Feed Supply Research Articles

Total annual and seasonal DM production of improved and unimproved resident pastures at three farms in Canterbury

Yield differences between resident and improved pastures were quantified over a 3-4 yr period on three rainfed farms located in North Canterbury (Stockgrove, north of Amberley), Banks Peninsula (Willesden Farm) and the Mid-Canterbury foothills (Inverary Station). Improved pastures produced two- to three-times more feed annually than unimproved resident pastures at each property. At Stockgrove, improved chicory/white clover-based pastures produced 14.1±0.66 t DM/ha/yr compared with 4.36±0.41 t DM/ha/yr from unimproved pastures. Spring accounted for 85% (improved) and 72% (unimproved) of total annual DM production. At Willesden, lucerne monocultures produced 11.5±0.97t DM/ha/yr, which was more than the 4.44±0.45 t DM/ha/yr produced from resident pastures. Improved pastures at Inverary yielded 7.31±0.59 t DM/ha in summer/autumn of 2018/19, which was more than double the 3.34±0.43 t DM/ha from unimproved pastures. In 2019/2020, improved pastures produced 11.7±1.45 t DM/ha compared with 4.45±0.73 t DM/ha. In the third growth season (2020/2021) improved pastures produced 14.1±1.76 t DM/ha compared with 6.67±1.38 t DM/ha from unimproved pastures. In Year 4 (2021/22) the 12.6±1.29 t DM/ha from improved pastures was 56% more than the 8.07±0.85 t DM/ha from the unimproved pastures. Substantial increases in annual and seasonal feed supply patterns can be achieved through hill country pasture improvement.

Estimation of Rice Straw Adequacy as Ruminants Feed-in Java Based on Yield Area Conversion

Java is considered a center for the ruminant population and supplies cattle and buffalo to several parts of Indonesia. Livestock population increment needs the adequacy of feed, both quantity and quality. Potential sources of feeds are therefore needed to be inventoried to ensure the sustainability of feed adequacy. This study aimed to estimate the potential amount of feed from rice straw in Java for supporting ruminant production in the region. The method of this study was descriptive and quantitative, using secondary data. The potential amount of rice straw as cattle and buffalo feed ingredients was calculated using the yield area of rice. The yield area was converted to grain production, which led to the rice straw production as feed availability. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and total digestible nutrient (TDN) contents were used as a parameter. The percentage of the three parameters was collected from previous studies. The availability of DM, CP, and TDN from rice straws was then calculated based on the Animal Unit (AU). On the other hand, feed requirement was derived from the cattle and buffalo population. The population data were converted to AU, and then the total DM, CP, and TDN requirements were calculated based on previous studies (6.25 kg DM.AU-1, 0.66 kg CP.AU -1, and 4.3 kg TDN.AU-1). The feed availability and condition in Java province were compared and classified into three categories: surplus, sufficient, and deficit. The results showed that Banten, West Java, and Central Java provinces were sufficient to feed adequacy, whereas East Java and Yogyakarta provinces were deficient. This study suggests each province should utilize alternative feed resources in addition to rice straws to ensuring a sufficient feed supply for a ruminant.

Boosting domestic feed production with less environmental cost through optimized crop distribution

Global cropland expansion and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are largely driven by the growing demand of animal-sourced food. Thus, options are urgently needed to enhancing feed supply at a low environmental cost. Here we explored a set of scenarios about improving domestic feed supply, using a linear optimization model. Results indicate that the total feed (energy and protein) production may be increased by 18–32% through optimizing the spatial distribution of feed crops across provinces, without additional cropland input. GHG emissions and nitrogen and phosphorus inputs per MJ of produced feed decreased by 18–25%, 18–23%, and 16–21%, respectively. The redistribution strategies provide 10–16% additional animal food, which covers the demand of 195–393 million people. Lastly, we provide suggestions for improving the effectiveness of governmental policies related to spatial planning of crops, so as to alleviate the food-feed competition for cropland and to improve environmental sustainability.

