Feeding Stuffs Research Articles

PSVI-11 Non-GMO beet pulp and canola meal corn-soybean meal diet has comparable effects as that of GMO corn-soybean meal diet on the performance of sows and piglets

Abstract Consumers are concerned about the safety of livestock feed stuff with the increasing use of genetically modified organisms (GMO).The objective of the present experiment was to compare the effect of non-GMO sugar-beet pulp (SBP) and canola meal (CM) in the diet with GMO corn-soybean meal basal diets on reproduction performance in gestation-lactation sows and the performance of their litters. A total of 16 lactating sows (Landrace × Yorkshire, Parity = 2.4), were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 treatments with 8 sows per treatment starting from the last 4 weeks of gestation to 21 day of lactation. Treatments consisted of GMO diet (CON) and non-GMO diet (NO). Sows were individually fed gestation and lactation diets that were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) recommendations for all nutrients. The amount of feed consumed during the lactation periods was recorded and used to calculate the average daily feed intake (ADFI). Number of piglets born and piglets weaned were also recorded to calculate the survival rate. Individual piglet body weight (BW) and litter weights were assessed on days 0, and 26 to calculate average daily gain (ADG). All data were subjected to the GLM procedures of SAS in a randomized complete block design. The variability in the data was expressed as standard error of means (SEM). A probability level of P< 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. In the current study, NO treatment diets showed comparable effects on the BW, ADFI, backfat thickness, body condition score, and estrus interval of sows as that of basal diet. In addition, there was also no significant difference in growth performance of piglets fed NO treatment diets compared with CON diet (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the results of the current study indicated the utilization of non-GMO beet pulp, and canola meals do not have any adverse effect on the performance of sows and their litters.

Promoting Color Brightness of Clown Loach (Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker) by Mixing Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Powder with Feed Stuff

The purpose of this research is to determine the optimal dose of the addition of red spinach powder to artificial feed on the brightness of clown loach. This research was conducted at Aquaculture Laboratory Building 4 Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences of Universitas Padjadjaran from April to May 2020. This research method is experimental with a Completely Randomized Design consisting of four treatments and three replications. The red spinach powder addition treatment used 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% of the feed amount. The parameters observed are color value as primary data by using Toca Color Finder, while the growth, survival rate, and water quality as support data. Color assessment results were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, if there were significant differences, Z test would be performed. Growth data and survival rates were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Because the F test results were not significantly different, the Duncan test was not carried out. The results showed that the addition of 6% red spinach powder is the best treatment with an increased color brightness value of 5,63.

Mathematical modeling of the diffusion process of liquid additives into extruded pellets of feed stuff for prime fish species

A mathematical model of the diffusion process of liquid components into extruded pellets of feed stuff for prime fish species under vacuum spraying is considered. This will increase the fat content up to 40% and improve the digestibility and nutritive properties of the feed stuff. It is suggested to use the differential equation of molecular diffusion with boundary conditions of the third kind to describe the process of diffusion of liquid in porous pellets. For a mathematical description, the solution of the equation of unsteady molecular diffusion for bodies with the geometric shape of an unbounded cylinder (extruded pellets can be considered such bodies) was used. The studies carried out with values of the Bio criterion over 100 showed that the concentration of liquid additives inside the extruded pellets becomes equal to the concentration of liquid additives on their surface. Given a constant concentration of liquid additives on the surface of extruded pellets, this solution takes place in the form of a rapidly converging series. Considering that for Fourier numbers greater than 0.3 the series converges quickly, then all the members of the series can be discarded except the first one. Thus, the obtained solution of the equation of unsteady molecular diffusion at a constant concentration of liquid additives on the surface of pellets had the form of a rapidly converging series. Taking the logarithm of the obtained equation and solving its Fourier criterion, we attained the expression for determining the duration of the diffusion process. Comparison of the calculated curves and experimental data showed that the root mean square deviation did not exceed 14.3%. The use of vacuum spraying of liquid additives on the surface of pellets made it possible to increase the diffusion coefficient from 4.78?10e-4 to 6.112?10e-4 м2/с in comparison with the traditional technology of pelleting in a drum apparatus.

