Feeding Process Research Articles

Influence of an equal width polygon groove-tooth wheel on feeding performance of the seed feeding device for wheat

This work aimed to investigate the influence of the equal width polygon groove-tooth wheel on both filling and feeding performance to enhance the performance of the seed feeding device of the air-assisted centralized metering device for wheat. This paper conducted an analysis of the equal width polygon groove-tooth wheel formation principles. The EDEM simulation compared and analyzed the influence of the structural types, including equal width triangular, equal width pentagon, equal width heptagon, equal width nonagon, and circular groove-tooth wheel, on seed population disturbance ability, filling, and feeding performance. The simulation results showed that when the rotating speed of the feeding shaft was 20r/min, the average kinetic energy of the seed population decreased gradually, and the ability to disturb the average seed population decreased in turn, but the interval between the adjacent average kinetic energy peaks decreased, and the frequency of disturbed seed population increased with the increase of the number of sides of the equal width polygon groove-tooth wheel. The average kinetic energy of the seed population was significantly higher under the disturbance of the equal width triangular, pentagon, heptagon, and nonagon groove-tooth wheels, increasing by 371.32 %, 209.23 %, 91.02 %, and 53.37 %, respectively, compared to that of the circular groove-tooth wheel. Within the feeding shaft rotating speed range of 10 ∼ 60r/min, the average kinetic energy of the seed population gradually increased in the equal width polygon groove-tooth wheel type feeding device gradually with the increase of the feeding shaft rotating speed. Using the quality rate of seed filling (2 ± 1 seeds/hole) and the missing rate of seed filling (0 seed/hole) as benchmarks, the equal width heptagon groove-tooth wheel exhibited the quality rate of seed filling of 93.98 % and the missing rate of seed filling of 2.78 %. The seed feeding quantity and seed feeding time had high linearity, and the seed filling and seed feeding performance were better. In the range of 10 ∼ 60r/min for the rotating speed of the equal width polygon groove-tooth wheel, there was a positive correlation observed between the average kinetic energy of the seed population and the increment of the feeding shaft rotating speed. The variation in feeding shaft rotating speed exhibited minimal influence on the feeding performance. The bench test verified the performance of the seed feeding device equipped with the equal width heptagon groove-tooth wheel in terms of both seed feeding and seeding efficiency. The results demonstrated that within the feeding shaft rotating speed range of 10 ∼ 60r/min, the coefficient of variation（CV） for seed feeding rate stability did not exceed 2.14 %. Additionally, the damage rate during the feeding process remained below 0.2 %. These outcomes aligned with the requirements of stable wheat seed feeding.

Beef Cattle Farming Strategy in Baluran National Park

Sidomulyo Hamlet, Sumberwaru Village, which serves as buffer zones of Baluran National Park, has 2,220 beef cattle as a potential economical source. At the same time, the beef cattle farming business's potential threatens Baluran National Park's existence due to being grazed illegally. The condition urges an efficient strategy so cattle farming can develop without disturbing the conservation zone of the national park. The study's objective was to find out the characteristics of beef cattle farmers in Sidomulyo Hamlet and to determine a strategy to improve beef cattle farming efficiency in Sidomulyo. The research was conducted in Sidomulyo Hamlet, Sumberwaru Village, from 1st June to 18th July 2022. The research method used a descriptive quantitative method with a SWOT analysis. The respondents were 72 cattle farmers. The research results showed that most of the cattle farmers in Sidomulyo are male, aged between 41-50 years old; the education level is mostly Elementary School, 11-20 years of cattle farming experience, and livestock ownership scale under 4 Animal Unit (AU). Increasing cattle farming efficiency is an SO strategy that supports aggressive growth: 1) Optimizing land use by planting forage. 2) Optimization of farmers' potencies and the availability of resources. 3) Cooperate with government and academicians to increase farmers’ knowledge and skill. 4) Application of feed processing and livestock manure technology.