Agent-Based Modelling to Improve Beef Production from Dairy Cattle: Young Beef Production

Approximately 42% of the total calves born in New Zealand’s dairy industry are either euthanized on farms or commercially slaughtered as so-called bobby calves within 2 weeks of age. These practices have perceived ethical issues and are considered a waste of resources because these calves could be grown on and processed for beef. Young beef cattle harvested between 8 and 12 months of age would represent a new class of beef production for New Zealand and would allow for a greater number of calves to be utilized for beef production, reducing bobby calf numbers in New Zealand. However, the acceptance of such a system in competition with existing sheep and beef cattle production systems is unknown. Therefore, the current study employed an agent-based model (ABM) developed for dairy-origin beef cattle production systems to understand price levers that might influence the acceptance of young beef production systems on sheep and beef cattle farms in New Zealand. The agents of the model were the rearer, finisher, and processor. Rearers bought in 4-days old dairy-origin calves and weaned them at approximately 100 kg live weight before selling them to finishers. Finishers managed the young beef cattle until they were between 8 and 12 months of age in contrast to 20 to 30 months for traditional beef cattle. Processing young beef cattle in existing beef production systems without any price premium only led to an additional 5% of cattle being utilized compared to the traditional beef cattle production system in New Zealand. This increased another 2% when both weaner cattle and young beef were sold at a price premium of 10%. In this scenario, Holstein Friesian young bull contributed more than 65% of total young beef cattle. Further premium prices for young beef cattle production systems increased the proportion of young beef cattle (mainly as young bull beef), however, there was a decrease in the total number of dairy-origin cattle processed, for the given feed supply, compared to the 10% premium price. Further studies are required to identify price levers and other alternative young beef production systems to increase the number of young beef cattle as well the total number of dairy-origin beef cattle for beef on sheep and beef cattle farms. Some potential options for investigation are meat quality, retailer and consumer perspectives, and whether dairy farmers may have to pay calf rearers to utilize calves with lower growth potential.

Economic analysis of antenatal screening for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 in Brazil: an open access cost-utility model

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes severe diseases, such as aggressive cancer or progressive neurological disease. HTLV-1 affects mainly people in areas with low human development index and can be transmitted from mother to child, primarily through breastfeeding. Refraining from breastfeeding is an effective intervention to reduce the risk of infection in infants. However, HTLV-1 antenatal screening is not offered globally. According to WHO, the scarcity of cost-effectiveness studies is considered one of the major barriers to the implementation of policies to prevent HTLV-1 infection. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of antenatal screening and postnatal interventions to prevent HTLV-1 mother-to-child transmission in Brazil and to develop an open-access, editable, mathematical model that can be used by other countries and regions to assess different scenarios. In this cost-utility analysis, we constructed a decision tree and a Markov model to assess the cost-effectiveness of HTLV-1 antenatal screening and postnatal interventions (ie, avoidance of breastfeeding, by suppression of lactation with cabergoline, and provision of formula feed) to reduce transmission. For our model, we used data from Brazil and we took the perspective of the public health-care system to estimate costs. The implementation of both screening and interventions would result in the prevention of 1039 infections in infants every year in Brazil with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US$11 415 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). 88% of all probabilistic sensitivity analysis simulations had ICER values lower than the Brazilian cost-effectiveness threshold ($18 107·74 per QALY). HTLV-1 prevalence in pregnant women, the risk of HTLV-1 transmission when breastfeeding lasts for 6 months or more, and the cost of screening tests were the variables with the largest effect on ICER. HTLV-1 antenatal screening is cost-effective in Brazil. An open-access model was developed, and this tool could be used to assess the cost-effectiveness of such policy globally, favouring the implementation of interventions to prevent HTLV-1 mother-to-child transmission worldwide. None. For the Portuguese and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

The Need for Bees: Colony Prediction and Analysis based on ARIMA and Entropy Weight -TOPSIS

In this paper, firstly, the ARIMA time-series differential autoregression algorithm was used to establish the change model of the number of bee colonies, and then the entropy weight method TOPSIS and Pearson correlation matrix were fused to analyze the index sensitivity. Finally, the prediction model of the number of bee colonies was established based on BP dynamic neural network, to complete the prediction and index analysis of bee colonies. Finally, we will discuss the findings from mathematical modeling of the blog summary writing, which show that the colony's optimal temperature, climate, feed supply, and other environmental conditions have a significant impact on the rate of soft production.

Pineapple waste in animal feed: A review of nutritional potential, impact and prospects

Abstract Pineapple is a commodity and economic fruit with a high market potential worldwide. Almost 60% of the fresh pineapple, such as peels, pulp, crowns and leaves, are agricultural waste. It is noteworthy that the waste has a high concentration of crude fibre, proteins, ascorbic acid, sugars and moisture content. The pineapple waste utilisation in animal feed has recently drawn the attention of many investigators to enhance growth performance and concomitantly reduce environmental pollution. Its inclusion in animal feed varies according to the livestock, such as feed block, pelleted or directly used as a roughage source for ruminants. The pineapple waste is also fermented to enrich the nutrient content of poultry feed. To date, the inclusion of pineapple waste in animal feed is optimistic not only for livestock but also for farmed fish. Indeed, it is an ideal strategy to improve the feed supply to the farm. This paper aims to overview the source, nutritional composition, and application of pineapple waste in animal feed. The recent findings on its effect on animal growth performance, nutrition and disease control are discussed comprehensively and summarised. The review also covers its benefits, potential impacts on sustainable farming and future perspectives.