Effect of growth promoters on the chemical composition of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) and tur (Cajanus cajan) straw on goat kid

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation of growth promoters with berseem green fodder and tur straw on the performance of goat kids. A sixteen goat kids were selected from the livestock instructional farm, on the basis of nearness to the age and weight. The selected kids were randomly divided in to 4 groups of 4 kids in each treatment. Treatments was control (T1) with Feed as per the standard, Feed as per standards + 3 g Lactobacillus acidophillusper Kg. (T2), Feed as per standards + 3 g Saccharomyces cerevisiae per Kg. (T3), and Feed as per standards + mixture of 1.5g Lactobacillus acidophillus + 1.5g Saccharomyces cerevisiae per Kg. (T4). The chemical composition is therefore one of the index to indicate the nutritive value of feeds. The DM, CP, CF, NFE and Ash content of feed stuff were recorded.

Development of technology for obtaining highly efficient complete granulated feed stuff

A technological line for the production of granulated feed stuff was presented in the work. Three recipes for granular feed stuff for young rabbits (28-135 days old) were developed with the addition of experimental dietary supplements (PGC-92-1 supplements - dry herbal pulp from red clover, alfalfa grass flour and probiotic Sporothermin; PGC-92-2 supplements - protein feed concentrate from stillage filtrate (wheat), alfalfa grass flour and probiotic Sporothermin; PGC-92-3 supplements - green protein complex (PGC) from red clover, alfalfa grass flour and probiotic Sporothermin). Comparative analysis with the control recipe PGC-92 (control) without dietary supplements was carried out. The nutritional value of the feed stuff met the requirements for this group of animals. The storage of the produced feed stuff was carried out in production conditions (floor storage warehouse) in paper bags of 30 kg per group at a temperature of 18 ... 20 ° C and a relative humidity of 65 ... 70%. Due to the moisture content exceeding the requirements of the standard, a higher content of fungal and bacterial microflora was noticed in the feed stuff (control sample). The acid number of the fat and the total acidity increased, which indicates the instability of this batch of feed stuff during storage. Experimental variants of feed stuff had stable quality during storage and were of good quality throughout the test period. A production check of the influence of the studied complexes in young rabbits fattening was carried out in the conditions of the industrial complex of "Lipetsk Rabbit" LLC with a livestock of 2000 rabbits. The used complete granulated feed stuff with the introduction of bio-additives made it possible to increase the slaughter yield by 3.62, 4.45 and 3.96%, while reducing the feed cost per 1 kg of slaughter mass by 0.72, 0.38 and 0.88 ECU. An increase in profit was achieved by 17725.25, 16114.38 and 14168.55 rubles, as well as the level of profitability by 45.93, 41.26 and 31.24%, which is associated with a higher safety and productivity of the raised population of rabbits

Levels of Pb and Cd in Single Feeding Stuffs and Compound Feeds for Poultry.

The assessment of heavy metals in feeds for food-producing animals is of particular importance both for animal and human health. Single feeds can be mixed and offered to animals either crushed or pelleted, and it would be recommendable to assess heavy metal content before mixing. A total of 408 feed samples for poultry were sent to our laboratory by farmers and feed manufacturers from Germany. Single feeding stuffs (cereals and legume seeds, n = 109 and n = 86, respectively) and compound mixed feeds for laying hens (n = 63), broilers (n = 83) and turkeys (n = 67) in the years 2015 to 2018 were processed for Pb and Cd content. Analyses pointed to the lowest Pb contents in cereal feeds (0.031 and 0.101mg/kg feed). In compound feeds, values ranged between 0.089 (broilers) and 0.181mg/kg on an as fed basis (laying hens). The highest Pb content of 0.358mg/kg (as fed) was determined in one sample of mixed feed for turkeys. Cd levels in cereal feeds and compound feeds were similar; Cd in legume seeds turned out to be slightly higher (0.089mg/kg feed). Results point to differences between cereals and legume seeds as single feeds; however, safe levels were found for both, as well as for compound feeds, below the maximum permitted for Pb 10mg/kg and Cd 1mg/kg in feed dry matter (88%).

DETERMINANTS OF THE SELECTION OF RAW MATERIALS USED IN ANIMAL FEED PRODUCTION

The main purpose of this paper was to identify the factors affecting the selection of raw materials used by feed operators in feed production. An attempt was also made to indicate the barriers to increasing the use of native protein plants by feed operators in feed production. Today, many EU countries (including Poland) primarily rely on vegetable protein derived from genetically modified soya bean meal (mainly imported from South America and the U.S.) in addressing their needs for protein raw material used in animal feed. For many years now, Poland has taken steps to increase the production and use of native protein raw material to partially replace soya bean meal imports. The use of mixes of diverse domestic protein sources derived from grain legumes (peas, field beans, lupine) can provide an advantageous alternative to compound feeding stuff based on imported post-extraction soya bean meal. To meet the objective defined above, this paper relied on the results of a 2018 survey conducted with a sample of 29 feed operators located across the country. More than half (55%) of the enterprises surveyed did not use legumes in feed production; the use of legumes was above 10% in only 3% of respondents. When asked about the key factors affecting the selection of raw materials used in production processes, the respondents declared to be interested in buying large batches of homogeneous raw materials that meet specific quality parameters (33% replied “rather yes” and 67% replied “definitely yes”). The protein content of plant seeds used in feed production was identified as another aspect of extreme importance (55% replied “rather yes” and 24% replied “definitely yes”).