The Neuropeptide HGAP Regulates Growth, Reproduction, Metamorphosis, Tissue Damage Repair, and Response against Starvation in Pacific Abalone

Introduction: Neuropeptides regulate vital physiological processes in multicellular organisms, including growth, reproduction, metamorphosis, and feeding. Recent transcriptome analyses have revealed neuropeptide genes with potential roles in vertebrate and invertebrate growth and reproduction. Among these genes, haliotid growth-associated peptide (HGAP) was identified as a novel gene in abalone. Methods: This study focused on HGAP in Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai), where the complete cDNA sequence named Hdh-HGAP was identified and characterized. Samples from different experiments, such as metamorphosis, juvenile abalone growth, gonad development stages, muscle remodeling, and starvation, were collected for mRNA expression analysis. Results: The sequence spans 552 bp, encoding 96 amino acids with a molecular weight of 10.96 kDa. Expression analysis revealed that Hdh-HGAP exhibited higher levels in muscle tissue. Notably, during metamorphosis, Hdh-HGAP exhibited greater expression in the trochophore, veliger, and juvenile stages than in the cell division stages. Regarding growth patterns, Hdh-HGAP was highly expressed during rapid growth compared to stunted, minimal, and normal growth. In gonadal development, Hdh-HGAP mRNA reached its highest expression level during the ripening stage, indicating a potential role in gonadal cell proliferation and maturation. The in vivo effects of GnRH on gonad development and the expression of the Hdh-HGAP neuropeptide indicate its involvement in regulating reproduction in Pacific abalone. While tissue remodeling is primarily governed by immune genes, Hdh-HGAP was also upregulated during muscle tissue remodeling. Conversely, Hdh-HGAP was downregulated during prolonged starvation. Conclusion: This study marks the first comprehensive exploration of the Hdh-HGAP neuropeptide gene in Pacific abalone, shedding light on its involvement in growth, reproduction, metamorphosis, tissue remodeling, and response to starvation, although regulatory mechanisms are mostly unknown.

Strategi Pengembangan Bank Pakan Sapi Dengan Pendekatan Model Bisnis Kanvas

The purpose of this study was to describe and improve the business model of Sepakat feed bank group, Tanggat Village, Monta District, Bima Regency. Data collection procedures through in-depth interviews and focus group discussion. Data analysis using business model canvas approach and SWOT analysis to produce a business model prototype. The results of this study show elements that must be improved in the initial mapping of the business model are value proposition, channel, key activities, key resources, key partner and revenue stream. The SWOT analysis illustrates that the strengths possessed are well-mapped customers and abundant raw materials. The weaknesses are low quality of human resources to maintenance feed process equipment, limited land, lack of superior forage varieties, product distribution channels are not varied and limited business capital. Opportunities that can be exploited are the development of new feed product, utilization of information technology and government support. The threats they face are dependence on one feed product and the climate. Improvement strategies carried out include creating new products (value proposition), utilizing various facilities for selling product such as social media and BUMDes (channels), establishing separate business units to manage feed banks (key activities), making superior forage by utilizing Bima Regency government land (key resources), cooperate with financial institutions (key partners) and add variety of feed product as main source of income (revenue stream).

The Process of Providing Integrated Design Solution for Child’s Psychological Reluctance by Multiplication of Matrices

Having problems with child's healthy nutrition has significant physical and psychological effects, both in childhood and throughout life. In this study, which results from master degree thesis of Industrial Design, in order to clarify the methodology of industrial design in designing interactions as well as psychological infra-structure of interaction with the child, it has been intended to develop concepts of trends in the field of child design elements and the child’s desire by addressing independent variables determined from the phenomenon. Since emphasis was placed on the psychological dimension of mentioned problem, in this study, the interactions of influential variables in child acceptance of healthy nutrition were examined by means of Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) technique. Then, after recognizing the psychological ergonomic factors, a suitable methodology for child design was presented. In the problem identification phase, independent variables of problem of not being feed 3 to 6 years old children by healthy nutrition (assumed there is sufficient and easy access to resources) were shown. In order to identify the variables related to the problem, in-depth study of keyword-related fields was conducted among previous scientific sources, standards and researches. Also, in order to qualitatively evaluate the phenomenon as a human social experience, valid questionnaires of children’s eating habits and behavior were reviewed and the questions were rewritten under the supervision of industrial design and child psychology experts. Then they were distributed in the form of an open questionnaire with interview support to parents and the answers related to each variable were categorized separately. Then, in order to investigate the extent and manner of effect of dependent and independent variables in creation of the problem, placement of variables in graph space with the matrix vector multiplying act was used. Finally, in order to perform Meaning Driven Design as possible as comprehensive and integrated solution, related parameters in each phase were placed into matrix, and the final trend was defined as an overview diagram. The results of this study showed that the main reason for lack of acceptance of healthy nutrition is in any way, not complying with sensory parameters of aesthetics and psychological ergonomics of child. Also, this issue can be re-studied from the perspective of user experience after studying and determining the integrated design method of those parameters along with training nutritional behavior in the form of controlled feeding process.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ЛЕЧЕБНОГО ПИТАНИЯ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ДЕТСКИМ ЦЕРЕБРАЛЬНЫМ ПАРАЛИЧОМ ПРИ НАРУШЕНИЯХ НУТРИТИВНОГО СТАТУСА