EFFECTS OF KAHRAMANMARAS EARTHQUAKES IN SOUTH OF TURKEY ON LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES

Animal husbandry is one of the most important economic activities that humanity has been carrying out since its existence in order to meet the need for animal protein which has an important place in nutrition. In Turkey, on February 6, 2023, two destructive earthquakes with a magnitude of Mw=7.7 and Mw=7.6 occurred in the Pazarcık and Elbistan districts of Kahramanmaras in the south of Turkey. The earthquake caused the death of tens of thousands of our citizens in Adana, Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Gaziantep, Hatay, Kahramanmaras, Kilis, Malatya, Osmaniye, Sanlıurfa and seriously damaged our livestock. After the disaster, it was observed that many producers were unable to care for their animals due to the risk of epidemics that may arise from the animals that perished and the general damages that may arise from the loss of animals, especially the supply of feed, which is the most important problem for the animals that are rescued and currently kept. Delays in reaching rural areas during the earthquake revealed that a special structure should be established for villages in similar disasters. Structures such as intervention units for rural areas affiliated with AFAD can help with this.

Supplementation of feed and water after long-duration road transportation: The effects on welfare and rumen fermentation in goats.

Water and feed are needed for livestock during their long-duration road transportation. However, limited information is available on the need to supply water and feed to livestock at temporary holding stations after road transportation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of providing water and feed at holding stations on the welfare of goats in mimic surroundings. A total of 24 Guizhou black goats were randomly divided into three groups of eight goats each as follows: deprived of water and feed (TRT0), supplemented with water ad libitum (TRT1), and supplemented with water and feed ad libitum (TRT2). Blood and rumen fluid samples were collected before loading (denoted as "PRE" in this article) and after transport (denoted as "POST" in this article). Statistical analysis was performed via the SAS procedure PROC MIXED. The 10-h road transportation period reduced body weight in TRT0 goats (p < 0.05) but not in TRT1 and TRT2 (p > 0.05). TRT0 and TRT1 goats had POST plasma glucose concentrations above their PRE values (p < 0.05). The PRE-plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) levels were higher in TRT2 compared to TRT0 (p < 0.05) goats, while the POST-PUN levels increased in TRT1 compared to TRT0 goats. The POST non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration was higher for TRT0 compared to that in TRT1 and TRT2 (p < 0.05) goats. No difference was observed for plasma profiles of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p > 0.05). TRT2 goats had higher POST glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity than TRT0 and TRT1 (p < 0.05) goats. TRT0 goats had higher POST plasma glucagon (GC) compared to TRT2 (p < 0.05) and had increased values compared to their own PRE level as a result of road transportation (p < 0.05). TRT2 goats resulted in a lower POST plasma heat-stressed protein-70 (HSP-70) level than TRT0. There was no difference in ruminal pH (p > 0.05). Ruminal total VFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate), and the NH3-ammonia profiles showed a decrease (p < 0.05) after transportation in all groups. Ruminal microcrystalline cellulose, xylanase, cellobiase, and carboxymethyl cellulose activities were unaffected (p > 0.05). These combined results imply that water and feed supplementation to livestock can effectively alleviate stress responses in goats subjected to road transportation and emphasize the necessity to establish water and feed supplies even at a temporary holding pen.

Analysis of an integro‐differential model for bulk continuous crystallization with account of impurity feeding, dissolution/growth of nuclei and removal of product crystals

In this study, the theory of continuous crystallization from a supersaturated solution is developed, taking the concentration‐dependent fines dissolution, product removal, and feed supply rates into account. These rates make it possible to control the operation mode of the crystallizer and obtain the required supersaturation of the solution, the desired crystal‐size distribution in the supersaturated liquid, and the necessary crystal removal rate of the product. The steady‐ and unsteady‐state solutions of model equations are found analytically. It is shown that the non‐stationary crystal‐size distributions approach the stationary distribution with increasing time. The theory developed is the basis for investigating the linear and nonlinear stability of the crystallizer with allowance for the concentration‐dependent fines dissolution, product removal and feed supply rates.

