Feed Molar Ratio Research Articles

Application of catalytic membrane reactor for pure hydrogen production by flare gas recovery as a novel approach

In the present study, application of catalytic membrane reactor as a novel approach for the flare gas recovery is proposed. A comprehensive two-dimensional non-isothermal model has been constructed to evaluate the performance of flare gas recovery process in the membrane reactor. The model is developed by taking into accounts the main chemical kinetics, heat and mass transfer phenomena and hydrogen permeation in the radial direction across a Pd–Ag membrane. The model predictions are validated based on different experimental results reported in literature. The impact of reactor operating conditions on the recovery process such as temperature and pressure, feed molar ratio and sweep gas ratio are investigated and discussed. The modeling results confirm that the flare gas conversion and hydrogen recovery improves with increasing the operating temperature, pressure and sweep ratio as a consequence of increasing the driving force for H2 permeation through membrane. The environmental consideration revealed that by application of catalytic membrane reactor for the flare gas recovery of Asalouyeh gas processing plant (Iran), not only the equivalent mass of greenhouse gases emission reduces from 2179 kg/s to 36 kg/s, but also, 12.7 kg/s pure hydrogen will be produced by flare gas recovery at 750 K, 5 bar, sweep ratio of 5 and feed molar ratio of 4.

Tri-reforming of surrogate biogas over Ni/Mg/ceria–zirconia/alumina pellet catalysts

ABSTRACTThe performance of catalytic tri-reforming under industrially relevant situations (e.g., pellet catalysts, pressurized reactor) was investigated using surrogate biogas as the feedstock. Tri-reforming using Ni/Mg/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2/Al2O3 pellet catalysts was studied in a bench scale fixed-bed reactor. The feed molar ratio for CH4:CO2:air was fixed as 1.0:0.70:0.95. The effects of temperature (800–860°C), pressure (1–6 bar), and H2O/CH4 molar feed ratio (0.23–0.65) were examined. Pressure has substantial impact on the reaction and transport rates and equilibrium conversions, making it a key variable. At 860°C, CO2 conversion increased from 4 to 61% and H2/CO molar ratio decreased from 2.0 to 1.1 as the pressure changed from 1 to 6 bar. CO2 conversion and H2/CO molar ratio were also influenced by the temperature and H2O/CH4 molar ratio. At 3 bar, CO2 conversion varied between 4 and 43% and the H2/CO molar ratio varied between 1.2 and 1.9 as the temperature changed from 800 to 860°C. At 3 bar and 860°C, CO2 conversion decreased from 35 to 8% and H2/CO molar ratio increased from 1.7 to 2.4 when the H2O/CH4 molar ratio was increased from 0.23 to 0.65. This work demonstrates that the tri-reforming technology is feasible for converting biogas under scaled-up conditions in a fixed-bed reactor.

Homopolymer and Random Copolymer of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS)-Based Side-Chain Polynorbornenes: Flexible Spacer Effect and Composition Dependence

A series of homopolymers and random copolymers of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-based side-chain polynorbornenes were prepared using ring-opening metathesis polymerization. For the homopolymer P-z-POSS (z represents the spacer length, z = 5, 12, and 17), the POSS groups tethered to the side chain are linked to the polynorbornene backbone through the flexible spacer with different lengths. For the random copolymer P-6-co-17(X/Y) (X/Y = 1/1, 3/1, 6/1, and 9/1), the composition was regulated by adjusting the molar feed ratio X/Y of the norbornene monomer with butyl ester side group (M-6) to the POSS containing monomer with the longest spacer (M-17-POSS). Using various techniques, we studied the spacer length effect on POSS crystallization of the homopolymers and the composition dependence of physical properties of the copolymers. It is found that P-5-POSS is amorphous. On the contrary, POSS crystallization is observed in P-12-POSS and P-17-POSS, and the longer the spacer is, the higher the POSS...

Unified D-α-Tocopherol 5-Fu/SAHA bioconjugates self-assemble as complex nanodrug for optimized combination therapy.