Newcastle disease and its different applicable control options in poultry in Ethiopia

Backyard poultry production has been a long-established husbandry practice in Ethiopia. It is estimated that Ethiopia’s backyard poultry population is about 53.31 million. The productivity of backyard poultry is constrained by disease outbreak especially Newcastle disease. Newcastle disease is an endemic, highly contiguous, viral disease that affects birds in both intensive and extensive production system. Vaccination against Newcastle disease has been established as one of the many interventions’ strategies, geared towards the control of Newcastle disease outbreaks in these flock. Currently, in Ethiopia, four types of Newcastle disease vaccines (HB1, Lasota, IOENDV, and Thermo-stable–12 vaccine) are used for the control of Newcastle disease. The application of conventional vaccination strategy for the control of Newcastle disease has been effectively utilized in intensive poultry production system. However, these conventional vaccination strategies against Newcastle disease outbreaks have not been fully optimized in backyard poultry production. Consequently, the application of thermo-stable vaccine in the form of feed baits seems to be the most appropriate method for effective control of Newcastle disease in village backyard poultry. Many kinds of feed stuff have been tested as a carrier of the vaccine virus; some have been proved unsuitable, while others are relatively suitable. The proper application of vaccine and vaccination programs together with other measures like sanitation, good nutrition, high level of management in most of the commercial poultry farms in Ethiopia and avoiding of concurrent infections, the occurrence of Newcastle disease outbreaks is rarely reported.

Developments of red steppe breed heifers and its hybrids with Holstein in the period of pregnancy and after calving

Holstein stud-bulls, selected as improvers, directly have a significant impact on the growth rate of live weight of the resulting offspring. The live weight of crossbred heifers at 18 months of age was 377–388 kg, which is 8–10% higher than that of pure-bred red-steppe peers. At the same time, animals with a blood share of 50 %, bred “in themselves” are characterized by the best indicators of absolute and relative increase in live weight and have a more pronounced milky type of physique on the exterior. Currently, the main place in the structure of the herd of cattle is occupied by the breeding stock, the number of which is increasing every year. The proportion of cows in the herd is increasing over the years is 46.5%, and the rest of the livestock is also increasing accordingly. When growing heifers of cattle, 55-60% of all costs in the structure of their cost are feed stuff. Consequently, the efficiency of rearing is mainly caused by feed conversion ratio increase in muscle, fat and bone tissue, which provides a high level of efficiency of young animals. In our experience, when growing heifers of different genotypes, feeding was carried out according to the norms of the All-Russian research Institute of animal husbandry. The diet structure contained the required amount of concentrates, hay, silage and green fodder.

Coexistence of diverse heavy metal pollution magnitudes: Health risk assessment of affected cattle and human population in some rural regions, Qena, Egypt.

Objective:The purpose of this study was to measure the mean concentrations of heavy metals including aluminum (Al), arsenic, nickel (Ni), mercury, lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) and to assess the health hazards due to the exposure of cattle/human population to a distinct or the mixture of heavy metals through various sources.Materials and methods:A total of 180 samples including water sources, animal feed, and raw cows’ milk from rural regions in Qena, Egypt, were examined using the inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP; iCAP 6200).Results:The data highlighted heavy metal pollution with variable concentrations among most of the investigated regions. All concentrations of Al, Ni, and Cd detected in the feeding stuff showed a strong correlation to their respective levels in milk rather than those detected in water (R2= 0.072 vs. 0.039, 0.13 vs. 0.10, and 0.46 vs. 0.014, respectively) (p < 0.05). Anisocytosis and poikilocytosis with a tendency to rouleaux formation were evident, and basophilic stippling was a pathognomic indicator for heavy metal toxicity, especially Pb. Leukopenia and macrocytic anemia were shown in 50% and 65% of examined cattle, respectively. The target hazard quotients values were more than one (>1) for all heavy metals from water intake for both children and adults and Al and Cd in milk for children, and the hazard index values were indicated higher for noncarcinogenic health hazards. The target cancer risk values predispose people in the surveyed villages to higher cancerous risks due to exposures to the mixture of heavy metal through the consumption of water and milk.Conclusion:The bioaccumulation and transmission of heavy metal mixtures from water sources and feeding material have detrimental influences on milk pollution and cattle health which seem to be a serious issue affecting public health in those rural communities.

