Feed Water Research Articles

Team-centered IDAC: Modeling and simulation of operating crew in complex systems - Part 2: Simulation aspects and application

Complex systems operations, such as Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs), generally require professional operating teams. Factors associated with teamwork, such as inappropriate communication and coordination, are important contributing factors to accidents and unsafe behavior. The impact of crew interactions on team effectiveness and, consequently, on the entire system, has yet to be fully and quantitatively explored in high-risk environments such as NPPs. Since a team is an interactive social system, team-specific issues must be studied and evaluated from a “team perspective”—based on team dynamics and processes. This paper is a part of a two-papers series that presents a simulation-based Team Model for NPP control room operations. Part 1 describes the theoretical fundaments of the model and details its elements. The current paper, Part 2, describes the simulation aspects and a full application of the method to an NPP four-steam generator feedwater system pipe break. It presents how to set up the simulation elements, such as hardware and humans within a team, using MATLAB Simulink. The method is demonstrated through a case study of an NPP four-steam generator feed water system pipe break. The results are discussed and assessed against theoretical and experimental findings.

Impact of heat stress on poultry production: Feed intake, water homeostasis, gut integrity, and meat quality

Heat stress (HS) is a major challenge to the poultry industry, especially as global temperatures continue to rise due to climate change. Heat stress has a negative effect on poultry by disrupting production sustainability, water homeostasis, gut integrity, and meat quality, leading to economic losses and welfare concerns. This review consolidates current research on these issues and explores potential strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of HS. Nutritional interventions, environmental modifications, e.g., ventilation systems and cooling techniques, as well as genetic approaches are discussed as promising solutions to improve poultry resilience to HS. Moreover, this article emphasizes the importance of adopting sustainable and innovative practices to enhance poultry farming’s long-term viability, ensuring that production systems remain both efficient and environmentally friendly. As climate change continues to intensify, the development of holistic and effective solutions becomes critical to support the global poultry industry and meet the growing demand for high-quality protein sources in a sustainable manner.

Efficient sulfur accumulation in biological desulfurisation and denitrification induced by microbial and chemical interactions

ABSTRACT Efficient accumulation of sulfur from simultaneous desulfurisation denitrification process can achieve high economic and environmental benefits. This work aims to study the effect of product accumulation on elemental sulfur production and understand its potential mechanism. The addition of the intermediate product thiosulfate and the final product sulfate during the reaction led to an increase in the production of biological elemental sulfur ( S bio 0 ). The effect is mainly reflected in the efficient accumulation effect of S bio 0 at high sulfide loads. When the sulfide feed water load was 300 mg/L, the S bio 0 production reached 65.94 mg/L in 24 h with the addition of 30 mg/L thiosulfate and 20 mg/L sulfate, which was 3.11 times higher than that of the control group. The addition of sulfate increased the content of aromatic protein I and aromatic protein II, and accelerated the propagation of Thiobacillus denitrificans, whose viable bacterial amount was 1.12–2.98 times higher than that of the control group. On the one hand, low-dose sulfate induced Thiobacillus denitrificans to participate in the sulfur-producing reaction ( S 2 − → S bio 0 ) more quickly by accelerating the propagation of the strains in the pre-reaction stage. On the other hand, the addition of sulfate shifted the overall reaction equilibrium to the left and inhibited the formation of thiosulfate, thus accelerating the accumulation of S bio 0 in the whole reaction stage. This study would provide guidance for artificially promoting efficient sulfur accumulation in desulfurisation denitrification treatments.