To optimize the synergistic efficacy of combination therapy with controlled molar ratio, complex small molecule-based nanodrug (Co-SMND) of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu)/vorinostat (SAHA) was developed. Co-SMND with various ratios of 5-Fu-D-α-tocopherol (VE)/SAHA-VE were prepared and characterized including co-assembly mechanism, hydrolytic stability, cytotoxicity, synergistic effect and apoptosis inducing ability. The antitumor activity, systematic toxicity and biodistribution of optimized Co-SMND were evaluated in CT-26 bearing BALB/c mouse. Maximal synergistic effect of Co-SMND could be obtained via simply adjusting the feeding molar ratio. The optimized Co-SMND showed superior in vivo antitumor efficacy, upregulated security and selective intratumoral accumulation. Such Co-SMND is of great significance for future clinical translation, and would be an efficient platform for combination chemotherapy.

Electrochromic Devices Based on Poly(2,6-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)pyridine)-Type Polymer Films and PEDOT-PSS.

2,6-Di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)pyridine (DiCP) was synthesized and its corresponding homopolymer (PDiCP) and copolymers (P(DiCP-co-CPDT), P(DiCP-co-CPDT2), P(DiCP-co-CPDTK), and P(DiCP-co-CPDTK2)) were synthesized electrochemically. The anodic copolymer with DiCP:cyclopentadithiophene ketone (CPDTK) = 1:1 feed molar ratio showed high transmittance change (ΔT%) and colouration efficiency (η), which were measured as 39.5% and 184.1 cm2 C−1 at 1037 nm, respectively. Electrochromic devices (ECDs) were composed of PDiCP, P(DiCP-co-CPDT), P(DiCP-co-CPDT2), P(DiCP-co-CPDTK), and P(DiCP-co-CPDTK2) as anodically-colouring polymers, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT-PSS) as cathodically-colouring polymers. P(DiCP-co-CPDTK)/PEDOT-PSS ECD showed light silverish-yellow at 0.0 V, light grey at 0.7 V, grey at 1.3 V, light greyish blue at 1.7 V, and greyish blue at 2.0 V. Moreover, P(DiCP-co-CPDTK)/PEDOT-PSS ECD presented high ΔT (38.2%) and high η (633.8 cm2 C−1) at 635 nm.

Synthesis and characterization of aba-type block copolymer of poly(ϵ-caproplactone) with poly(ethylene glycol), by mean of activation end groups

ABSTRACTPoly(ϵ-caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL-b-PEG-b-PCL) triblock copolymer were synthesized by mean anionic activation of the hydroxyl end groups of poly(ethylene glycol) in presence of diphenylmethylsodium. Copolymers were characterized by SEC, FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy, TGA and DSC. Size exclusion chromatographic analysis of obtained copolymers indicated incorporation of CL monomer into PEG without formation of PCL homopolymer. Characterization by FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy of the resulting polymeric products, with respect to their structure, end-groups and composition, showed that they are best described as ester-ether-ester triblock copolymers, whose compositions can be adjusted changing the feeding molar ratio of PEG to CL. The thermal stability of triblock copolymers was less that PEG precursor, but higher that PCL homopolymer. Analysis by mean DSC showed that all copolymers were semi-crystalline and their thermal behavior depending on their composition.

Biobased copolyesters: Synthesis, structure, thermal and mechanical properties of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate-co-ethylene 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate)

A series of bio-based copolyesters, poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate-co-ethylene 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate)s (PEFCs) were synthesized from ethylene glycol (EG), 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (CHDA) through a two-step melt polycondensation procedure. The chemical structure, compositions and sequence distributions were determined by 1H NMR. The molecular weight, thermal properties, thermal stabilities, crystal structure and mechanical properties were investigated by GPC, DSC, TGA, WAXD, and tensile testing, respectively. All PEFCs showed the characteristic of random copolymer, and their composition could be controlled by the feed molar ratio of FDCA to CHDA. DSC results showed that PEFCs were amorphous, while increasing the content of the CHDA unit, the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of PEFCs decreased. Moreover, the thermal stabilities of all PEFCs remained unchanged. The tensile testing demonstrated that PEFC-30 was a toughened plastic with tensile modulus 801 MPa and elongation 667%.