With the purpose of successful rehabilitation, reduction of concomitant diseases, improvement of nutritional status and the quality of life of patients with cerebral palsy (CP) it is necessary to develop therapeutic nutrition technology, which would include methods for nutritional status assessment, choosing of enteral nutrition formulas, methods of their delivery and the duration of nutritional support. The purpose of this research was to substantiate the nutritional support for patients with CP. Materials and methods used: 98 children aged 2 to 16 years and 9 months old (Me 5.7 y/o) with a spastic form of CP that had been admitted for examination, treatment and rehabilitation at the National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health (Moscow, Russia) were examined. Depending on the level of motor activity calculated with GMFCS, the participants were divided into two groups: G1 of 51 (52%) with severe motor impairment (GMFCS IV to V) and G2 of 47 (48%) with mild and moderate motor impairment (GMFCS I to III). Clinical and anamnestic data, information about the severity and the course of the disease, concomitant pathology were analyzed as well as the anthropometric data (Z-scores: weight/age, height/age, BMI/age) using the WHO AnthroPlus application (2009 revision). EDACS survey had also been carried out. Results: Patients with severe motor impairments were significantly more likely to have problems associated with food intake, such as: prolonged feeding (over 30 minutes), predominance of semi-liquid and pureed food in the diet as well as frequent choking, vomiting, wheezing and coughing during the feeding process. All patients in this group needed external assistance in feeding. 75% had respiratory and 72% had gastrointestinal complications. Severe impairments (EDACS IV to V) characterized by significant restrictions on food safety were identified in 24 (23%) children, that met statistically significantly (p<0.001) more often in patients from G1 than from G2 (41% vs. 4%, respectively). Dietary analysis children with CP had showed that the quality and quantity of food consumed were monotonous and deficient. Consumption of pasta, cereals, and baking was 1.5 times higher than recommended whilst vegetables, fruits and healthy dairy products were reduced by 3 and 1.8 times, respectively, on the contrary. The WHO recommendations for children on the mandatory daily intake of 3 to 4 servings of various vegetables and fruits were not followed: in the majority (80%) of cases they’ve only had it once per day, and they even were completely absent in some cases. Nutritional assessment revealed that patients with severe movement disorders, regardless of the gender and nutritional status, had significant deficiencies in energy and protein intake. All studied anthropometric indicators in G1 patients were significantly (p<0.005) lower compared to G2 children. Prevalence of undernutrition was 72% and 32% (p<0.001), respectively. Individual nutritional program was developed for each and every studied patient with identified malnutrition and oropharyngeal dysphagia, followed by its clinical effectiveness assessment. Conclusion: enteral nutritional support with specialized formulas based on both whole and hydrolyzed proteins using the sipping/gastrostomy method, as well as with the use of a food and liquids thickeners, proved to be highly effective in the treatment and rehabilitation of CP children. Indicators characterizing food intake (time taken for feeding, frequency of choking records during meals, episodes of vomiting and regurgitation) have improved as well as the anthropometric indicators improved accordingly.

Measuring Carbon Emissions from Green and Low-Carbon Full-Life-Cycle Feeding in Large-Scale Pig Production Systems: A Case Study from Shaanxi Province, China