Investigation of the effect of water and feed sourced boron on the growth performance and blood parameters of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of water and feed‐derived boron on the growth performance and blood parameters of Nile tilapia fingerlings. Two different experiments were designed for this purpose. The first phase of the study determined the LC50 (96‐h) value of boron for Nile tilapia. Fish were then fed in water containing boron at a ratio of 1:20 of the LC50 value. In the second experiment, feed containing boron at different rates (0.00%, 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.10%) was fed for 40 days. At the end of the feeding period, growth performance, hematology, and blood biochemistry parameters were determined. The study concluded with a calculated LC50 value of 161.053 mg/L boron for Nile tilapia. The initial weight was 12.51 ± 0.79 g; at the end of feeding, the final weights were determined as 26.36 ± 0.15 g for the control and 28.07 ± 0.23, 32.28 ± 0.25 and 24.81 ± 0.48 g for 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.10% of boron feed treatments, respectively. At the end of feeding in water containing boron, the final weight of Nile tilapia was determined as 24.26 ± 0.26 g (LC50/20%). The results showed that feeding Nile tilapia with 0.05% boron‐supplemented feed stimulated growth and positively affected blood parameters, whereas waterborne boron inhibited Nile tilapia growth and negatively affected blood parameters.

Variation in the gut microbiota during the early developmental stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and its correlation with feed and pond water microflora

BackgroundFish gut microbiota undergo dynamic changes under the influence of many factors and play an important role in the nutrition, immunity and development in fish. Although common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is an economically important freshwater fish, there are few reports on its gut microbiota changes at different early developmental stages. In the present study, the gut microbiota of common carp during the early developmental stages and its correlation with the feed and pond water flora were studied using the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform.ResultsThe results showed that the gut microbiota of common carp underwent continuous and mild changes over the development process, and the pond water environment might provide bacterial resources and have a certain influence on the changes in the gut microbiota of common carp. However, host selection pressure played a more important role in shaping the gut microbiota. Although the gut microbiota was affected by many factors, the presence of core microbiota indicated that some bacterial species adapt to the gut microenvironment of common carp and played a role in its growth process.ConclusionsThe dynamic changes of gut microbiota of carp in early development stage were related to the feed, water environment and host selection. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for healthy farming and disease prevention of common carp.

Thermal hydraulic analysis of a high-temperature gas reactor steam generator after loss of feed water accidents

The helical coil steam generator is widely employed in the energy conversion process of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors for its high thermal efficiency in producing superheated steam within the helical tubes. These tubes necessitate materials specifically designed to endure high temperatures, prevent ruptures, and ensure durability under various operational conditions. This study aims to identify the maximum temperatures arising from potential transients in the secondary system and to propose immediate safety measures for minimizing associated risks. The RELAP5/MOD3.4 code was used to simulate the behavior of the next generation nuclear plant steam generator's conceptual design using steady-state conditions. Following the validation of the model, the established steady-state conditions were utilized to simulate accident scenarios, including the feed water line break and the loss of feed water flow to the steam generator. The transient scenarios assumptions include closed flap valves and retained hot helium in the shell side. The simulation tasks were conducted both with and without activating the depressurization system, in order to assess its effect on the temperature of tubes on the wall side. The analysis results indicate that tube wall temperatures can reach 720 °C at the steam generator outlet region and 620 °C at the weld region. The immediate activation of the depressurization system with a controlled relief valve can effectively reduce these temperatures by 239 °C in the steam generator outlet and by 133 °C in the weld region. This also lowers the steam generator's secondary side pressure. As a result, an upgrade and enhancement of operational procedures is straightforward.

Predicting the impact of underwater skimming on dissolved oxygen consumption in slow sand filters for potable water treatment