Chlorine Production by HCl Oxidation in a Molten Chloride Salt Catalyst

A molten salt mixture containing 45 mol % KCl and 55 mol % CuCl2 was investigated as a catalyst for the reaction of HCl with O2 to produce Cl2. The HCl conversion for an HCl:O2 molar feed ratio of 1:2 at 450 °C and a total pressure of 1 atm was 80% at a residence time of less than 1 s in a lab scale bubble column reactor. The equilibrium conversion at this temperature and pressure is 84%. The catalyst system was found to remain stable throughout a continuous 24-h experiment. The use of a mixed transition metal/alkali metal molten salt catalyst for HCl oxidation reduces the volatility of supported chlorides and may avoid the mechanical stability limitations of solid catalysts caused by volume changes between the halide and the oxide.

Enhanced Poly(Propylene Carbonate) with Thermoplastic Networks: A One-Pot Synthesis from Carbon Dioxide, Propylene Oxide, and a Carboxylic Dianhydride.

Thermally and mechanically enhanced poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) with networks was prepared by adding a cyclic carboxylic dianhydride, bicyclo(2,2,2)oct-7-ene-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTCDA), in the CO2/propylene oxide (PO) copolymerization. The obtained copolymers were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, DSC, and TGA. The gel, melt flow rate, hot-set elongation, and tensile properties were also measured. The formation of networks was confirmed by the presence of gel and the shape recovery after the hot-set elongation test. The minimum permanent deformation of the copolymer is 3.8% and that of PPC is 4539% higher than this value. The results show that BTCDA units are inserted into the backbone of PPC, and the PPC chains are connected successfully owing to cyclic multifunctional anhydride groups in BTCDA. With increasing feed molar ratio of BTCDA to PO from 1 to 4%, the yield strength of copolymers increases from 18.1 to 37.4 MPa compared to 12.9 MPa of PPC. The 5% weight-loss degradation temperatures and maximum weight-loss degradation temperatures greatly increase up to 276.4 and 294.7 °C, respectively, which are 58.6 °C and 55.1 °C higher than those of PPC. These enhanced properties originate from the formation of crosslinks by the rigid and bulky multifunctional dianhydride.

Towards the higher solubility and thermal stability of poly(aniline-co-m-bromoaniline)

In the current study, we have described the synthesis and the physical properties of poly(aniline-co-m-bromoaniline) conducting copolymers. The copolymers of different composition are essentially obtained by varying the molar feed ratio of the two monomers. The higher solubility of the copolymers could be procured as compared to polyaniline (PA) in different solvents. The electrical conductivity has been studied by two-probe method; at room temperature, the conductivity of the copolymer decreases upon increasing the molar ratio of m-bromoaniline monomer. The introduction of bromine (–Br) group reduces the degree of conjugation in the polymer chain. Thus, conduction of electrons is prohibited along the conjugated system. In the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), a three-stage decomposition of the copolymer has been observed. The copolymers of poly(aniline-co-m-bromoaniline) are thermally stable at high temperature. The composition of the copolymer has been confirmed from the binding energies of C–C, C–N, and C–Br in the XPS study.

CO2 to Liquid Fuels: Photocatalytic Conversion in a Continuous Membrane Reactor

The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into value-added chemicals using sunlight is a promising approach to promote energy-bearing products, mitigating the adverse effects of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In this work, exfoliated C3N4 was incorporated into Nafion matrix and used in a continuous photocatalytic reactor for converting CO2 into liquid fuels. Comprehensive structural and morphological diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), FT-IR, ATR-IR, and SEM measurements were performed for C3N4-loaded Nafion membrane and then compared with those of a Nafion membrane without any catalyst. The synergic effect of C3N4 organic catalyst embedded in a Nafion dense matrix and a continuous operating mode of the photoreactor was successfully accomplished for the first time, as yet absent in the literature, analyzing the reactor performance as a function of key parameters such as contact time and H2O/CO2 feed molar ratio. The reactor performance was analyzed under UV–vis light in terms of productivity, selectivity, and...

