerging Asian countries. However, the consumption of non-renewable energy sources and investments in transport infrastructure have significant incremental impacts on climate change in all countries. Urbanization contributes significantly to climate change, with the exception of Japan, which does not have any significant impact on climate change. The significant progressive effect of GDP and the significant adverse impact of GDP2 on climate change confirm the validity of the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis in India, China, Japan, and South Korea. Moreover, the Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test confirmed a pairwise causal relationship between non-renewable energy consumption and GDP, supporting the feedback hypothesis. According to the empirical analysis of this study, the best strategy for climate change mitigation in specific emerging countries in Asia is to transition from non-renewable energy to renewable energy.

The Nexus between Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Agricultural Output, and CO2 in Africa: Evidence from Frequency Domain Estimates

This study examined the nexus between economic growth, energy consumption, and the environment with the moderating role of agricultural value addition and forest in Africa based on data sourced from 1980 to 2019. We employed both the time domain and frequency domain panel Granger causality estimation techniques to compare results across the different horizons. Extant literature suggests the inability of time domain estimation techniques to account for causality at different frequencies. The study also accounts for the nexus among our variables both at the single-country and multi-country levels. The results at the single-country level are at best mixed. The results of the panel Granger causality at the frequencies domain suggest that a bi-directional relationship exists between energy consumption and economic growth, and that energy consumption Granger causes carbon emissions in Africa. The results align with the feedback hypothesis on the one hand but contradict the conservation hypothesis on the other hand. The study has some policy implications.

A dynamic relationship between renewable energy consumption, nonrenewable energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emissions: Evidence from Asian emerging economies

This study aims to examine the linkages between renewable energy consumption (REC), nonrenewable energy consumption (NREC), carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and economic growth in emerging Asian countries during the period 1975–2020 using a panel augmented mean group (AMG) estimation technique. The results of the long-run coefficient elasticity show that REC, NREC, employed labor force, and capital formation contribute significantly to long-run economic growth. The research analysis also found that NREC significantly increases long-term carbon emissions while REC significantly reduces long-term carbon emissions. Moreover, gross domestic product (GDP) and GDP3 have a significant positive impact on environmental degradation while GDP2 has a significant adverse impact on environmental pollution, thus validating the N-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in selected emerging Asian economies. The country-wise AMG strategy points out that India and Bangladesh have no EKC hypothesis, China and Singapore have an inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis and Japan and South Korea have an N-shaped EKC hypothesis. Empirical evidence from Dumitrescu and Hurlin's causality test shows a two-way causality between REC and economic growth, supporting the feedback hypothesis. Strategically, this study suggests that more renewable energy is a viable strategy to address energy security and reduce carbon emissions to protect the environment and boost future economic growth in selected emerging Asian countries.

RETRACTED: A dynamic relationship between renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions: Evidence from Asian emerging economies

This study aims to explore the relationship between renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth in China, India, Bangladesh, Japan, South Korea and Singapore using panel Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimation techniques over the period 1975–2020. The results of the analysis show that renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy consumption, employed labor force, and capital formation contribute significantly to long-run economic growth. The study also found that non-renewable energy consumption significantly increased long-term carbon emissions, while renewable energy consumption significantly reduced long-term carbon emissions. GDP and GDP3 have a significant positive impact on environmental degradation, while GDP2 has a significant negative impact on environmental degradation, thereby validating the N-type EKC hypothesis in selected emerging economies. The countrywise AMG strategy records no EKC in India and Bangladesh, an inverted U-shaped EKC in China and Singapore, and an N-shaped EKC in Japan and South Korea. Empirical evidence from the Dumitrescue-Hurlin (2012) panel causality test shows that there is a two-way causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth, supporting the feedback hypothesis. Strategically, empirical evidence suggests that higher renewable energy is a viable strategy for addressing energy security and reducing carbon emissions to protect the environment and promote future economic growth in selected Asian countries.

Does economic growth promote electric power consumption? Implications for electricity conservation, expansive, and security policies

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between electric power consumption per capita (kWh) and real GDP per capita (PEN, constant 2007 prices), in Peru, during the period 1971–2014. The four theoretical hypotheses behind this relationship are the growth hypothesis –electricity consumption explains economic growth–, the conservation hypothesis –economic growth explains electricity consumption–, the feedback hypothesis –mutually affecting explanation between electricity consumption and economic growth–, and neutrality hypothesis –electricity consumption does not explain economic growth and vice versa–. Empirically, we initially conclude that the conservation hypothesis can be confirmed using the Granger Causality test, after estimating the dynamic impacts of the long-run equilibrium and short-run models. We highlight the inelastic behavior of electric power consumption per capita with regard to real GDP per capita. These results have implications for electricity conservation, expansive and security policies. We also discussed investments in electricity generation, transmission and distribution from renewable energy sources such as hydro, wind and solar. These eco-sustainable energies also called green and clean energies, are necessary for the sustainability of the electric power demand and the level of national electrification.