In the pursuit of establishing a more environmentally sustainable and low-carbon hog farming system, the accurate quantification of emissions of greenhouse gas emanating from these systems, especially within the context of China, becomes imperative. Here, drawing insights from a life cycle approach, exhaustive field surveys, and context-specific analyses, we establish an emission measurement index system tailored to hog farming enterprises in China’s Shaanxi Province. Using this methodology, we probed the emission profiles and characteristics of three emblematic hog farming enterprises in the region. Our key findings are as follows: (1) The carbon dioxide emissions per kilogram of pork, factoring in feed cultivation, processing, and transportation, for Pucheng Xinliu Science and Technology, Baoji Zhengneng Farming, and Baoji Zhenghui Farming were quantified as 0.80298 kg, 1.52438 kg, and 0.81366 kg, respectively. (2) Presently, the methane emission coefficient due to enteric fermentation in large-scale hog farms in Shaanxi surpasses the default value set by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). There appears to be a consistent underestimation of enteric methane emissions from live pigs in the province, as gauged against the IPCC metrics. Notably, the emission factor for fattening pigs averaged 2.61823 kgCH4/head/year, while that for breeding pigs stood at 2.96752 kgCH4/head/year. (3) When examining methane and nitrous oxide outputs from manure across various production stages, we observed that emissions from lactating pigs significantly outweigh those from other stages. Interestingly, nitrous oxide emissions from breeding pigs during fattening, finishing, and gestation remained nearly the same, regardless of the manure treatment method. (4) Under the management protocols followed by Pucheng and Baoji, the total carbon emissions from an individual fattening pig amounted to 328.5283 kg and 539.2060 kg, respectively, whereas for breeding pigs, these values were 539.2060 kg and 551.6733 kg, respectively. Further calculations showed that the average carbon footprint CF of large-scale pig farms in China was 3.6281 kgCO2/kg pork. In conclusion, optimizing feed cultivation and transportation logistics, promoting integrated breeding and rearing practices, refining feed formulation, and advancing manure management practices can collaboratively attenuate greenhouse gas emissions. Such synergistic approaches hold promise for steering the hog industry towards a greener, low-carbon, and sustainable trajectory.

Introduction of Feed Processing Technology for Goats in the Batang Sinama Farmer Group

This was marked by obtaining goat livestock assistance for the group and the existence of joint land processing activities carried out by the group. One of the group's potentials in raising goats is the existence of corn plants that are managed by the group. In terms of feeding goats, the group still relies on providing forage in the form of field grass or corn straw obtained during harvest. The problem found in raising goats is that there is potential that has not been utilized by the group, namely the use of corn straw as animal feed which is continuously available and the low performance of the goats. The service activities carried out include counseling about feed processing to fulfill goat nutrition, goat health checks, practice of fermenting corn straw, making feed supplements and administering worm medicine. The method of implementing service is through lectures, discussions and direct practice. The results of the service that has been carried out are that the group knows the process of making fermented corn straw and feed supplements, adds to the group's insight into livestock care and knows about cases of worms in goats which can reduce goat performanThis was marked by obtaining goat livestock assistance for the group and the existence of joint land processing activities carried out by the group. One of the group's potentials in raising goats is the existence of corn plants that are managed by the group. In terms of feeding goats, the group still relies on providing forage in the form of field grass or corn straw obtained during harvest. The problem found in raising goats is that there is potential that has not been utilized by the group, namely the use of corn straw as animal feed which is continuously available and the low performance of the goats. The service activities carried out include counseling about feed processing to fulfill goat nutrition, goat health checks, practice of fermenting corn straw, making feed supplements and administering worm medicine. The method of implementing service is through lectures, discussions and direct practice. The results of the service that has been carried out are that the group knows the process of making fermented corn straw and feed supplements, adds to the group's insight into livestock care and knows about cases of worms in goats which can reduce goat performan

Morphological Variability and Function of Labial Cartilages in Sharks (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii).

(1) Background: Labial cartilages (LCs), as their name suggests, lie in the folds of the connective tissue, the lips, framing the gape of elasmobranch chondrichthyans. As such, these cartilages lie laterally to the jaws and marginal teeth. They are considered to influence the ability of creating suction during the feeding process. As past studies have shown, LCs in sharks are as diverse as their varied feeding techniques and differ between species in number, size, shape, and position. This allows establishing parameters for inferring the feeding and hunting behaviors in these ecologically important fishes. (2) Methods: We present a study of LCs based on the CT scans of more than 100 extant shark species and, therefore, represent at least one member of every living family within the Euselachii, excluding batoids. (3) Results: Accordingly, sharks without labial cartilages or that have only small remnants are ram feeders or use pure biting and mainly occupy higher trophic levels (tertiary and quaternary consumers), whereas suction-feeding sharks have higher numbers (up to five pairs) of well-developed LCs and occupy slightly lower trophic levels (mainly secondary consumers). Species with unique feeding strategies, like the cookie-cutter shark (Isistius brasiliensis, an ectoparasite), display distinct shapes of LCs, while generalist species, conversely, exhibit a simpler arrangement of LCs. (4) Conclusions: We propose a dichotomous identification key to classify single LCs into different morphotypes and propose combinations of morphotypes that result in suction feeding differing in strength and, therefore, different hunting and feeding strategies. The conclusions of this study allow to infer information about feeding strategies not only in extant less-known sharks but also extinct sharks.