Stability analyses of tef (Eragrostis tef [Zucc.] Trotter) grain yield in dryland areas of Northeast Ethiopia

The Ethiopian cereal, tef, is a healthy food stuff for the people, and most preferred and palatable feed stuff for livestock. Evaluation of performance of genotypes at a number of locations provide...

Comparative growth performance assessment of Shing(Heteropneustes fossilis)feeding with prepared and commercial diet

An experiment was carried out to understand the effect of prepare feed (T1) compare with commercial feed (T2) on growth performance of shing (Heteropneustes fossilis for a period of 5 months during 15 March to 15 August 2018 at the farmer’s pond Sreepur, Gazipur). Fish were stocked at 100 per decimal in both treatments with triplicate. Average initial stocking weight was 12gm. Over the study period physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) remained suitable for shing aquaculture. However, growth performances were remarkably influenced by feed category. Mean weight gain (g) of shing was 58.5±4.62 and 47.29±3.86, specific growth rate (%day-1) were 1.23±0.04 and 1.00±0.03 in T1 and T2 respectively. On the other hand, food conversion ratio was 1.6±0.01and 1.8±0.01 and survival were 95.17±3.7 and 96.23±1.76 in T1 and T2 respectively. The findings of the present study revealed that the highest weight gain and lowest FCR was found in T1 which dictates that quality feed stuff such as fish meal has a significant impact for better aquaculture production.

PSVI-31 Special characteristics of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in animal and poultry farms in the areas with various levels of technogenic pollution

Abstract The research on the P. aeruginosa strains in animal and poultry farms located in the areas with various levels of technogenic pollution were done. Susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to fluoroquinolone antibiotics and carbapenems was defined. For the research the enterprises with similar technological and economic cycles, breeds of animals, diet and veterinary treatment were chosen. The enterprises were located in the areas with various levels of contamination of agrobiocenosis with metals and radionuclides of technogenic origin. Samples of microflora were taken from integruments and mucosa of animals, from the floor, surfaces and equipment of premises, and tools, and microbiological analysis of cow milk, chicken eggs, manure and dung, water, feed stuff and air in premises was done. It was stated that content of P. aeruginosa in opportunistic pathogenic microbiota was the most in poultry farms (18% – 20%). At the same time, in man-made polluted areas the above-mentioned microorganism was most often found in samples from oral cavity and cloaca of laying hens and broiler chickens, and in “clean” areas” – mostly in wash-offs from cages and drinking pans. In dairy farms content of P. aeruginosa was higher in environmentally friendly areas (23%), as compared to the areas with technogenic pollution (12%). In pig-breeding farms in environmentally neglected areas P. aeruginosa was more often found, as compared with dairy farms, but more rarely than in poultry farms. Analysis of antibiotic susceptibility has shown that in dairy farms average level of resistance of P. aeruginosa strains to carbapenems and fluoroquinolone was 12% and 6%, in pig-breeding farms - 9% and 13%, and in poultry farms - 6% and 18% correspondingly. In environmentally neglected areas significant content of the strains with low susceptibility to the above-mentioned antibiotics was stated. The research is executed at the expense of a grant of the RSF (project No.18-16-00040).

Determination of aflatoxin biomarkers in excreta and ileal content of chickens

Aflatoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites frequently detected in food and feed stuff based on maize and other crops susceptible to infection with the fungal pathogen Aspergillus flavus. We investigated the metabolization of aflatoxins in chickens by analyzing excreta and ileal content and developed and validated a biomarker method for detection of aflatoxins and their metabolites in these matrices. Analysis of ileal content served to distinguish between urinary and fecal excretion combined in the excreta samples. During a 3-wk animal trial, one hundred sixty-eight 1-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to 24 pens with 7 chicks per pen and subjected to different feed regimens with: A) toxin-free feed, B) feed supplemented with 18ng of total aflatoxins/g, and C) feed supplemented with 515ng of total aflatoxins/g. Chicken excreta and ileal content were sampled after 7, 14, and 21 D. An analytical method based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was validated for the determination of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, P1, Q1, and aflatoxin B1-N7-guanine (AFB1-N7-Gua) in chicken's samples. Comparing chicken excreta, which contain urine and feces, to ileal content, which contains no urine, we explored the secretion pathway of aflatoxin metabolites. The AFB1-N7-Gua was only detected in excreta, whereas aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was detected both in ileal content and excreta. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in excreta in concentrations 5 times higher than in ileal content, suggesting primary excretion via urine. Although chickens are relatively resistant to aflatoxins, contamination of feed can lead to adverse effects and thus economic losses in farming. Therefore, a biomarker method to estimate the exposure of chickens to aflatoxins can play an important role to monitor the animals' health.