Pervaporation catalytic membrane reactor application over functional chitosan membrane

In this study, homogeneous catalyst "Sulfosuccinic acid" was added into the polymer matrix, and the functional catalytic membrane was prepared. Chitosan was chosen as a polymeric material. Sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) loaded functional chitosan membranes have been used to synthesize fuel bioadditive ethyl levulinate in a pervaporation catalytic membrane reactor. The functional membrane was characterized by the TGA and SEM. The performance of SSA loaded functional chitosan membranes was investigated with binary mixtures of ethanol/water under varying operating conditions (feed concentration, temperature, SSA amount) to study the influence on separation performance. Pervaporation catalytic membrane reactor experiments were carried out to optimize operating conditions such as reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst amount, and molar feed ratio. The kinetic model in PVCMR with the functional membrane was applied to the experimental data. The theoretical conversion data were fitted well with the experimental data. The proposed model is found as suitable for the study being conducted.

Effects of Fatty Acid Anhydride on the Structure and Thermal Properties of Cellulose-g-Polyoxyethylene (2) Hexadecyl Ether.

Cellulose was premodified by short-chain fatty acid anhydrides, such as acetic anhydride (CA), propionic anhydride (CP), and butyric anhydride (CB), followed by grafting of polyoxyethylene (2) hexadecyl ether (E2C16) using toluene-2,4-diisocyanate as a coupling agent. The feeding molar ratio of E2C16 and the anhydroglucose unit (AGU) was fixed at 4:1, and then a series of CA-g-E2C16, CP-g-E2C16, and CB-g-E2C16 copolymers were successfully prepared. The structures and properties of the copolymers were characterized using FTIR (fourier transform infrared spectra), 1H-NMR (Proton nuclear magnetic resonance), DSC (Differential scanning calorimeter), POM (polarized light microscopy), TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) and WAXD (wide-angle X-ray diffraction). It was shown that with the anhydride/AGU ratio increasing, the degree of substitution (DS) value of E2C16 showed a trend of up first and then down. With the carbon chain length increasing, the DS value of E2C16 continuously increases. The phase transition temperature and thermal enthalpy of the copolymers increased with an increasing DS value of E2C16. When the ratio of CB/AGU was 1.5:1, the DS of E2C16 was up to the maximum value of 1.02, and the corresponding melting enthalpy and crystallization enthalpy were 32 J/g and 30 J/g, respectively. The copolymers showed solid–solid phase change behavior. The heat resistant temperature of cellulose-based solid–solid phase change materials was always higher than 270 °C. After the grafting reaction, the crystallinity of E2C16 decreased, while the crystal type was still hexagonal.

Utilization of acetone-butanol-ethanol-water mixture obtained from biomass fermentation as renewable feedstock for hydrogen production via steam reforming: Thermodynamic and energy analyses

A thermodynamic equilibrium analysis on steam reforming process to utilize acetone-butanol-ethanol-water mixture obtained from biomass fermentation as biorenewable fuel has been performed to produce clean energy carrier H2 via non-stoichiometric approach namely Gibbs free energy minimization method. The effect of process variables such as temperature (573–1473 K), pressure (1–10 atm), and steam/fuel molar feed ratio (FABE = 5.5–12) have been investigated on equilibrium compositions of products, H2, CO, CO2, CH4 and solid carbon. The best suitable conditions for maximization of desired product H2, suppression of CH4, and inhibition of solid carbon are 973 K, 1 atm, steam/fuel molar feed ratio = 12. Under these conditions, the maximum molar production of hydrogen is 8.35 with negligible formation of carbon and methane. Furthermore, the energy requirement per mol of H2 (48.96 kJ), thermal efficiency (69.13%), exergy efficiency (55.09%), exergy destruction (85.36 kJ/mol), and generated entropy (0.29 kJ/mol.K) have been achieved at same operating conditions.