A Model for Experimental Exposure of Humans to Larval Ixodes scapularis Ticks.

Tickborne diseases are a significant public health problem in the United States and worldwide. Ticks are obligate blood-feeding arthropods; an ixodid tick must remain attached to the skin of the host and complete its multi-day feeding process to acquire its blood meal. Exposing animals to ticks is a common practice for studying host responses to tick bites and tickborne diseases. We developed the procedure, conducted the first human research study, and published the findings on exposing human volunteers to uninfected larval Ixodes scapularis ticks. This article describes the methodology used to construct the containment dressing, how to apply and secure the ticks to the host, how to maintain the dressing, and how to remove the ticks from the host. Exposing volunteers to tick bites is an experimental procedure and must be performed under a clinical research protocol approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities. This method allows for translational research to better understand the human response to tick bites and foster the development of diagnostics, prevention, and therapies for tickborne diseases.

Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition System for Autonomous Vehicle

Abstract: Traffic Sign Recognition and detection system is specifically useful for drivers and driver-less cars. By identifying traffic signs accurately and effectively it improves the driving safety of autonomous cars. This research paper presents a comprehensive approach for the development of a traffic sign detection system using Convolution Neural Network, TensorFlow and OpenCV to classify the traffic signs in real-time effectively. TensorFlow and OpenCV play an important role in shaping effective traffic detection and recognition system. We have explained the process of data collection, preparation, model architecture and the integration of TensorFlow for training and interference. OpenCV for image processing and real time feed processing, ensuring seamless implementation on various hardware platform. The model uses German Traffic Sign Recognition dataset. The results show that the proposed system achieves high accuracy in detecting and recognizing traffic sign making it a valuable system for both autonomous vehicles and human drivers

Automated Pet Feeder with RFID Technology using Design Thinking Approach

Abstract: With the increasing demand for technological solutions in the pet care industry, this paper presents the development of an automated pet feeder that integrates RFID technology and Arduino as the microcontroller. The proposed system aims to streamline and enhance the feeding process for domestic pets by enabling pulsed feeding schedules and portion control based on RFID-tagged collars. The system uses an RFID reader to identify individual pets, triggering a simple motor mechanism to deliver the designated portion of pet food. The Arduino microcontroller facilitates the coordination of RFID tag recognition and food delivery, providing a user-friendly and customizable interface for pet owners. The design and implementation considerations, including hardware integration, software development, and fuzzy control logic, were thoroughly discussed. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed automated pet feeder in maintaining a consistent feeding schedule and portion management, ensuring the well-being and health of pets. The study not only contributes to the advancement of pet care technology but also highlights the potential for further enhancements and applications in the realm of smart pet management systems.

Salivary Cystatin-L2-like of Varroa destructor Causes Lower Metabolism Activity and Abnormal Development in Apis mellifera Pupae

Varroa destructor injects a salivary secretion into honeybees during their feeding process. The salivary secretion plays a vital role in mite–bee interactions and is the main cause of honeybee illness. To determine the biological function of cystatin-L2-like, one of the components of V. destructor salivary secretion, its gene expression in mites during the reproductive phase and dispersal phase was quantified using RT-qPCR, respectively. Moreover, the E. coli-expressed and -purified cystatin was injected into the white-eyed honeybee pupae, and its effects on the survival, the weight of the newly emerged bee, and the transcriptome were determined. The results showed that cystatin was significantly upregulated in mites during the reproductive phase. Cystatin significantly shortened the lifespan of pupae and decreased the weight of the newly emerged bees. Transcriptome sequencing showed that cystatin upregulated 1496 genes and downregulated 1483 genes in pupae. These genes were mainly enriched in ATP synthesis, the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and cuticle structure and function. Cystatin comprehensively downregulated the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids, and energy production in the pupae. The downregulation of metabolic activity could save more nutrients and energy for V. destructor, helping it to maximize its reproduction potential, implying that the mite could manipulate the metabolism of host bees through the injected salivary secretion. The results provide new insights into mite–bee interactions, providing a basis for related studies and applications.