In a well-functioning slow sand filter (SSF), dissolved oxygen (DO) is crucial for enabling aerobic processes and microbiota growth. Given that DO supply is predominantly via the feed water, flow pauses (e.g., during cleaning) may trigger anoxic/anaerobic conditions in the stagnant filter bed. Underwater skimming (UWS) is an advanced cleaning technique that employs a skimmer with a shrouded blade, mounted on a mobile platform, to remove the fouling layer composed of sand and particles in order to improve the efficiency of slow sand filtration. As UWS results in changes to the flow pattern of the SSF, a mathematical model was developed to predict DO utilization after a flow perturbation associated with UWS operation. The model was based on a depth resolved measurement of specific oxygen utilization derived from a full scale SSF. Pilot plant experiments monitored DO in the feed and filtrate of SSFs cleaned using underwater and conventional dry skimming techniques. The highest oxygen utilization was in the Schmutzdecke layer, with additional demand imposed by the presence of a granular activated carbon (GAC) sandwich layer. It was observed that pseudo-steady state conditions occurred following filter ripening, where DO utilization, driven by biological activity, remained relatively constant regardless of filter cleaning technique. For flow pauses between three and 24 h, the pause duration's importance decreased, while the hydraulic loading rate became the critical factor for DO recovery in the filter. Additionally, introducing a ‘sweetening flow’ during UWS ensured a continuous DO supply, facilitating quicker DO replenishment post-cleaning. The model reliably predicted filtrate DO within ±0.6 mg/L, demonstrating its operational utility, especially in the optimisation of UWS methodology. As such, UWS can be applied to clean SSFs with the methodology modified to prevent any detrimental effects to DO management within the filter. This study predicted DO dynamics in SSFs, advancing UWS techniques and could be applied for enhancing water treatment strategies by filtration.

Cardiac Histomorphological Alterations in Adult Wistar Rats Following Exposure to 3,4- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Pills

The Ecstasy pill sold with the trade name ‘molly’ which has 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) as the active component, is one of the most popular recreational drugs in parts of Africa. This study was carried out to determine the histomorphological effects of molly on the heart using adult wistar rats as the mammalian model. The study was done on twenty-five adult albino wistar rats which were sacrificed after 21 days of molly administration, the rats were put under light chloroform anesthesia and the Heart harvested for histological processing. The experimental animals were separated into five groups. Each group contained five rats each using 5 big cages to house them. The administration of molly was given orally as follows: Group A (Control) received only normal feed (growers’ mash) and distilled water daily for 21days. Group B-E (Test groups) received growers mash and graded quantities of molly (B, 0.12 mg/kg body weight each; C, 0.18 mg/kg body weight each; D, 0.32 mg/kg body weight each and E, 0.4 mg/kg body weight each) and water was given ad libitum for 21 days. Heart sections were obtained from the rats and processed histologically. The results showed that the weight of the control increased during the period of the study. The mean weight of rats in all groups before the period of molly administration were significantly increased. Group A (Control), group B and C showed normal cardiac muscle, while Group D and E showed section of cardiac muscle showing fragmented myocytes with karyolysis of nuclei surrounded by eosinophilic cytoplasm and features of Myolysis. This study revealed that consumption of molly could result in the distortion and disruption of the microanatomy of the cardiac muscle showing fragmented myocytes with karyolysis of nuclei surrounded by eosinophilic cytoplasm. Molly consumption may be the cause of the various deleterious distortions which occurred in the heart and a necessary reduction in its consumption is required to avoid these effects.

GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS OF MONGREL RABBIT BUCKS FED DIETARY LEVELS OF GARLIC (ALLUM SATIVUM) MEAL

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of garlic meal supplementation on growth performance and semen characteristics in rabbit bucks. Twenty-four (24) mixed breed rabbit bucks were used for this study. The bucks were allowed to acclimatize for two weeks before the commencement of the study, during this period, they were fed formulated diet and Calopogonium ad-libitum. Feed and clean drinking water were offered ad libitum to the experimental animals. Four different experimental diets were formulated with varying levels of 0.00, 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50% garlic meal as supplement and were coded as T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, with as control. The 24 bucks were weighed and randomly allotted into the four experimental treatments and replicated thrice with two rabbit bucks per replicate in a complete randomized design (CRD) for a period of 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding period, semen collection was done using a specially designed artificial vagina for rabbits. The data obtained were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure using IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21. The result showed that garlic meal had significant effect (P<0.05) on final weight, total and daily feed intake. Garlic significantly influenced (p<0.05) sperm volume, motility, concentration and total cells per ejaculate however, did not affect sperm morphology. In conclusion, garlic meal supplementation at 1.0% (10g/kg) can improve some growth and seminal parameters in male rabbits.