R&D Human Capital, Renewable Energy and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from 26 Countries

This study examines the long-term relationship between carbon emissions and a number of researchers engaged in Research and Development (R&D), economic development, foreign capital inflows, renewable energy and population growth in 26 countries between 1995 and 2015. Pedroni’s panel cointegration test confirms the cointegrating relationship between the variables. Long-term elasticities are derived from FMOLS regression. Researchers in R&D and renewable energy are negatively and significantly related to carbon emissions. There is a positive and significant long-term relationship between GDPs per capita and CO2 and between the FDI and CO2. Dumitrescu and Hurlin’s panel causality test revealed unidirectional causality running from economic development to carbon emissions and feedback hypotheses between the FDI and CO2 and between renewable energy and CO2.

Innovation-Led FDI Sustainability: Clarifying the Nexus between Financial Innovation, Technological Innovation, Environmental Innovation, and FDI in the BRIC Nations

Spatial adequacy and capital formation are impactful macro factors in achieving economic sustainability; therefore, offering a conducive ambiance for foreign investors entices them to the technology and capital mobilization in the host economy. The purpose of the study is to highlight the nexus of the innovation-led FDI in BRIC nations from 1990–2019. The study has implemented several econometric techniques to establish the empirical nexus, including a unit root test with a structural break, a combined cointegration test, an augmented autoregressive distributed lagged, a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lagged and the Fourier Toda–Yamamoto causality test. The structural break test divulged one break year in the data set, and the study incorporated the structural break effects in line with the explained variable. The long run association between the explanatory explained and the control variables has been unveiled with the test statistics of the combined cointegration. Furthermore, the long run cointegration in the empirical equation has been found in the linear and nonlinear assessment. In terms of the symmetric investigation, the coefficient of innovation, that is, TI, FI, and EI on FDI, were revealed to be positive and statistically significant at a 1% level, suggesting the innovation culture boosts the inflows of the FDI in the economy, both in the long run and short run. Furthermore, the asymmetric association has been confirmed by implementing the standard Wald test with the null of symmetry in the long and short runs. Inferring to the asymmetric coefficients, it is apparent that the positive and negative shocks of TI, FI and EI have established a positive tie to FDI, which is significant at a 1% level. According to the elasticities of the asymmetric shocks, the positive innovation disclosed a more prominent impact than the negative innovation on the FDI inflows. Thus this study advocated for ensuring a conducive innovation environment by mobilizing economic resources. Finally, the causality test documented the feedback hypothesis to explain the causal association between technological innovation and FDI and environmental innovation and FDI.

Symmetric and asymmetric nexus between economic policy uncertainty, oil price, and renewable energy consumption in the United States, China, India, Japan, and South Korea: Does technological innovation influence?

This study aimed to gauge the impact of economic policy uncertainty, oil price, and technological innovation on renewable energy consumption in the top five oil-importing nations for the period 1990–2021. The study employed a linear and nonlinear framework in exploring the association and variable elasticities on renewable energy consumption. According to linear assessment, the study documented positive effects from technological innovation and oil price volatility, whereas economic policy uncertainty adversely caused renewable energy integration, especially in the long run. The study disclosed long-run and short-run asymmetric connections between TI, EPU, and REC for asymmetric assessment. For directional causality, the study documented feedback hypothesis that explain the nexus between oil price and renewable energy consumption in China [OIL←→REC]; economic policy uncertainty and renewable energy consumption [EPU←→REC] in China, India, Japan, and South Korea; and technological innovation and renewable energy consumption [TI←→REC] in South Korea. On a policy note, the study established that efficient energy transition from fossil fuel to renewable energy demands economic stability and, therefore, stability must be ensured. Furthermore, oil prices should be considered while formulating energy policies.

Can the Resource Curse for Well-Being Be Morphed into a Blessing? Investigating the Moderating Role of Environmental Quality, Governance, and Human Capital