Pelatihan Manajemen Pemeliharaan Itik Kerinci Menuju Kawasan Sentra Produksi Di Kabupaten Kerinci

The community service program (CSP) aims to: (1). Increase productivity of Kerinci ducks which are germplasm by utilizing the potential of food crops (rice bran) and plantation waste (palm kernel meal) which can be used as Kerinci duck feed resources with biotricho technology, (2). Increase Kerinci ducks population using breeding center technology with simple selection and hatching machines. The CSP activity was carried out by the method of active interaction between the implementers and the target groups involved in this activity, namely: Keluarga Damai and Maju Jaya Mandiri Farmers Group in Tanjung Harapan Village, Kerinci Regency. Some of the implemented programs are: (1). Conseling and training, including: biotricho technology, breeding center technology, utilizing potential local feed stuffs, duck rations, duck selection, and hatching machines, (2). Practicing directly the application of biotricho technology to make formulation of local feed stuffs and breeding center technology with hatching machine technology and simple selection of Kerinci ducks at the Farmer Group level. The results of the activity indicated that the CSP program can be implemented and responded well by the Farmers Group in Tanjung Harapan Village, Kerinci Regency and the implementation of the CSP program is very beneficial for farmers, and Implementing Institutions because it can be a medium to transfer Knowledge and Technology especially the local Kerinci duck which is not done much yet and is not focused. Therefore, the results of studies and the efforts to develop local Kerinci ducks in the countryside are not optimal.

Lactic Acid Bacteria as Antifungal and Anti-Mycotoxigenic Agents: A Comprehensive Review.

Fungal contamination of food and animal feed, especially by mycotoxigenicfungi, is not only a global food quality concernfor food manufacturers, but it also poses serious health concerns because of the production of a variety of mycotoxins, some of which present considerable food safety challenges. In today's mega-scale food and feed productions, which involve a number of processing steps and the use of a variety of ingredients, fungal contamination is regarded as unavoidable, even good manufacturing practices are followed. Chemical preservatives, to some extent, are successful in retarding microbial growth and achieving considerably longer shelf-life. However, the increasing demand for clean label products requires manufacturers to find natural alternatives to replace chemically derived ingredients to guaranteethecleanlabel. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), with the status generallyrecognizedassafe(GRAS), are apprehended as an apt choice to be used as natural preservatives in food and animal feed to control fungal growth and subsequent mycotoxin production. LAB species produce a vast spectrum of antifungal metabolites to inhibit fungal growth; and also have the capacity to adsorb, degrade, or detoxify fungal mycotoxins including ochratoxins, aflatoxins, and Fusarium toxins. The potential of many LAB species to circumvent spoilage associated with fungi has been exploited in a variety of human food and animal feed stuff. This review provides the most recent updates on the ability of LAB to serve as antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic agents. In addition, some recent trends of the use of LAB as biopreservative agents against fungal growth and mycotoxin production are highlighted.

Capabilities for Use of Improved Catfish Production Technologies among Fish Farmers in Delta State, Nigeria

The survey was conducted to assess use of improved catfish production technologies among fish farmers in Delta State, Nigeria. Data were collected from a sample of 50 different fish farmers in Delta State using questionnaire. Frequency, percentage and mean score were used in analyzing data for the study. Results indicated that majority (70.0%) of the respondents were male, 40.0% were between the ages of 25 and 34 years, 72.0% were married, 60.0% had a household size of 6-10 persons, 50.0% got an annual income of above ₦300,000 with 92.0% having formal education. Sources of funds for the respondents were personal savings (60.0%), friends/relations (20.0%), cooperative society (12.0%) and loans from banks (8.0%). Findings showed that improved catfish production technologies used by the respondents included fortification of cat fish feeds using root and tuber crops (M= 2.2), improved techniques in pond construction and maintenance (M= 1.7), non-conventional feed stuff for catfish (M= 1.6), fertilization and liming of catfish pond (M= 1.6), improving water quality in catfish culture (M= 1.3), prevention and control of catfish diseases (M=1.0), among others. Also, constraints to use of improved catfish production technologies were inadequate processing and storage facilities (M= 2.5), disease infestation (M= 2.3), high cost of feeds (M= 2.2), high cost of inputs (M= 2.1), inadequate funds (M= 2.1), poor market network (M= 2.0), etc. The study recommended that financial institutions should ensure timely availability of credit facilities to enable catfish farmers make provision for improved processing and storage facilities in order to boost their productivity.