Techno-economic analysis of municipal solid waste treatment for poly-generation system

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is characterized by complex composition, low calorific value and high moisture content. Using a single treatment technology is costly and difficult to achieve optimal results. A poly-generation system that integrates classified waste pyrolysis and incineration is proposed, producing fuel, electricity, and steam. The system has been designed and optimized to find the optimal feed ratio and process model. However, the economic performance of the poly-generation system is still unclear. In this work, a techno-economic analysis (TEA) was conducted to evaluate the economic feasibility of the proposed MSW treatment poly-generation system. The annual electricity generated by the poly-generation system is 104.13 GWh. The annual steam generated is 4.91 kt, and the average annual diesel produced is 1.60 kt. The TEA results showed that the total capital investment of the system was 602.07 M¥, and the annual operating cost was 40.63 M¥. The net present value was 93.01 M¥, which is a positive value. The internal rate of return was 10.28 %, which is higher than the benchmark rate of return, indicating that the system is economically feasible. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the internal rate of return was extremely sensitive to fixed capital investment, price of electricity, product yield, and government subsidy. The TEA analysis of poly-generation system provides a fundamental theoretical basis for the feasibility of classified MSW treatment and offers valuable insights for policy makers and investors in the waste management field. Considering the complexity of the waste, future research can be carried out from the environmental aspect, combining both economic and environmental objectives for multi-objective optimization and conducting comprehensive evaluation of the industrial practicability of the poly-generation system.

In situ adsorption of itaconic acid from fermentations of Ustilago cynodontis improves bioprocess efficiency

BackgroundReducing the costs of biorefinery processes is a crucial step in replacing petrochemical products by sustainable, biotechnological alternatives. Substrate costs and downstream processing present large potential for improvement of cost efficiency. The implementation of in situ adsorption as an energy-efficient product recovery method can reduce costs in both areas. While selective product separation is possible at ambient conditions, yield-limiting effects, as for example product inhibition, can be reduced in an integrated process.ResultsAn in situ adsorption process was integrated into the production of itaconic acid with Ustilago cynodontis IAmax, as an example of a promising biorefinery process. A suitable feed strategy was developed to enable efficient production and selective recovery of itaconic acid by maintaining optimal glucose concentrations. Online monitoring via Raman spectroscopy was implemented to enable a first process control and understand the interactions of metabolites with the adsorbent. In the final, integrated bioprocess, yield, titre, and space–time yield of the fermentation process were increased to values of 0.41 gIA/gGlucose, 126.5 gIA/L and 0.52 gIA/L/h. This corresponds to an increase of up to 30% in comparison to the first extended batch experiment without in situ product removal. Itaconic acid was recovered with a purity of at least 95% and high concentrations above 300 g/L in the eluate.ConclusionIntegration of product separation via adsorption into the bioprocess was successfully conducted and improved the efficiency of itaconic acid production. Raman spectroscopy was proven to be a reliable tool for online monitoring of various metabolites and facilitated design and validation of the complex separation and feed process. The general process concept can be transferred to the production of various similar bioproducts, expanding the tool kit for design of innovative biorefinery processes.

Carbon Footprint of the Pork Product Chain and Recent Advancements in Mitigation Strategies.

The carbon footprint of pork production is a pressing concern due to the industry's significant greenhouse gas emissions. It is crucial to achieve low-carbon development and carbon neutrality in pork production. Thus, this paper reviewed the recent studies about various sources of carbon emissions throughout the current pork production chain; feed production, processing, and manure management are the major sources of carbon emissions. The carbon footprint of the pork production chain varies from 0.6 to 6.75 kg CO2e·kg-1 pig live weight, and the carbon footprint of 1 kg of pork cuts is equivalent to 2.25 to 4.52 kg CO2e. A large reduction in carbon emissions could be achieved simultaneously if combining strategies of reducing transportation distances, optimizing farmland management, minimizing chemical fertilizer usage, promoting organic farming, increasing renewable energy adoption, and improving production efficiency. In summary, these mitigation strategies could effectively decrease carbon emissions by 6.5% to 50% in each sector. Therefore, a proper combination of mitigation strategies is essential to alleviate greenhouse gas emissions without sacrificing pork supply.