One-pot methanol-mediated solvothermal synthesis of 3D porous Co-doped α-Ni(OH)2/RGO nanosheets as a high-performance pseudo-capacitance electrode

An environment-friendly and cost-effective route has been explored to prepare three-dimensional (3D) porous Co-doped α-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets vertically arranged on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) by one-pot methanol-mediated solvothermal synthesis. This process avoids the addition of any precipitating agent and oxidizing agent. Herein, methanol acts as solvent, structure-directing agent and it also can be oxidized to release OH−. In addition, Co doping is considered to be an effective approach to improve the electronic conductivity and electrochemical performance for energy conversion. Thus, experiments using different doping amounts of Co are performed. The different feed molar ratios of Co2+ to Ni2+ are simply controlled, and the ultrathin Co-doped α-Ni(OH)2/RGO nanosheets (Co2+:Ni2+ = 0.5:1) display the best capacitive property. The synthesized Co-doped α-Ni(OH)2/RGO nanosheet electrode exhibits the highest specific capacitance of 2322 F g−1 at current density of 1 A g−1, outstanding rate performance of 1933 F g−1 at 20 A g−1, and excellent lifetime cycle with 87.9% retention level after 1000 cycles at 10 A g−1. Moreover, an asymmetric supercapacitor is successfully manufactured with the Co-doped α-Ni(OH)2/RGO as a positive electrode and activated carbon as a negative electrode. The hybrid device delivers a maximum energy density of 38.9 Wh kg−1 and a maximum power density of 8000 W kg−1. Our supercapacitor exhibits a remarkable cycle stability along with 88.2% specific capacitance retained over 2000 cycles at 5 A g−1. These results may provide useful insights for fabricating high-performance electrode materials for energy storage applications.

Translation of lignocellulosic waste to mesoporous solid acid catalyst and its efficacy in esterification of volatile fatty acid

The growing environmental concern seeks global attention to minimize the contamination, especially for the disposal of solid wastes. In this preview, a lingocellulosic waste, de-oiled Pongamia pinnata seed cake is converted to a carbonaceous solid by incomplete carbonization and subsequent sulfonation to obtain a mesoporous solid acid catalyst. The physico-chemical properties, surface morphology and molecular structure of the different stages involved in the preparation of the solid acid catalyst was carried out through Elemental analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and Thermogravimetric analysis. The characterization results validate the induced catalytic property in the carbonaceous solid with pore diameter of 3.96 nm. The appropriate testification of the catalyst performance was conducted through esterification of lactic acid with n-butanol. In the experimental design based on Taguchi optimization the process parameters catalyst loading, feed molar ratio and temperature effects were investigated. The optimized results suggested a 7 wt % catalyst loading, 1:1.5 molar ratio of acid to alcohol and temperature of 115 °C for the effective conversion of volatile fatty acid. The efficacy of lignocellulosic waste catalyst was compared with other commercial catalysts; sulphuric acid, methane sulfonic acid and Amberlyst-15. Thereby, the study provides an insightful knowledge on the resourceful transformation of a non-edible solid waste precursor to an industrially applicable solid acid catalyst.

Applications of Poly(indole-6-carboxylic acid-co-2,2′-bithiophene) Films in High-Contrast Electrochromic Devices

Two homopolymers (poly(indole-6-carboxylic acid) (PInc) and poly(2,2′-bithiophene) (PbT)) and a copolymer (poly(indole-6-carboxylic acid-co-2,2′-bithiophene) (P(Inc-co-bT))) are electrodeposited on ITO electrode surfaces via electrochemical method. Electrochemical and electrochromic properties of PInc, PbT, and P(Inc-co-bT) films were characterized using cyclic voltammetry and in situ UV-Vis spectroscopy. The anodic P(Inc-co-bT) film prepared using Inc./bT = 1/1 feed molar ratio shows high optical contrast (30% at 890 nm) and coloring efficiency (112 cm2 C−1 at 890 nm). P(Inc-co-bT) film revealed light yellow, yellowish green, and bluish grey in the neutral, intermediate, and oxidation states, respectively. Electrochromic devices (ECDs) were constructed using PInc, PbT, or P(Inc-co-bT) film as anodic layer and PEDOT-PSS as cathodic layer. P(Inc-co-bT)/PMMA-PC-ACN-LiClO4/PEDOT-PSS ECD showed high ∆T (31%) at 650 nm, and PInc/PMMA-PC-ACN-LiClO4/PEDOT-PSS ECD displayed high coloration efficiency (416.7 cm2 C−1) at 650 nm. The optical memory investigations of PInc/PMMA-PC-ACN-LiClO4/PEDOT-PSS, PbT/PMMA-PC-ACN-LiClO4/PEDOT-PSS, and P(Inc-co-bT)/PMMA-PC-ACN-LiClO4/PEDOT-PSS ECDs exhibited that ECDs had adequate optical memory in bleaching and coloring states.