Dynamic simulation and control strategy development of molten salt steam generation system for coal-fired power plant flexible retrofit

The coal-fired power plant (CFPP) coupled with the molten salt thermal energy storage system is a potential way to improve its flexibility and peak-shaving ability. The steam generation system (SGS) is a suitable choice to convert the feed water into hot steam by using the heat from the molten salt. In this paper, the schematic of an SGS coupled with the CFPP is presented. A dynamic model of the SGS basing lump parameter method is established and validated to investigate its dynamic response characteristics. Five different disturbance experiments including feed water inlet parameters, molten salt inlet parameters and medium pressure steam valve, are conducted and analyzed. The dynamic response curves of molten salt and steam are obtained. Moreover, the load adjustment process of SGS with three different load changing rates (3 %, 6 %, 10 % Pe/min) under the rated conditions is compared and its influence on the SGS is analyzed. The temperature changing rates in the thick-wall components of SGS are within 2 °C/min which meets the safe operating standard. Based on the above results, the three elements control strategy with excellent robustness for the SGS safety operation is proposed and demonstrated. The results show that the response time for the SGS load regulation process and the water level fluctuation have been significantly improved as the three elements control strategy is imposed. The water level can be stabilized in 200 s with tiny fluctuation when the SGS loads down 10 % thermal load with 10 % Pe/min load changing rate. These results could provide useful references for the design and control strategy making of the CFPP coupled with the molten salt thermal energy storage system.

Acoustic insights into the corn extrusion process for enhanced quality control

In industrial extrusion processes, a solid material is pressed through a die to obtain products of the desired shape and dimension. Fluctuations in the process parameters have a significant impact on the product quality. In food extrusion, the expansion noise at the die can serve as an indicator of the stability of the process. This study employs microphones to characterize the corn extrusion process, focusing on correlating acoustic emissions with predefined process parameters such as feed intake and water content. Experimental data from laboratory and industrial settings reveal distinct domain shifts, yet consistent findings confirm the distinguishability of various extrusion process parameters by analyzing acoustic emissions. Employing machine learning models, including support vector machines and convolutional neural networks, in conjunction with audio features such as log Mel spectrograms, yields promising accuracies above 90\% in discriminating between standard and non-standard process parameters. The proposed acoustic quality control approach has the potential to enhance the stability of extrusion processes and contributes to the development of automated monitoring systems in the field of food extrusion. This ensures consistent quality and reduced waste, ultimately leading to significant cost savings in production.

Thermal management of water electrolysis using membrane distillation to produce pure water for hydrogen production

When electrolysis units are used for water splitting to provide green hydrogen, waste heat must be dissipated to avoid performance degradation. Therefore, the hypothesis was that if a membrane distillation unit could use the waste heat to desalinate the feed water, then the operating costs may be reduced. This study demonstrated the first integration of a 0.03 m2 active area membrane distillation heat exchanger (MDHX) system with a 2.2 kW commercial electrolyser. The MDHX system satisfied the thermal requirements of the electrolysis unit. It was estimated that for a 2GW electrolysis plant, it could result in annual savings of up to $2 million. During operation with the 2.2 kW electrolyser, the MDHX unit was able to produce 50 % of the permeate rate required to match the water consumption of the electrolyser. Experimentally the MDHX system operated with a specific electrical energy consumption of 230 kWh/m3. Design changes such as improving pump efficiency and optimising flow field geometry to allow for lower flow rates, suggest there is scope for reduction in energy consumption. Indeed, further development of the MDHX technology is necessary before it can compete with large-scale seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) methods.