Effects of Lactobacillus-Fermented Feed on Production Performance and Carcass Quality of Broiler Chickens

The quality of broiler chicken carcasses is greatly influenced by feed management and the number of nutrients digested in the digestive tract that will be utilized for optimal meat production. The study aimed to determine the effect of feeding fermented feed at different times on the production performance and quality of broiler chicken carcasses. The number of day-old chicks used in this study was 180 broiler chickens strain Cobb. This study was carried out experimentally using a complete randomized design consisting of four treatments and five replications. Each treatment carried out in this experiment consisted of a different length of time, namely feeding for 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks. Experimental parameters included feed consumption, weight gain, and ration conversion. In addition, the carcass quality was investigated as live weight, carcass percentage, and percentage of broiler chicken abdominal fat. The results showed that the longer the time of fermentation feed significantly increased feed consumption by 40.07% and increased 13.77% weight gain, as well as decreased ration conversion by 25.33%. Furthermore, the same results were also obtained regarding live weight by 17.80% and increased percentage of the carcass by 8.84%, while the percentage of abdominal fat decreased by 12.90%. It can be concluded that the provision of fermented feed for 5 weeks can improve the production performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. Keywords: Broiler chicken, Carcass quality, Fermented feed, Performance

Winter cereal species, cultivar, and harvest timing affect trade-offs between forage quality and yield

Volatile feed costs and extreme weather events are contributing to greater economic risk and precarity throughout much of the United States dairy industry. These challenges have prompted dairy farmers to seek ways to reduce feed imports without compromising milk production. For organic dairy farmers, the need to produce more homegrown forage is exacerbated by the high cost and limited supply of organic feed. Integrating winter cereals for forage as part of a double-cropping system is a potential solution, but increasing the amount of forage in dairy cow rations can reduce milk production if the forages are not managed for optimal quality. Organically managed field experiments in Maryland (MD) and New York (NY) were conducted to address two primary objectives: (1) determine the yield and quality of winter cereals—four cultivars each for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), and triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus.)—grown as forage and harvested at different crop growth stages, and (2) evaluate the trade-offs between yield and quality in relation to winter cereal phenology and harvest date. Mean yield at a commonly harvested growth stage, swollen boot (Zadoks 45), was 1.3, 2.2, and 2.2 Mg ha−1 in MD and 1.8, 2.5, and 2.9 Mg ha−1 in NY for barley, cereal rye, and triticale, respectively. Mean relative forage quality (RFQ) at the same growth stage was 180, 158, and 163 in MD and 179, 156, and 157 in NY for the three species. Overall, cereal rye reached swollen boot stage the earliest, barley produced the highest RFQ and retained high quality the longest, and cereal rye and triticale produced the highest yields. Based on these results, farmers should consider barley cultivars if quality is the priority and winter-hardiness is not a concern; cereal rye cultivars if an early harvest is most important; and triticale cultivars if greater harvest schedule flexibility would be most valuable. These findings can be used to better meet the needs of dairy farmers, enhance double-cropping system performance, and improve the synchronization of harvest timing with the specific needs of lactating dairy cows, dry cows, heifers, and calves.

Contribution of Climate-Smart Forage and Fodder Production for Sustainable Livestock Production and Environment: Lessons and Challenges from Ethiopia

Sustainable farm animal raising is dependent on the production of sufficient quantities and quality of forages and fodder, especially in dry regions. Improved forage and feed species are an option for these aspects because adequate feed resources enhance soil health and carbon, generate income, and reduce emissions. Therefore, the purpose of this review paper was to investigate the role of climate-smart forage production in sustaining farm animal production and maintaining the environment in arid and semiarid regions. Seasonal fluctuations in feed supply cause temporal scarcity in Ethiopia, with more acute gaps in dry periods, particularly in drought-prone regions. To address these problems in the country, improve forages to strengthen farm productivity, climate change resilience, and environmental sustainability, particularly in arid and semiarid areas. The country has a long history and is of some exemplary practices in indigenous improved forage production, but the input of improved forage to the total biomass production in feed resources is still low due to many factors like scarcity of land and water for irrigation, lack of awareness, forage seed, and policy recommendations. Despite the potential profits of feed and forage grasses and legumes, the availability of species adapted to a wide range of situations in actual use in the livestock sector has been insufficient. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that climate-resilient forage species be popularized to sustain livestock production and the environment, particularly in the country’s arid and semiarid regions.