Selective catalytic reduction of SO2 with methane for recovery of elemental sulfur over nickel-alumina catalysts

In the current research, to form elemental sulfur, catalytic reduction of sulfur dioxide with methane over Ni–Al2O3 catalysts was studied. By adding nickel as a promoter, the performance of catalyst was enhanced considerably. It was found that Al2O3–Ni (10%) catalyst had the best performance among all the catalysts studied. The addition of more than 10% Ni had no beneficial effect. The reaction was tested at temperature range of 550–800 °C, at the atmospheric pressure, and it was observed that complete conversion and selectivity (more than 99.5%) was achieved by Al2O3–Ni(10%) catalyst at 750 °C. Between molar feed ratio of SO2/CH4 = 1–3, the highest conversion to elemental sulfur combined with low production of H2S and COS, as the undesirable side products, was obtained when molar ratio was equal to 2 (the stoichiometric ratio). Also, the best catalyst showed good long-term stability for SO2 reduction with methane.

Thermodynamic analysis of H2 production by oxidative steam reforming of butanol-ethanol-water mixture recovered from Acetone:Butanol:Ethanol fermentation

Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis has been adopted for oxidative steam reforming of butanol-ethanol mixture (B-E) as renewable source obtained from Acetone:Butanol:Ethanol (ABE) fermentation to produce H2 by using Gibbs free energy minimization method. The effects of pressure (1–10 atm), temperature (573–1473 K), steam/fuel molar feed ratio (fO1 = 9 and 12), O2/fuel molar feed ratio (fO2 = 0–3), and B-E mixture compositions (50–90%B) on equilibrium compositions of H2, CO, CO2, CH4, and carbon are performed. The maximum H2 yield (65.456% for fO2 = 0 and 58% for fO2 = 0.75) has been achieved at fO1 = 9, 90% B mixture, 1 atm, and 973 K. The yields of CO, CO2, and CH4 with respect to maximum H2 are 53.390%, 44.384%, and 2.225% for fO2 = 0, and 45.677%, 53.269%, and 1.053% for fO2 = 0.75, respectively. Energy required per mol of H2, thermal and exergy efficiencies for the process are also evaluated to utilize the potential of B–E mixture for H2 production.

The low temperature selective oxidation of H2S to elemental sulfur on TiO2 supported V2O5 catalysts

The selective oxidation of H2S to elemental sulfur at low temperature (130 °C) was investigated on various TiO2-supported vanadium oxide catalysts. The TiO2 supports were commercially available pure anatase TiO2 (dXRD 21 and 43 nm with specific surface area 63 and 10 m2/g, respectively), solvothermal-synthesized pure anatase TiO2 (dXRD 15 nm, 69 m2/g), P-25 TiO2 (mixed anatase/rutile phase, 46 m2/g), and rutile TiO2 (dXRD 40 nm, 6 m2/g). In order to obtain high catalytic activity of the V2O5/TiO2 catalysts, a combination of highly dispersed vanadium oxides and a strong interaction of V-Ti species were found to be necessary. As revealed by the XPS, Raman, and O2-TPD results, the interaction between active V component and TiO2 support was shown by the presence of partially reduced V-Ti species. Due to the strong interaction between V and TiO2 support, the active V component, which was not fully oxidized, led to more oxygen vacancies being formed and facilitated a rapid catalyst regeneration from V4+ to V5+ (re-oxidation). Hence, the capability of the catalysts for H2S removal was greatly enhanced. Among them, the V2O5 supported on anatase TiO2 with dXRD 21 nm exhibited the best catalyst performances using the feed molar ratio (O2/H2S) of 0.5.