One of the most pressing global concerns is ensuring high levels of human well-being without overburdening natural resources. The impact of natural resource abundance on the economy’s monetary dimensions has long been controversial, with researchers debating whether it is a blessing or a curse. Recently, focus has shifted to its impact on non-monetary attributes (i.e., human well-being), with conflicting empirical evidence with respect to existence of the resource curse. However, studies on the indirect impact of natural resources on well-being are rare. This inquiry extends previous research by investigating the effect of natural resource abundance on human well-being and the underlying mechanisms that may clarify the convoluted link between the two variables in the UAE from 1990 to 2019. The novel contribution of this research is the evaluation of the resource curse concept from a broader perspective by considering how resource endowments indirectly affect human well-being via environmental quality, human capital, and governance channels. To this end, in the present study, we utilized the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique for cointegration and deployed the vector error correction model (VECM) for causality investigation. The ARDL results indicate cointegrated variables with diverse integration orders, signifying a long-term bond. Furthermore, the outcomes endorse the notion that resource endowment is inversely related to well-being as calibrated by the Human Development Index (HDI), corroborating the “Resource Curse Concept”, whereby large resource endowments impede human well-being. In terms of transmission channels, natural resources improve human well-being through environmental quality. In contrast, both human capital and governance have insignificant impacts on the influence of natural resources on well-being. Therefore, resource endowments improve human well-being as long as they do not harm the environment. The present analysis also resulted in the development of a feedback hypothesis between natural resource endowments and human well-being. The findings of this study provide several insights into the control of the direct and indirect adverse effects of natural resources on human well-being, the foremost being the provision of incentives for low-carbon energy use, reducing energy intensity, and assisting businesses engaged in R&D to minimize the cost of employing renewables, as well as investments in low-carbon technologies/cleantech and environmental technologies.

Testing the export-led growth hypothesis in Turkey: New evidence from time and frequency domain causality approaches

This study investigates the validity of Turkey's export-led growth hypothesis (ELG) with the time domain and frequency domain causality methods using quarterly data for the 1998Q1–2021Q4 period. We also test whether government expenditure is an important channel within the framework of the ELG hypothesis. The time-domain causality results indicate that the feedback and import-led growth (ILG) hypotheses are valid. The frequency-domain causality results imply that the hypothesis of the growth-led export (GLE) is valid. Therefore, the time and frequency domain causality findings indicate that the ELG hypothesis is invalid. Turkey, which has followed an export-oriented industrialization strategy since 1980, is far from successful in this policy. Therefore, policymakers need to revise Turkey's foreign trade strategy.

Are Mercosur economies going green or going away? An empirical investigation of the association between technological innovations, energy use, natural resources and GHG emissions

The dynamic association between technological innovations, human capital and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has serious environmental repercussions. On the other hand, as significant as it is, this domain is inadequately investigated by environmentalists, and explored the indefinite and vague outcomes. In addition, these studies do not deal with the function of natural resources in determining environmental quality, in an explicit and precise manner. For that reason, realizing the need for a further rigorous and significant assessment of the intricacies concerned in studying GHG emissions, this study investigates the influence of technological innovations, economic growth, renewable energy, natural resources, and human capital on GHG emissions in Mercosur countries from 1990 to 2018. The analysis follows a second-generation perspective, which generates reliable and robust outcomes in the presence of slope heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependency. The long-run elasticity estimates calculated through the Driscoll and Kraay approach suggest that economic growth and natural resources significantly increase GHG emissions, while technological innovations, renewable energy, and human capital help to curtail them. The outcomes of the country-specific analysis are consistent with the Mercosur panel estimates. The findings of the Dumitrescu and Hurlin non-causality test reveal a feedback hypothesis between economic growth, human capital, renewable energy, and GHG emissions. The conservation hypothesis from technological innovation and natural resources to GHG emission is also discovered. Mercosur economies should increase their technological innovation activities and human capital to ensure that new firms and established companies can innovate rapidly in favour of sustainable development and lifestyle quality. The empirical findings of this study allow us to propose various policy suggestions for the Mercosur countries.

Does globalization augment environmental degradation through the channel energy and FDI? Evidence from BRI initiatives

From 2000 through 2020, this study examines the impacts of FDI, economic development, and globalization on E.D. in a sample of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) nations. Data for the inquiry is gathered using a variety of tests, including the Westerlund cointegration test, the Dynamic seemingly unrelated regression (DSUR) long-run panel estimate approach, and the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test. Panel unit root tests reveal which variables are hidden where and after initial difference and long-run association documents have been processed using conventional and error-correcting methods. DSUR discovered a positive relationship between long-term energy use and environmental degradation, implying that greater energy consumption and total output would exacerbate the current condition of environmental degradation. Foreign direct investment (FDI), financial expansion, and globalization benefit the global economy more than harm the environment. Aside from the unidirectional impacts of financial development, globalization, and economic expansion on environmental degradation, directional causality studies demonstrate the presence of a feedback hypothesis that helps to explain these causal relationships. This research demonstrates the need for Belt and Road (B.R.) energy measures to improve energy efficiency.