Receding Horizon Optimization of Ethylene Cracking Operation and Scheduling under Supply Chain Fluctuations

The global supply chain is experiencing ongoing turmoil after COVID-19, which inevitably affects the supply and demand of the chemical industry. Ethylene plants are regarded as one of the most profitable chemical industry chains, and thus, there is a need to track fluctuations in the supply chain and responsively adjust their operations and scheduling decisions to achieve optimal economic benefits. However, previous studies about ethylene cracking optimization are mostly limited to fixed supply chain parameters and cannot meet the need for real-time updates according to supply chain fluctuations. To address this problem, we propose an ethylene cracking optimization framework which combines parameter prediction and receding horizon optimization (predictive RHO) for real-time optimal operation and scheduling under supply chain fluctuations. This optimization framework uses historical supply chain data (supply quantities, feedstock prices, and product prices) to predict future parameters and uses the predicted parameters to optimize the operation and scheduling of ethylene cracking furnace systems in a receding horizon way. Two industrial case studies were used to validate the efficacy of the proposed optimization framework. In case 1, the predictive-RHO framework achieved comparable economic profits of 147,370 and 146,483 $/day without violating daily inventory constraints (vs 151,204 $/day from the original model violating inventory constraints) and a faster calculation speed of 40 s (vs 32 min) under two fluctuating feed supply modes. In case 2, predictive RHO improves economic profits by 1.8% through integrating operations with scheduling and 1.1% by tracking the feed and product price fluctuations. These two cases show the strong capability of predictive RHO in tracking supply chain fluctuations and improving the inventory management level as well as the economic profits of ethylene cracking plants.

Bigger lambs or more lambs: The conundrum for New Zealand lamb producers

New Zealand sheep producers generate most of their income from sheep sales, particularly lamb sales. To increase revenue from lamb sales producers have two choices, increase the number of lambs weaned or increase the weight of lambs produced and sold. Lifting the number of lambs sold requires an increase in lambs born per ewe, however this comes at a cost as these lambs are typically smaller and may not reach optimal slaughter weight within the desired timeframe. Alternatively, increasing the weight of lambs, while maintaining total feed supply constant, means that the number of breeding ewes carried on the farm may have to be reduced. This study utilises an existing bioeconomic model to examine the impact on farm productivity and profitability of increasing lambing percentage from an average of 133.5% to 140, 150 or 160%, or increasing lamb weaning weight from 30 kg and 25 kg for singles and twins respectively, by 10, 20 or 30%, or alternatively a mix of the two, i.e., 140% lambing rate and weaning weights of 33 and 27.5 kg for singles and twins, respectively. The results show that lifting lamb weaning weight, by 10, 20 or 30%, increases enterprise cash operating surplus (COS) from $291/ha to $342, $392, or $444/ha, respectively, which is more than the increases in COS from lifting lambing percentage by 10, 20 or 30%, which increased COS to $313, $345, or $368/ha, respectively. The alternative of lifting lambing percentage by 10% and lamb weaning weight to 33 kg and 27.5 kg, increased COS by $74/ha. Overall, increasing pre-weaning lamb growth was more profitable than increasing lambing percentage. Therefore, if a producer has a lambing percentage of 140% or above their focus should be on improving pre-weaning lamb growth rates rather than lifting lambing percentage.

PEMBERDAYAAN KELOMPOK TANI TERNAK DALAM PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI MESIN PENCACAH RUMPUT ALTERNATIF UNTUK PAKAN TERNAK KAMBING DI DESA KOLAM KEC. PERCUT SEI TUAN

One of the potential livestock commodities to be developed is goats. A number of problems faced by goat breeders include seed quality, feed supply, disease prevention, market expansion to increase production. However, the main problem of discussion is the availability of animal feed. Currently goat breeders are still experiencing a problem in the supply of animal feed as a source of protein. Breeders must provide grass in sufficient quantities to be chopped as livestock feed. Most breeders still use the conventional grass chopping process. Farmers in the Pond Village area still use sickles to get grass which has to provide large amounts of grass as the number of goats also increases, therefore it takes more time and effort. The solution to solving the problems faced is to approach partners so that alternative grass chopping technology can be accepted and implemented. With the application of alternative grass chopping machines, smaller pieces of grass are obtained to be given as animal feed so that it is easier for livestock to digest the food. As the prime mover of this grass chopper is an electric motor and a gasoline engine. If the location is available a source of electric current can use an electric motor dynamo. If the conditions where the livestock is far from the reach of electricity can use a gasoline engine. Alternative grass chopper with consequences can increase livestock feed production capacity. Transferring the function of using a scythe as a grass chopping tool to chopping grass using a machine will ensure a quick time and an increase in production capacity which has been proven to work in the Kesuma cattle farming group. The grass chopper application is well supported/welcomed by the farmer group members, it is hoped that the farmer group residents will continue to use this chopper application.