Rancang Bangun Alat Pemberi Makan Entok Otomatis Berbasis Internet of Thing (IoT)

A system using Internet of Things (IoT) technology has been developed to assist farmers in efficiently feeding their pet ducks. This system based on the Internet Of Things (IoT) method, involves various components such as loadcell and ultrasonic sensors, servo motors, a real-time clock, LCD display, power supply, and the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller. The feeding process starts by filling the feed into a container hopper. The ultrasonic sensor detects the feed level and sends this information to the Blynk application. The application then opens servo motor 1 to drop the feed into a small container with a loadcell. The loadcell sensor measures the weight of the feed, and then servo motor 1 closes and servo motor 2 opens until the feed runs out, at which point servo motor 2 closes. The system continuously repeats this process and sends notifications to the Blynk application when the hopper is empty. Overall, this system helps to streamline the feeding process for pet ducks and improve efficiency for farmers.

Cross-alteration of murine skin and tick microbiome concomitant with pathogen transmission after Ixodes ricinus bite

BackgroundTicks are major vectors of diseases affecting humans such as Lyme disease or domestic animals such as anaplasmosis. Cross-alteration of the vertebrate host skin microbiome and the tick microbiome may be essential during the process of tick feeding and for the mechanism of pathogen transmission. However, it has been poorly investigated.MethodsWe used mice bitten by field-collected ticks (nymphs and adult ticks) in different experimental conditions to investigate, by 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, the impact of blood feeding on both the mouse skin microbiome and the tick microbiome. We also investigated by PCR and 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, the diversity of microorganisms transmitted to the host during the process of tick bite at the skin interface and the dissemination of the pathogen in host tissues (blood, heart, and spleen).ResultsMost of the commensal bacteria present in the skin of control mice were replaced during the blood-feeding process by bacteria originating from the ticks. The microbiome of the ticks was also impacted by the blood feeding. Several pathogens including tick-borne pathogens (Borrelia/Borreliella, Anaplasma, Neoehrlichia, Rickettsia) and opportunistic bacteria (Williamsia) were transmitted to the skin microbiome and some of them disseminated to the blood or spleen of the mice. In the different experiments of this study, skin microbiome alteration and Borrelia/Borreliella transmission were different depending on the tick stages (nymphs or adult female ticks).ConclusionsHost skin microbiome at the bite site was deeply impacted by the tick bite, to an extent which suggests a role in the tick feeding, in the pathogen transmission, and a potentially important impact on the skin physiopathology. The diversified taxonomic profiles of the tick microbiome were also modified by the blood feeding.FNmPmXVvH5C8zJYmhgJpvuVideo

An approximate analytical model for the frequency response of evaporating droplets under a mixed feeding regime

This work is one of the analytical approaches to evaluate the evaporation frequency response of injected droplets, using the Heidmann analogy of a single droplet that is continuously fed with the same liquid fuel. Based on a linear analysis using the Rayleigh criterion, a dimensionless response factor is determined. The effects due to the variation of the heat transfer coefficient of the feeding process, as well as those due to the characteristic evaporation times and phase delay are analyzed. An abrupt increase of the response factor occurs, when a thermodynamic coefficient of the injected fuel takes certain specific values.

Peningkatan Pengetahuan Masyarakat Poto’an Daya Kecamatan Palengngaan Kabupaten Pamekasan tentang Pakan Tambahan “Kue Sapi” untuk Ternak Ruminansia

The UNIRA Faculty of Agriculture Lecturer's Community Service Program (PPM) collaborated with the Rumah Cahaya Village Library (PERPUSDESRC) Poto'an Daya Village, Palengngaan District, Pamekasan Regency to increase ruminant livestock production in the village, it is necessary to increase public knowledge of additional feed from agricultural waste, one of which is the addition of Urea Molasses Block (UMB) with additional herbal components to increase appetite, reduce worm contamination, and increase microbial synthesis in the rumen, known as catle cake. The participation method is used in preparing plans, implementing actions and discussing priority programs to be implemented with Partner representatives. There were 19 members who took part in the training, based on the results of the pre and post test participants' understanding of knowledge about feed, livestock needs and utilization of feed ingredients¸, the difference was not too large. Overall, there was a change in participants' understanding of doubts about the use and processing of additional feed in the form of catle cake.