A Review on the Availability and Economics of Rice Milling Waste as Animal Feeding Stuff in Nigeria

A Review on the Availability and Economics of Rice Milling Waste as Animal Feeding Stuff in Nigeria

PREVALENCE OF SUB-CLINCIAL KETOSIS AND ITS ASSOCIATED COW LEVEL RISK FACTORS IN LACTATING DAIRY CROSS-BRED COWS IN BANGLADESH

Background: Ketosis is one of the most economically important metabolic diseases commonly found in high milk producing dairy cows worldwide. Objectives: The main objectives of this study were: (a) to evaluate the relationship between the urinary ketone bodies Rothera’s test and the serum glucose level to determine the prevalence of sub-clinical ketosis (SCK) and (b) to explore the cow-level risk factors associated with SCK in cross-bred dairy cows. Materials and Methods: Two types of cross-bred, Holstein Friesian  Local (HF  L) and Shahiwal  Local (SH  L) of a total of 68 lactating cows of three dairy herds were randomly selected to study the SCK from January to May 2012. Serum glucose level (SGL) was estimated by using Reflotron Glucose test strip (Roche) and urinary ketone bodies (UKB) by Rothera’s nitroprusside test. Results: An overall 25% prevalence of SCK was detected by Rothera’s test of which comparatively higher percentage of SCK was recorded in HF  L (25.9%) than SH  L (21.43%) cross-bred lactating cows. The overall SGL of Rothera’s test positive cases varied from 30 to 39 mg / dl with an average of 34.24  2.44 which was significantly (p &lt; 0.001) lower than the Rothera’s test negative cows (40 to 49 and 46.27  3.77 mg / dl). The SCK detected on Rothera’s test was compared with SGL which was 100% sensitivity at  39 mg / dl which could be considered as a ‘cutoff point’ of SGL for SCK. Results of the Rothera’s test were highly correlated with the concentrations of SGL. The significantly (p &lt; 0.01) highest prevalence of SCK was recorded in the fourth parity (66.7%) and fourth week of lactation (46.7%) in comparison to their respective parameters. Conclusions: The present findings reveal that the prevalence of SCK in lactating dairy cows in Bangladesh is very high and remain undetected and unattended. To prevent the SCK, feeding a good feed stuff and implementing good management at the transition period with regular testing for detecting SCK to reduce the consequences and economic losses caused by SCK in dairy industry in Bangladesh. Keywords: Serum glucose level, Rothera’s test, Subclinical ketosis, Cross-bred dairy cows, Cow-level risk factors

Assessment of the Antioxidant/Hypolipidemic Relationship of Sideritis hyssopifolia in an Experimental Animal Model.

Many publications have described the potential cardioprotective action of different medicinal plants, relating this effect with blood lipid levels. However, these publications do not justify the right amount of plant administered, which can vary greatly. Sideritis hyssopifolia is a little woody plant endemic to western and southwestern Europe. We have quantified its antioxidant activity, which can be used as an indicator of its cardioprotective action. This study evaluates the antioxidant capacity of Sideritis hyssopifolia to design a feed whose hypolipidemic effects are proven in cholesterol-fed New Zealand rabbits. Antioxidant action was assessed in infusions, which were prepared with 1 or 3 g of plant in 200 mL of water by using an ABTS assay and expressed as Ascorbic acid Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (AEAC). Aqueous infusions with infusion times of 10 min and prepared with 3 g plant exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity. Sideritis hyssopifolia showed an intermediate antioxidant capacity for the concentrations and times of the infusion tested. According to our results, we suggest incorporating 2.36 g of S. hyssopifolia every 150 g of rabbit feeding stuff (15.73 g/kg). This chow decreased cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides levels in cholesterol-fed rabbits, as well as the atherogenic index. This reduction was similar to that obtained with simvastatin.