A recent outbreak of human H1N2 infection: correspondence.

A recent outbreak of human H1N2 infection: correspondence.

THE FEEDING MANAGEMENT OF GROUPER (Epinephelus sp.) LARVAE FROM THE CROSS-BREEDING SPAWNING PRODUCT IN BULELENG BALI

High mortality in larvae emerges due to less suitable size and nutritional contents of the feed for larval requirement. Therefore, live feed management is one of the successive factors in many grouper hatcheries to reduce high mortality risk in larval stage and provide good nutritional value in fish. This article reviewed the feeding management of grouper larvae and the obstacles occurred during the feeding management within the larval rearing period in Buleleng, Bali. The grouper larvae were produced from the cross-breeding process between female tiger grouper (E. fuscoguttatus) and male marbled grouper (E. polyphekadion). Rotifers (Branchionus plicatilis) were enriched with marine green microalgae (Nannochloropsis oculata) at 2 × 105 ind/ml. Rotifers were then fed to the larvae at 1-3 ind/ml. This feeding application was performed when the larvae was at 2-7 DAH (days after hatching). Artemia salina was fed to the 17-DAH larvae at 0.2-0.5 ind/ml, then increased at 8 ind/ml as the larvae reached 27 DAH with four-time feeding frequency. Also, commercial feed was provided for the larvae at 15 DAH and small shrimp (Acetes sp.) was fed to the 40-DAH larvae for supplement. This feeding management could produce a good absolute length growth rate at 22.3 mm on 35 days of rearing. However, high mortality rate was still occurred due to cannibalism, high stocking density of rotifers, and fluctuated weather that decreased the live feed supply. Thus, additional nutrient enrichment and optimal larval consumption observation should be performed to reduce high mortality rate, cannibalism, and weather condition influence.

A Dynamic Model For Poultry Supply Chain In West Java

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This paper analyzes the constraints on supply chain processes within the poultry industry in West Java, Indonesia after COVID-19 pandemic. During the upstream process, poultry feed costs fluctuates greatly and lacks of storage which causing feed supply constraint, the mortality rate of chickens often surpasses 5% due to several factors including stocking density. Another identified problem adversely affecting the upstream process is the inability of small-scale farmers to procure their own Grand Parent Stock (GPS) since they remain dependent upon corporations to supply it, leading to inefficiency and increased production costs. Meanwhile, in downstream processes, the lack of a cold supply chain system and adequate storage capacity presents other challenges with regard to product durability. Consumer awareness regarding the relationship between food safety and health, and shifting in consumer preferences, especially during COVID-19 pandemic is also considered as a constraint in West Java poultry supply chain. To cope with those problems, several solutions such as technology and policy were offered to improve and solve problems in the supply chain process. Technology can be a powerful tool in addressing challenges in the poultry supply chain by providing efficient, accurate, and scalable solutions. While policy play a crucial role in addressing problems in the poultry supply chain by setting standards, promoting best practices, and providing a framework for action, regulate the behavior of the actors, promote transparency and hold actors accountable for their actions. A causal loop diagram is also made to assess the relationship between technology and policy in poultry supply chain process&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Sustainable Strategies for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in Small Ruminants Farming

During the previous decades, the growing demand for animal origin products has gained considerable attention. As a result, livestock breeding has faced a rapid intensification in order to fulfil market expectations. This increase in livestock production has led to a large scale of manure that is associated with many environmental impacts, such as climate change, to an increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Livestock production is considered to generate significant amounts of GHG, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Methane and nitrous oxide are the main emissions from livestock systems. Ruminants contribute highly to total livestock emissions. In the present study, the contribution of livestock and especially of the small ruminants in GHG emissions is reviewed. Additionally, useful sustainable strategies for farming and feeding of small ruminants are highlighted. Some of the practices discussed include but are not limited to efficient manure management, the replacement of mineral fertilizers by farm manure, the improvement of feed efficiency and provision of feed supplements. Moreover, the use of food waste or agro-industrial by-products is discussed as a sustainable strategy.