Aquamimicry feeding system improved growth, physiological status, muscle and intestine histomorphology, and flesh quality of keeled mullet, Liza carinata

The aquamimicry feeding system (AMFS) is one of the modern aquaculture systems that aim to reduce feed costs and water exchange rates to improve the sustainability of aquaculture projects. In AMFS, the aquatic environment is simulated to produce natural food by adding probiotics to carbon sources. Therefore, a 108-day field study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of AMFS as a solo feed or in combination with a commercial diet for the rearing of keeled mullet, Liza carinata. The L. carinata fingerlings with an initial body weight of 30.0 ± 3.25 g were randomly distributed into three experimental treatments in triplicate rectangular polyethylene ponds (measured 7 × 3 × 1 m) at an initial stocking density of 105 fish per pond. The fish were fed one of the following regimes: the 1st is a commercial floating diet (CFD, 30 % crude protein; T1), the 2nd is a combination of 50 % CFD: 50 % AMFS (T2), the 3rd is a solo of AMFS (T3). Water quality parameters did not differ significantly among different treatments except for a significant reduction in total ammonia nitrogen and a higher zooplankton count in the water of the AMFS group. The fish reared with AMFS as a solo feed (T3) experienced a significant growth performance, somatic indexes, and digestive enzyme activities compared to the fish reared in other treatments. Fish fed AMFS alone (T3) or in combination with CFD (T2) had an improved hematological profile, liver and kidney function indicators, serum lipid, and protein profiles than those fed CFD (T1). Histological and histometric analysis of the intestine showed an improved architecture with AMFS feeding. Furthermore, AMFS feeding increased the diameter of muscle bundles and the protein content of the dorsal muscles. The flesh quality parameters, including water holding capacity, stored loss, drip loss, and frozen leakage rate were improved in fish fed on AMFS alone or in combination with CFD. Therefore, from the above-mentioned beneficial effects of AMFS, it could be used as a promising, economical, and sustainable technology for rearing L. carinata.

Testosterone hormone levels and breast muscle performance of Pelung chickens after zinc sulfate and synthetic testosterone supplementation

Background and Aim: Pelung chicken Gallus gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a chicken endemic to Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the effects of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and synthetic testosterone supplementations for 56 days on testosterone hormone levels and breast muscle performance in Pelung chickens. Materials and Methods: This study used 12 Pelung chickens with three treatment groups (G) and four replications, namely, control (G0), ZnSO4 0.9 mg/kg (G1), and synthetic testosterone 3 mg/day (G2). Chickens were acclimatized for 7 days and then supplemented for 56 days. Drinking water and commercial standard feed were provided ad libitum. Blood was collected through the brachial vein for the analysis of testosterone levels using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The samples were collected every 14 days; on days 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56. Breast muscles were collected for texture analysis, and breast muscle preparations were made with hematoxylin-eosin staining to measure the fascicle area (FA), number of myofibers in one fascicle (NMOF), and myofiber area (MA). The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance at a 95% confidence level with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v.29.0. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed with the help of Minitab v. 19. Results: Statistical analysis results on 56 days of testosterone level parameters showed that G2 was significantly different from all treatments (p < 0.05). The results of statistical analysis on Pelung chicken breast muscle performance, especially hardness, chewiness, FA, NMOF, and MA, were significantly different (p < 0.05) compared with the other treatments. The results of PCA showed that the testosterone level parameters were positively correlated with FA, NMOF, MA, hardness, and chewiness, whereas the fracture parameters were negatively correlated with all parameters except the springiness index and were significantly different between the G2 group and the other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that supplementing synthetic testosterone 3 mg/day body weight for 56 days can improve testosterone levels and breast muscle performance, especially hardness, chewiness, FA, NMOF, and MA in Pelung chickens. Keywords: muscle, Pelung chicken, performance, testosterone, texture.