Nexus between globalization, energy consumption and globalization in belt and road countries

This research evaluates the effects of FDI, economic growth, and globalization on E.D. in a sample of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries from 2000 to 2020. Various techniques, including the Westerlund cointegration test, the Dynamic seemingly unrelated regression (DSUR) long-run panel estimate methodology, and the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test, are used to collect data for the investigation. After initial difference and long-run association documents have been analyzed using conventional and error-correcting techniques, panel unit root tests indicate which variables are hidden where and why. DSUR revealed a positive correlation between long-term energy use and environmental degradation, meaning that increased energy consumption and production will aggravate the existing state of environmental deterioration. Foreign direct investment (FDI), financial growth, and globalization are more beneficial to the global economy than detrimental to the environment. In addition to the unidirectional effects of financial development, globalization, and economic growth on environmental degradation, directional causality investigations reveal the existence of a feedback hypothesis that helps to explain these causal links. This study highlights the need of Belt and Road (B.R.) energy measures to enhance energy efficiency.

Towards Emotionally Expressive Virtual Human Agents to Foster L2 Production: Insights from a Preliminary Woz Experiment

In second-language communication, emotional feedbacks play a preponderant role in instilling positive emotions and thereby facilitating the production of the target language by second-language learners. In contrast, facial expressions help convey emotion, intent, and sometimes even desired actions more effectively. Additionally, according to the facial feedback hypothesis, a major component of several contemporary theories of emotion, facial expressions can regulate emotional behavior and experience. The aim of this study was to determine whether and to what extent emotional expressions reproduced by virtual agents could provide empathetic support to second-language learners during communication tasks. To do so, using the Facial Coding Action System, we implemented a prototype virtual agent that can display a collection of nonverbal feedbacks, including Ekman’ six basic universal emotions and gazing and nodding behaviors. Then, we designed a Wizard of Oz experiment in which second-language learners were assigned independent speaking tasks with a virtual agent. In this paper, we outline our proposed method and report on an initial experimental evaluation which validated the meaningfulness of our approach. Moreover, we present our next steps for improving the system and validating its usefulness through large-scale experiments.

Role of technological innovation, renewable and non-renewable energy, and economic growth on environmental quality. Evidence from African countries

This study examines the impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions, considering the role of population density, urbanization, foreign direct investment, technological innovation, and trade openness for African countries from 1990 to 2019. We apply an advanced econometric methodology like the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed model (CS-ARDL) for long-run and short-run estimation, which allows for the cross-sectional dependencies and slope heterogeneity. Our finding shows that the non-renewable resources, population density, urbanization, and foreign direct investment contribute to the carbon emissions; in contrast, renewable resources and trade openness reduce the carbon emissions in African countries. Results also report a unidirectional causality from non-renewable energy consumption to carbon emissions, while there is evidence of a feedback hypothesis between renewable energy consumption and carbon emissions. This study provides several policy implications for sustainable development.

Wagner’s Law vs. Keynesian Hypothesis: Dynamic Impacts

This study analyzes the dynamics between public expenditure and economic growth in Peru for 1980Q1–2021Q4. We used quarterly time series of real GDP, public consumption expenditure, public expenditure, and the share of public expenditure to output. The variables were transformed into natural logarithms, wherein only the logarithm of public expenditure to output ratio is stationary and the others are non-stationary I1. The study of stationary time series assesses whether Wagner’s law, the Keynesian hypothesis, the feedback hypothesis, or the neutrality hypothesis is valid for the Peruvian case according to Granger causality. We found cointegration between real GDP and public expenditure, and public consumption expenditure and real GDP. Estimating error correction and autoregressive distributed lag models, we concluded that Wagner’s law and the Keynesian hypothesis are valid in the Peruvian case, expressed as dynamic processes that allow us to obtain short-run and long-run impacts, permitting the mutual sustainability of economic growth and public expenditure.

Impact of renewable energy on economic growth? Novel evidence from developing countries through MMQR estimations.

This study aims to examine the association between economic growth and energy consumption (renewable and nonrenewable). The data was collected from 80 developing countries comprising countries from all income over the 1990 to 2020 period. On methodological aspects, this study identifies the diverse impact of variables at different quantiles through novel methods of movement quantile regression (MMQR) approach and long-run coefficient estimations through fully modified ordinary least squares, fixed effects ordinary least squares, and dynamic ordinary least squares. According to the primary findings, the growth hypothesis exists in developing countries as both nonrenewable energy and renewable energy impact economic growth positively in MMQR estimation (for renewable energy at all quintiles and nonrenewable energy at lower quantiles), whereas the feedback hypothesis exists in (Dumitrescu and Hurlin Econ Model 29(4):1450-1460, 2012) Granger causality approach. The findings exposed that the economic renewable and non-renewable energy consumption has a positive impact on economic growth in developing countries. Based on the results, we recommend that developing countries prioritize investments in renewable energy for their production and expansion. Moreover, the provision of tax exemptions, subsidies, and feed-in tariffs are the right policy options towards the encouragement of the renewable energy sector and ultimately for the growth of the developing countries.