Techno-economic investigation of an entirely solar-powered hybrid HDH/RO desalination plant for moderate water demand under various operating conditions

The study presented a scalable, entirely solar-powered hybrid desalination system suitable for moderate demand and valid for various water salinities. The system merged two desalination techniques: HDH (humidification-dehumidification) and RO (reverse osmosis) units. The required power for all components was obtained from a photovoltaic system. The experiments were conducted to evaluate the separate units and hybrid system performances under different conditions, including various sprayed hot water (to the HDH) temperatures, RO feed water temperatures, air velocities, and water salinities. Based on the recorded data, the techno-economic analyses were conducted to assess the gain output ratio (GOR), recovery ratio (RR), specific energy consumption (SEC), the total amount of dissolved solids (TDS), and product cost. As a result, the RO unit's productivity increased almost linearly with feed temperature, showing a maximum hourly yield of 60 L/m2. In contrast, HDH productivity showed exponential growth with feed temperature, achieving a maximum hourly yield of 18 L/m2. The SEC of the RO unit decreased from 1.1 kWh/m³ to 0.63 kWh/m³ when using the rejected HDH's hot brine. The hybrid system's accumulated productivity reached 535 L/m2, significantly higher than the standalone HDH (58.5 L/m2) and standalone RO (368 L/m2). Additionally, the hybrid system demonstrated substantial improvements in GOR and RR, with daily values of 11.15 and 55.73%, respectively. Economically, the distillate water cost was significantly lower, at 0.63 $/m³ for the HDH/RO system compared to 3.51 $/m³ for the standalone HDH.

Experimental and theoretical insights into bioethanol recovery: Valorizing waste PET bottles for sustainable pervaporation membranes

The use of bioethanol as an alternative source of fuel could solve energy and pollution concerns. However, its conventional recovery procedures make the overall process costly and energy intensive. Membrane-based pervaporation (PV) has gained significant attention in recent years. Most membranes that purify bioethanol are fabricated from conventional fossil-based polymers. This study presents the first work for biofuel separation by valorizing waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into PV membranes. The performance of the membrane was characterized in terms of FTIR, XRD, TGA, WCA, SEM, and AFM and tested for a 10 wt% ethanol–water feed mixture at different temperatures. The mild hydrophobic character of PET allowed the PV membrane to achieve a separation factor of 10.45, a total flux of 1.7 kg m−2h−1, and a pervaporation separation index (PSI) of 18.72 at 45 °C. The recycled PET membrane (rPET) has higher mass transfer resistance for water compared to ethanol. The density functional theory (DFT) analysis confirms a stronger affinity of PET membrane towards ethanol than water. The results showed that rPET membranes have competitive performance compared to conventional fossil-based derived membranes. This study explores an energy-environment nexus approach, which could significantly contribute to achieving the key United Nations’ sustainable development goals.

OXIDATION OF 4-METHYLPYRIDINE ON V-Cr-O CATALYST

Isonicotinic acid derivatives are used in the development of new antibacterial agents, active ingredients in pesticides and herbicides. In addition, isonicotinic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of isoniazid, one of the most effective anti-TB drugs. Considering the importance of isoniazid in the treatment of tuberculosis, improving methods of synthesizing isonicotinic acid has a direct impact on the availability and cost of this life-saving drug. The goal of this work was to investigate the efficiency of V-Cr-O catalyst in the oxidation of 4-methylpyridine to produce isonicotinic acid, to study its composition and properties. Research methods. Methods of chemical analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectroscopy were applied. Results and Discussion. In this work, the processes of isonicotinic acid synthesis by oxidation of 4-methylpyridine on the V-Cr-O catalyst were studied. Analysis of the obtained results showed that with an increase in the water feed, there is a general tendency towards a decrease in the conversion of 4-methylpyridine at all temperatures. For example, at a temperature 300oC, the degree of conversion drops from 91.72% at 1.79 g/h to 84.20% at 6.6 g/h. The yield of isonicotinic acid increases as the amount of water rises, reaching its peak at 47.46% with a temperature of 360°C and a water supply of 6.6 g/h. In contrast, the minimum yield is only 15.27% at 280°C with a water supply of 1.79 g/h. This highlights the positive correlation between water supply and yield, especially at higher temperatures.

THE ABUNDANCE OF Chlorella Sp. AND Chlamydomonas Sp.: WATER QUALITY, GROWTH, AND FEED CONVERSION RATIO OF WHITELEG SHRIMP (Litopenaeus Vannamei)

Chlorophyceae groups, such as Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp., are a stable group of phytoplankton with the highest abundance in Litopenaneus vannamei ponds. These two types can be used as determinant factors for water quality, growth, and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) in L. vannamei farming. This study aims to determine the correlation of Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. on the water quality, growth, and FCR in L. vannamei farming. This study was conducted by survey and identification of plankton, water quality, growth, and FCR. The identified plankton was conducted using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on water quality, growth, and FCR. The results of the study obtained a total abundance of Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. of 91.93%. The water quality was found that most parameters comply with standards for L. vannamei farming activities, except for the parameters phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, Total Organic Matter (TOM), and ammonia. The abundance of Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. has a strong correlation with a parameter of water quality in all ponds. The growth rate of Mean Body Weight in ponds is 0.4 – 24.43 grams/shrimp and has a strong correlation with the abundance of Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. according to the significance value (p-value) of approximately 0.004 – 0.636. FCR value is 0.3-2.23 and has a strong correlation with the abundance of Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. according to the eigenvalue of 1.032-1.670. The eigenvalue of the pond represents approximately 54.364% (pond 1), 55.658% (pond 2), 1.236, and 1.032 (pond 3) of the variable diversity. The results of the study showed that the abundance of Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. is an indicator that influences the environment quality, growth, and Feed Conversion Ratio.

Circulation of self-supplied water for significant energy recovery through heat integration

This study introduces an overhead heat-integrated distillation column (OHIDiC), a novel approach that maximizes heat recovery by multiple heat exchanges and product circulation. By utilizing the overhead vapor as a direct heat source, low-temperature feed and product water were used as cooling agents, thereby significantly reducing the condenser duty and reliance on cooling utilities. Additionally, the heated feed transfers heat to the column, leading to a substantial reduction of reboiler heat duty. Some of the heated product water is recycled back to the decanter for product cycling, while the rest is released as the final product. This circulation process ensures a continuous coolant supply, which contributes the reduction of condenser duty. Two processes were considered in this study, utilizing the water product from a non-reactive, and from a reactive separation within the system. When applied to the separation of a water-dodecanol mixture, OHIDiC reduced the condenser duty by 69.21% compared to a traditional distillation column, with a 31.46% reduction in the total utility consumption. When reactive distillation was incorporated into the OHIDiC, the higher overhead vapor temperature facilitated high heat transfer in the multiple heat exchange sections, thereby significantly reducing the total thermal load. This resulted in a reduction of up to 46.96% in total heat duty and a 36.06% decrease in CO2 emissions. These findings confirm that the OHIDiC achieves significant energy savings through the utilization of process-derived substances, with pronounced benefits when the temperature of the overhead vapor becomes higher.

Cation selectivity during flow electrode capacitive deionization

Efficient separation of specific ions from aqueous media is crucial for advanced water treatment and resource recovery. Flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) offers potential for selective ion removal through continuous operation. This study evaluates the performance of selective cation separation using a commercial activated carbon slurry in a multi-ion solution of monovalent (Li+, Na+, K+) and bivalent (Ca2+, Mg2+) cations. We assess ion removal and cation selectivity under different operational parameters, such as applied potential, slurry flow rate, and feed water flow rate. Our data show that bivalent cations, namely Ca2+ and Mg2+, are preferentially removal due to their higher charge-to-size ratio, aligning with hydrated ion sizes. The highest separation rate was observed for Ca2+ (5.7 μg cm−2 min−1), and the lowest for Li+ (0.2 μg cm−2 min−1). At the highest applied voltage (1.2 V), charge efficiencies reached 70 %, with an energy consumption of 41 Wh mol−1 for nearly complete cation removal. Optimal conditions were identified with a slurry flow rate of 6 mL min−1, feed water flow rate of 2 mL min−1, activated carbon content of 10 mass%, 1 mass% carbon black, and a cell voltage of 1.2 V. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing operational parameters to enhance ion removal.